03 wr bt1004 e01_1 wcdma key technology-80
TRANSCRIPT
WCDMA Key Technologies
ZTE University
Objectives
At the end of this course, you will be able to: Master key technologies of WCDMA Master characteristic of WCDMA system capacity
Content
WCDMA Key Technologies Power Control Handover Control Admission Control Load Control Code Resource Allocation RAKE Receiver
WCDMA Capacity Features
Power Control
CDMA is not a new technology Power control is a key technology of CDMA
system Power control is the key path for launching the
large scale CDMA commercial network
CDMA is a typical self-interference system, thus the chief CDMA is a typical self-interference system, thus the chief
principle is that any potential surplus transmitted power for principle is that any potential surplus transmitted power for
service must be controlled.service must be controlled.
CDMA is a typical self-interference system, thus the chief CDMA is a typical self-interference system, thus the chief
principle is that any potential surplus transmitted power for principle is that any potential surplus transmitted power for
service must be controlled.service must be controlled.
Why Power Control?
All CDMA users occupy the same frequency spectrum at the same time! Frequency and time are not used as discriminators.
CDMA operates by using codes to discriminate between users.
CDMA interference comes mainly from nearby users
Each user is a small voice in a roaring crowd -- but with a uniquely recoverable code.
To achieve acceptable service quality, the transmit power of all users must be
tightly controlled so that their signals reach the base station with the same
signal strength and the absolute minimum power level demanded to avoid
the Near-Far Effect.
Power
f
Overpowered by strong signalsBlock the whole cell
Near-Far Effect
Each terminal is an interference Each terminal is an interference
source to the others. The Near-far source to the others. The Near-far
effect will impact the capacity effect will impact the capacity
tremendouslytremendously
Each terminal is an interference Each terminal is an interference
source to the others. The Near-far source to the others. The Near-far
effect will impact the capacity effect will impact the capacity
tremendouslytremendously
Power
f
Power control will reduce the Power control will reduce the
cross interference significantly cross interference significantly
and improve the total capacityand improve the total capacity
Power control will reduce the Power control will reduce the
cross interference significantly cross interference significantly
and improve the total capacityand improve the total capacity
Power
f
Power control
• Overcome near-far effect and compensate signal fading
• Reduce multi-access interference and guarantee cell capacity
• Extend battery life
Downlink Power Control
UE transmitted signal
Power control command (TPC)
Uplink Power Control
Cell transmitted power
Power control command (TPC)
Purpose of Power Control
Category of Power control
UE
RNC
Node B
Open loop power control ( no feedback)
Close loop power control ( feedback)
UE Node B
RNCOuter-loop
Inner-loop
Open LoopMeasure the channel interference condition and adjust the initial transmitted power
Close Loop - Inner LoopMeasure the SIR (Signaling to Interference Ratio), compare with the target SIR value, and then send power control instruction to UE.
The frequency of WCDMA inner loop power control is 1500Hz.If measured SIR>target SIR, decrease the UE transmitted power.If measured SIR <target SIR, increase the UE transmitted power.
Close Loop - Inner LoopMeasure the SIR (Signaling to Interference Ratio), compare with the target SIR value, and then send power control instruction to UE.
The frequency of WCDMA inner loop power control is 1500Hz.If measured SIR>target SIR, decrease the UE transmitted power.If measured SIR <target SIR, increase the UE transmitted power.
Close Loop - Outer LoopMeasure the BLER (Block Error Rate), and adjust the target SIR.
The frequency of WCDMA outer loop power control is 10~100Hz. If measured BLER>target BLER, decrease the target SIR value. If measured BLER<target BLER, increase the target SIR value.
Close Loop - Outer LoopMeasure the BLER (Block Error Rate), and adjust the target SIR.
The frequency of WCDMA outer loop power control is 10~100Hz. If measured BLER>target BLER, decrease the target SIR value. If measured BLER<target BLER, increase the target SIR value.
Category of Power Control
Open Loop Power Control
General principals of open loop power control Open loop power control is applied to estimate the initial
transmitted power for a new radio link. P-CPICH signal is used in Downlink Open Loop Power
Control, which is measured by UE to estimate the initial transmitted power.
The following factors will also be considered, such as service QoS and data rate, Eb/No requirements of establishing service, current downlink total Transmitted Power and interference from neighbor cell etc.
