03 zeddies
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03 ZeddiesTRANSCRIPT
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Acoustic impacts of marine construction and the requirements of environmental permitting on a pile‐driving demonstration project
JASCO Applied Sciences, AECOM, NYSDOT & NYSTA
DFI Marine Foundations Specialty Seminar
Vibratory Pile Driving
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DFI Marine Foundations Specialty Seminar
Impact Pile Driving
DFI Marine Foundations Specialty Seminar
Pile driving can be loud
Picture of Jasco people monitoring pile driving wearing ear protection
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DFI Marine Foundations Specialty Seminar
NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY ACT, 1970
ENDANGERED SPECIES ACT, 1973
Environmental planning and permitting is part of the
construction project
Image from Cornell University
DFI Marine Foundations Specialty Seminar
Many Potential Environmental Impacts
Possible by-products of construction Effluent / Waste
Chemical pollutants
Run-off that could affect turbidity
Habitat destruction Terrestrial and aquatic flora and fauna
Sound
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DFI Marine Foundations Specialty Seminar
Marine Mammal Protection Act, 1972
Magnuson–Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act, 1996
Underwater Sound can be Regulated
DFI Marine Foundations Specialty Seminar
Monitoring Sound
Hydrophones respond to sound pressure
GeoSpectrum Technologies, Inc.
Pre
ssu
re (
Pa)
Time
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DFI Marine Foundations Specialty Seminar
Acoustic Metrics
Sound Exposure Level (SEL)
SELss cSEL
Peak
Peak to Peak
Pre
ssu
re (
Pa)
Time
10 log∑
1
dBSPL 20log
rms
Sound Pressure Level (SPL)
SPLpeak SPLp-p SPLrms
DFI Marine Foundations Specialty Seminar
Pressure(Pa)
Pressure(dB re 1µPa)
Underwater sounds
1,000,000 240
Maximum linear source level. Cavitation begins at the face of transmitters. Seismic air gun (1m from source)
100,000 220Typical active sonar transmission levelBeluga whale call (1m)
10,000 200 Large ship broadband (source level, 1m)1,000 180100 160 Large ship broadband (100m)
10 140Fin whale call (100m)Killer whale (1m)
1 1200.1 100 Ambient noise, sea state 4
0.01 800.001 60 Ambient noise, sea state 0 (flat calm)
0.0001 400.00001 20
0.000001 0 (acoustic reference)
20,000 206 Fish exposure threshold
316,000 230 Cetacean exposure threshold
Cetacean behavior
Fish behavior
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DFI Marine Foundations Specialty Seminar
Fish:206 dB SPLrms
187 dB cSEL150 dB SPLrms (behavior)
Cetaceans:230 dB SPLpeak
198 dB cSEL120 dB SPLpeak (behavior)
Pinnipeds: 218 dB SPLpeak
186 dB cSEL120 dB SPLpeak (behavior)
Typical exposure thresholds
DFI Marine Foundations Specialty Seminar
Acoustic Assessment: Project Life Cycle
o Determine potential for acoustic impacto Pre-construction modeling, species survey, baseline
o Measure sources and propagation at siteo validate modeling / exclusion zones / mitigation effectiveness
o Monitoring during constructiono Pre-start monitoring
o Exclusion zone clearance o Acoustic deterrents
o Ramp up
o Monitoring of exclusion zone
o Temporary shut-downs
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DFI Marine Foundations Specialty Seminar
Example project: Tappan Zee Bridge Replacement
Image from TheEpochTimes
DFI Marine Foundations Specialty Seminar
Example project: Tappan Zee Bridge Replacement
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DFI Marine Foundations Specialty Seminar
Environmental Impact Statement (EIS)
Draft EIS Pile driving acoustic modeling (May-Sept. 2010)
Acoustic criteria discussion (Sept. 2010)
Survey data (2010-2011) 1 yr of monthly sampling (fish and benthic organisms)
Detailed bathymetry
1 yr of baseline measurement of ambient & anthropogenic sounds
Submit Draft EIS (Jan 2012)
Final EIS PIDP performance and monitoring (May 2012)
Submit Final EIS (Aug. 2012)
Record of Decision (Sept. 2012)
DFI Marine Foundations Specialty Seminar
Acoustic Modeling Locations
(2010)
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DFI Marine Foundations Specialty Seminar
Acoustic modeling (2010)
DFI Marine Foundations Specialty Seminar
Acoustic Modeling Results (2010)
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DFI Marine Foundations Specialty Seminar
Acoustic Monitoring PIDP (2012)
Image from TheEpochTimes
DFI Marine Foundations Specialty Seminar
Pile Installation Demonstration Project Team
Project Management – NYSDOT
Construction – Trevcon
Environmental Monitoring – AECOM Fish Monitoring – AECOM / University of Maryland
Falcon Monitoring – AKRF
Acoustic Monitoring – JASCO
Noise Attenuation Systems – Trevcon / Gunderboom
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DFI Marine Foundations Specialty Seminar
Measurement: Demonstration pile locations
DFI Marine Foundations Specialty Seminar
Acoustic measurement methods
JASCO Recorders
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DFI Marine Foundations Specialty Seminar
Real-time Recording System
DFI Marine Foundations Specialty Seminar
Autonomous recording system
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DFI Marine Foundations Specialty Seminar
Remote Recording Locations
DFI Marine Foundations Specialty Seminar
Acoustic Impact Zones
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DFI Marine Foundations Specialty Seminar
Modeled and Measured SPL at 10 m
Pile Diameter (ft)
Location Modeled Peak SPL (dB re 1 μPa)
Max. Measured Peak SPL (dB re 1 μPa)
4 PLT2 205.1 209.7
8 PLT3 223.3 224.7
10 PLT4 228 219.1
DFI Marine Foundations Specialty Seminar
Modeled and Measured SPL at 10 m, 1/3 octave bands
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DFI Marine Foundations Specialty Seminar
Range to 206 dB re 1 μPa Peak SPL
Pile Diameter (ft)
Location Modeled range (ft)
Max. Measured range (ft