Try to get the equal receiving Try to get the equal receiving
Eb (Energy per bit) of each Eb (Energy per bit) of each
UE at Node BUE at Node B
Try to get the equal receiving Try to get the equal receiving
Eb (Energy per bit) of each Eb (Energy per bit) of each
UE at Node BUE at Node B
NodeB UE
TPC instruction
Measure receiving SIR and
compare to target SIR
Inner loop
Set SIRtar
1500Hz1500Hz1500Hz1500Hz
Each radio link has Each radio link has
its own control its own control
circlecircle
Each radio link has Each radio link has
its own control its own control
circlecircle
Close Loop – Inner Loop Power Control
Close Loop – Inner Loop Power Control
General principals of inner loop power control The receiver compares the SIR value of received signal with target SIR,
and then sends back TPC instruction. According to the instruction, the sender will decide to increase/decrease the transmitted power.
The adjusted rang=TPC_cmd×TPC_STEP_SIZE
Inner loop power control is required for the following channels: DPCH, PDSCH, PCPCH
Inner loop power control is not required for the following channels : P-CPICH(S-CPICH), P-CCPCH(S-CCPCH), PRACH etc.
NodeB UE
TPC instruction
Inner loop
Set SIRtar
Get data flow Get data flow
with stable BLERwith stable BLER
Get data flow Get data flow
with stable BLERwith stable BLER
Measure BLER Measure BLER
of TRCHof TRCH
Measure BLER Measure BLER
of TRCHof TRCH
Outer Loop
RNC
Measure receiving BLER and compare to
target BLER
Set BLERtar
10-100Hz
Measure receiving SIR and
compare to target SIR
Close Loop – Inner Loop Power Control
Close Loop – Outer Loop Power Control
Outer Loop Power Control algorithm Employ the inner loop power control to keep SIR close to target
SIR. Measure the quality of service, including target BLER, CRC
indicator and SIR Error, then set the value of SIR_Target. Tune the target SIR with pre-defined step as the adjustment
parameter for inner loop power control to keep the service in good quality in time-varying wireless propagation environment.
The uplink open loop power control algorithm is executed in the RNC while the downlink one is executed in UE.
The Effect of Power Control
The purpose of DL power control: Saving power resource of NodeB. Reducing interference to other NodeB.
The purpose of UL power control: Overcoming Near-Far effect. Extending UE battery life.
WCDMA system capacity depends on the effect of power control
Content
WCDMA Key Technologies Power Control Handover Control Admission Control Load Control Code Resource Allocation RAKE Receiver
WCDMA Capacity Features
What’s ? When UE is moving from the coverage area of one site to another,
or the quality of service is declined by external interference during a service, the service must be handed over to an idle channel for sustaining the service.
Handover is used to guarantee the continuity of service
Handover is a key technology for mobile networking
Category of Handover
Intra-RNC, inter-Node B Inter-RNC
Soft handover (SHO)
Same Node B, Inter-sector
Softer handover
Intra-frequency Inter-frequency Inter-system (3G&2G) Inter-mode (FDD&TDD)
Hard handover (HHO)
WCDMA system support
multiple handover technology
Handover Demonstration
Soft
Handover
Hard Handover
A
B
C
A
B
C
A
B
C
A
B
C
A
B
C
A
B
C
Soft Handover/Softer Handover
Soft Handover
Soft-Softer Handover
Softer Handover
Hard Handover
During the hard handover procedure, all the old radio links with the UE are abandoned before new ones are established, so there must be service interruption during the HHO.
Hard handover may occur in the following main cases
When the UE is handed over to another UTRAN carrier, or another technology mode.
When soft handover is not permitted (if O&M constraint)
Hard Handover
Node B
SRNCRNC or BSC
CN
Node B or BTS
Soft/Softer Handover
The soft/softer handover allows to migrate from one cell to another without service interruption or without deleting all old radio links.
UE can connecte to more than one cell simultaneously and take benefit from the macro-diversity.
Soft Handover Softer Handover
CN CN
Iur
The two Node Bs may belong to the
same RNC
The two Node Bs may belong to the Same RNC
Soft Handover Softer Handover
SRNC DRNC
CN
Node B
SRNC
CN
Soft Handover Softer Handover
Node B
CN
WCDMA General Handover Procedures---- “Handover Trilogy” Measurement Control
UTRAN demands the UE to start measurement through issuing a measurement control message.
Handover decision UTRAN makes the decision based on the measurement
reports from UE. The implementation of handover decision is various for different vendors. It impacts on the system performance critically.
Handover execution UTRAN and UE execute different handover procedure
according to the handover command .
General Procedure of Handover Control (I)
Measuring
The measurement objects are decided by RNC. Usually, either Ec/N0 or
RSCP (Received Signal Code Power) of P-CPICH channel is used for
handover decision.
ZTE RNC adopts Ec/N0 measurement, because Ec/N0 embodies both
the received signal strength and the interference. The relation of Ec/N0
and RSCP is shown as follows:
Ec/N0 = RSCP/RSSI
In the above equation , RSSI ( Received Signal Strength Indicator ) is
measured within the bandwidth of associated channels
General Procedure of Handover Control (II)
Reporting Period report triggered handover
Base on the filtered measurement result Event report triggered handover
Base on the event
Soft Handover
Hard Handover
Period
Event
Measurement result filtered in
UE
Event decided in RNC
Handover decided in RNCMeasurement result filtered in UE Event decided in UE
Handover decided in RNC
General Procedure of Handover Control (III)
Handover algorithm All the handover algorithms including soft handover,
hard handover and so on are implemented on the event decision made according to the measurement reports.
Events defined in 3GPP specifications Intra-frequency events : 1A~1F Inter-frequency events : 2A~2F Inter-RAT events : 3A~3D
Note: RAT is short for “Radio Access Technology”, e.g. WCDMA&GSM
Concepts Related to Handover
Active Set: A set of cells that have established radio links with a
certain mobile station. User information is sent from all these cells.
Monitored Set: A set of cells that are not in the active set but are
monitored according to the list of adjacent cells assigned by the UTRAN.
Detected Set: A set of cells that are neither in the active set nor in the
monitor set.
Soft handover process
Measurement RNC sends a measurement control message to UE. UE should perform measurement as required and report the measurement
result. Generally, the measured parameter is the common pilot’s Ec/No.
Decision RNC stores data of different cells according to the measurement results. RNC makes preliminary decision according to the event decision method. e.g.
When the event is reported and the target cell is acceptable, send an active set update command to add/delete the cell into/from the active set.
Execution The RNC sends an active set update command to UE and UE starts
handover.
Soft handover events
Event Description
1A Quality of target cell improves, entering a report range of relatively activating set quality
1B Quality of target cell decreases, depart from a report range of relatively activating set quality
1C The quality of a non-activated set cell is better than that of a certain activated set cell
1D Best cell generates change
1E Quality of target cell improves, better than an absolute threshold
1F Quality of target cell decreases, worse than an absolute threshold
An Example of SHO Procedure
Pilot Ec/Io of cell 1
time
PilotEc/Io
Connect to cell1 Event 1A Event 1C Event 1B ( add cell2)( replace cell1 with cell 3)( remove cell3)
Pilot Ec/Io of cell 2
Pilot Ec/Io of cell 3
⊿t ⊿t ⊿t
Example of soft handoverUE Target Node B Source Node B RNC
RRC: Measurement Report(Event 1a) (From Source Node B to RNC)
NBAP: Radio Link Setup Request
NBAP: Radio Link Setup Response
Executing handoverjudgement andadding a radio linkin Target Node B
Start to receive
Distributing transmission resources on Iub interface
Start to send
RRC: Active Set Update(E1a) (From Source Node B to UE)
RRC: Active Set Update Complete (From Source & Target Node B to RNC
simutaneously)
UE connects to Source Node B and Target Node B simutaneously
RNS Relocation
RNS relocation can : Reduce the Iur traffic significantly Enhance the system adaptability
Core NetworkCore Network
Serving RNS
Target RNS
Serviing RNS
Target RNS
Iu Iu
Iur
RNSRadio Network Sub-system
Hard Handover
Hard handover measurement is much more complex for UE than soft handover measurement.
Inter-frequency hard handover requires UE to measure the signal of other frequencies.
WCDMA employs compressed mode technology to support inter-frequency measurement.
Content
WCDMA Key Technologies Power Control Handover Control Admission Control Load Control Code Resource Allocation RAKE Receiver
WCDMA Capacity Features
Admission Control
The admission control is employed to admit the access of incoming call. Its general principal is based on the availability and utilization of the system resources.
If the system has enough resources such as load margin, code, and channel element etc. the admission control will accept the call and allocate resources to it.
Purpose of Admission Control
When user initiates a call , the admission control should implement admission or rejection for this service according to the resource situation.
The admission control will sustain the system stability firstly and try the best to satisfy the new calling service’s QoS request, such as service rate, quality (SIR or BER), and delay etc. basing on the radio measurement.
Admission control is the only access entry for the incoming services, its strategy will directly effect the cell capacity and stability, e.g. call loss rate, call drop rate.
Admission Control in Uplink
Itotal_old+ΔI >Ithreshold
The current RTWP (Received Total Wide Power) value of cell, which is reported by Node B
AccessThreshold
Interference capacityService priorityReserved capacity for handover
Iown-cell
0~N
Iother-cell
The forecasted interference including the delta interference brought by the incoming service is calculated by the admission algorithm, and its result depends on the QoS and transmission propagation environment
Admission Control in Downlink
Ptotal_old+△P>=Pthreshold Access Threshold
The forecasted TCP value including delta power required for the incoming service is calculated by the admission algorithm, and its result depends on the QoS and transmission propagation environment.
The current TCP value of cell, which is reported by Node B
( Transmitted Carrier Power*Pmax)
Max TCP of cellService priorityReserved capacity for handover
Content
WCDMA Key Technologies Power Control Handover Control Admission Control Load Control Code Resource Allocation RAKE Receiver
WCDMA Capacity Features
Load control
The purpose of load control is to keep the
system load under a pre-planned threshold
through several means of decreasing it, so as to
improve the system stability.
The speed and position
changing of UE may
worsen the wireless
environment.
Increased transmitted
power will increase the
system load.
Purpose of Load Control
Load Control Flows
Start
DecisionLight loaded Over loaded
Normal loaded
1.Handover in andaccess are forbidden2. TCP increase isforbidden3. RAB service ratedegrade4. Handover out5. Release call (call drop)
1. Handover in and access are allowed2. Transmitted code power (TCP) increase is allowed3. RAB service rate upgrade is allowed
1. Handover in and access are allowed2. TCP increase is allowed
Load Control in Uplink
Triggers RTWP (Received Total Wide-band Power) value from
measurement report exceeds the uplink overload threshold; Admission control is triggered when rejecting the access of
services with lower priority due to insufficient load capacity in uplink.
Methods for decreasing load Decrease the target Eb/No of service in uplink; Decrease the rate of none real time data service; Handover to GSM system; Decrease the rate of real time service, e.g. voice call; Release calls.
Methods for increasing load Increase the service rate.
Load Control in Downlink
Triggers TCP (Transmitted Carrier Power) value from measurement report
exceeds the downlink overload threshold; Admission control is triggered when rejecting the access of
services with lower priority due to insufficient load capacity in downlink.
Methods for decreasing load Decrease the downlink target Eb/No of service in downlink; Decrease the rate of none real time data service; Handover to coverage-shared light loaded carrier; Handover to GSM system; Decrease the rate of real time service, e.g. voice call; Release calls.
Methods for increasing load Increase the service rate.
Cell breathing is one of the means for load control
The purpose of cell breathing is to share the load of hot-The purpose of cell breathing is to share the load of hot-
spot cell with the light loaded neighbor cells, therefore to spot cell with the light loaded neighbor cells, therefore to
improve the utilization of system capacity.improve the utilization of system capacity.
The purpose of cell breathing is to share the load of hot-The purpose of cell breathing is to share the load of hot-
spot cell with the light loaded neighbor cells, therefore to spot cell with the light loaded neighbor cells, therefore to
improve the utilization of system capacity.improve the utilization of system capacity.
Cell Breathing Effect
Example for load control
Cell Breathing EffectCell Breathing EffectWith the increase of activated terminals and the increase of high speed services, interference will increase.
The cell coverage area will shrink.
Coverage blind spot occurs
Drop of call will happen at the edge of cell Coverage
and capacity
are interrelated
Content
WCDMA Key Technologies Power Control Handover Control Admission Control Load Control Code Resource Allocation RAKE Receiver
WCDMA Capacity Features
WCDMA Code Resource
WCDMA code resource including Channelized Code (OVSF code)
Uplink Channelized Code Downlink Channelized Code
Scrambling Code (PN code) Uplink Scrambling Code Downlink Scrambling Code
Function of OVSF Code
OC1, OC2OC3, OC4
OC5, OC6, OC7
OC1 , OC2, OC3OC1, OC2
OC1, OC2, OC3, OC4
Uplink: distinguish different radio channels from the same UE.
Downlink: distinguish different radio channels from the same NodeB.
Function of PN code
Downlink: distinguish different Cells Uplink: distinguish different UEs
PN3 PN4
PN5 PN6
PN1 PN1
Cell Site “1” transmits using PN code 1
PN2 PN2
Cell Site “2” transmits using PN code 2
Why Code Resource Planning?
The OVSF (Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor) code tree is a scarce resource and only one code tree can be used in each cell. In order to make full use of the capacity, and support as many connections as possible, it is important to plan and control the usage of channel code resource.
Downlink PN code allocation should be planned to avoid the interference between neighboring cells.
The uplink PN codes are sufficient, but RNC should plan the codes to use for avoiding allocating same code to different users in inter-RNC handover scenario.
Code Resource Planning
The uplink and downlink scrambling code can be planned easily by computer.
The uplink channelized code does not need planning, for every UE can use the whole code tree alone.
Therefore, only the downlink channelized code is planned with certain algorithm in RNC.
Each cell has one primary scrambling code, which correlates with a channel code tree. All the users under this cell share this single code tree, so the OVSF code resource is very limited.
The downlink channelized code tree is a typical binary tree with each layer corresponds to a certain SF ranging from SF4 to SF512.
SF = 1 SF = 2 SF = 4
Cch,1,0 = (1)
Cch,2,0 = (1,1)
Cch,2,1 = (1,-1)
Cch,4,0 =(1,1,1,1)
Cch,4,1 = (1,1,-1,-1)
Cch,4,2 = (1,-1,1,-1)
Cch,4,3 = (1,-1,-1,1)
Generation of Channelized Code
OVSF Code Tree
SF=8
SF=32
SF=16
Channelized Code Characters
Code allocation restriction : The code to be allocated must fulfill the condition that its
ancestor nodes including from father node to root node and offspring nodes in the sub tree are not allocated;
Code allocation side effect: The allocated node will block its ancestor nodes and offspring
nodes, thus the blocked nodes will not be available for allocation until being unblocked .
Strategy of Channelized Code Allocation
Full utilization The fewer the blocked codes, the higher code tree utilization rate.
Low Complexity Short code first.
Allocate codes for common channels and physical shared channels prior to dedicated channels.
Guarantee the code allocation for common physical channels. Apply certain optimized strategy to allocate codes for downlink
dedicated physical channels.
An Example of Code Allocation
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31
SF = 4
SF = 8
SF = 16
SF = 32
SF = 4
SF = 8
SF = 16
SF = 32
Red spots represent the codes that have been allocated;Green spots represent the codes that are blocked by the allocated offspring codes;Blue spots represent the codes that are blocked by the allocated ancestor codes;
Black spots represent the codes that to be allocated;
Choose one code from
three candidates
Planning of downlink PN code
PN1
PN2
PN3PN7
PN6 PN4
PN5
PN7
PN6 PN4
PN5
PN1
PN2
PN3
PN1
PN2
PN3PN7
PN6 PN4
PN5
PN1
PN2
PN3PN7
PN6 PN4
PN5
PN1
PN2
PN3PN7
PN6 PN4
PN5 PN1
PN2
PN3PN7
PN6 PN4
PN5
Content
WCDMA Key Technologies Power Control Handover Control Admission Control Load Control Code Resource Allocation RAKE Receiver
WCDMA Capacity Features
RAKE Receiver can effectively overcome the multi-path RAKE Receiver can effectively overcome the multi-path
interference, consequently improve the receiving performance.interference, consequently improve the receiving performance.
RAKE Receiver can effectively overcome the multi-path RAKE Receiver can effectively overcome the multi-path
interference, consequently improve the receiving performance.interference, consequently improve the receiving performance.
RAKE Receiver
The multi-path signals contain some useful energy , therefore the CDMA receiver can combine these energy of multi-path signals to improve the received signal to noise ratio.
RAKE receiver adopts several correlation detectors to receive the multi-path signals, and then combines the received signal energy.
RAKE Receiving
d1 d2
t t t
d3
transmitti
ng
Receivin
gRake
combinationnoise
Multi-finger receiver
Traditional receiver Multi-path signals are treated as interference. The receiving performance will decline because of the
Multi-address Interference (MAI).
Precondition of Multi-finger receiver Multi-finger receiver utilizes the Multi-path Effect. Multi-finger signals can be combined through relative
process Multi-finger time delay is larger than 1 chip interval,
which is 0.26us=>78m.
Multi-finger receiver
receivertransmitter
coding decoding
Direct signal
Reflected signal
Dispersive time < 1 chip interval
Multi-finger receiver can’t supply multi-finger diversity
decodingDirect signal
Reflected signaltransmitter receiver
Dispersive time > 1 chip interval
Multi-finger receiver can supply multi-finger diversity, signal gain is improved
coding
RAKE Receiving
receiverreceiver
Single receiving
Single receiving
Single receiving
searcher calculatecalculate
combining
tt
s(t) s(t)
signal
RAKE Receiving overcomes multi-finger interference, improves receiving performance
Combination of Multi-fingers
Maximal ratio combining (MRC)
at each time delay phase shifting by adding
Finger 1
Finger 2
Finger 3
Content
WCDMA Key Technologies Power Control Handover Control Admission Control Load Control Code Resource Allocation RAKE Receiver
WCDMA Capacity Features
Capacity of WCDMA
UL capacity is restrained by interference
DL capacity is restrained
by the power of NodeB
Power Rising
Power rising occurs because of the Multiple Access Interference (MAI) resulting from the non-orthogonal code channels.
WCDMA network Meeting Room Code channel transmit talk with dialects Channel power voice tone Promised channel quality listen clearly Channel power rise voice tone rise Power climb voice climb Collapse over the range can not hear each other
Power Rising
Quantity of Subscriber
Quantity of Subscriber-- The Total Bandwidth Received by Node B
The
Tot
al B
andw
idth
Pow
er R
ecei
ved
by N
ode
B (
dBm
)
Capacity of WCDMA System
Under the circumstance of single services:
=
=
=
Capacity of WCDMA System
…...
Under the circumstance of mixed services:
X Y Z+ +
WCDMA Capacity Features
WCDMA capacity feature WCDMA capacity is Soft Capacity.
The Concept of Soft Capacity The system capacity and communication quality are
interconvertible. Different services have different capacity. Different proportion of services have different capacity
for mixed services. The capacity is also restricted to the allocation of code
resource.
Different combination of service has different capacity
Different service has
different capacity
Concept of Soft Capacity
System capacity and QoS can be interconvertedSystem capacity and QoS can be interconverted
Quality
Quality C
over
age
Cov
erag
e
CapacityCapacity
All the key technologies adopted are used to try to All the key technologies adopted are used to try to
achieve the optimal balance of the three factorsachieve the optimal balance of the three factors
All the key technologies adopted are used to try to All the key technologies adopted are used to try to
achieve the optimal balance of the three factorsachieve the optimal balance of the three factors
Crucial Factors for WCDMA Network (CQC)
Coverage and Capacity
WCDMA performance is determined by such factors as: Number of users Transmission rate Moving speed Wireless environment
indoors Outdoors
The radius of cell depends on such factors as: Local radio conditions (local interference) Traffic in neighbouring cells (remote interference)
Cell Radius decrease according to the Increase of user number
Coverage/capacity VS Data Rate
Higher data rate needs higher power High data rate transmission is only available
nearby the station
>12.2 kbps
>64 kbps
>384 kbps
>144 kbps
Coverage decrease
Subscriber num increase
DL/UL: Add carrier six sectors
DL/UL: Add carrier six sectors
UL Tower Mounted Amplifier (TMA) 4 Rx Div OTSR
UL Tower Mounted Amplifier (TMA) 4 Rx Div OTSR
DL transmission diversity (Tx Div) high power amplifier
DL transmission diversity (Tx Div) high power amplifier
Add basestation
“last choice”
Optimization methods
To overcome Cell Breathing Effect caused by increased traffic and meet different requirements for capacity and coverage in different environment, following solutions can be applied:
Factors Impact on WCDMA capacity
Power ControlReducing interference, saving power and Increasing
capacity
Handover Control
Impacting the capacity through applying different proportion and algorithm of soft handover
Admission Control
Admitting a connection base on the load and the admission threshold of planned capacity
Load ControlMonitoring system load and adjusting the ongoing services
to avoid overload
OVSF Code The Allocation of codes impacts the maximum number of
simultaneous connections.
RAKE ReceiverThe advanced receiving and baseband processing
technology is introduced to overcome the fast fading
Wireless Environment
Wireless environment such as interferences, UE position and mobility etc. can influent the cell capacity
Factors affects WCDMA Capacity
Exercise
what is the near-far effect what is the purpose of Power Control . Power control is classify into ( ) ( )
and ( ) pls describe WCDMA Handover technology
category. Handover procedure includes ( ) ( ) and (
) What is the Cell Breathing Effect. What’s the relation between Capacity, Quality and
Coverage?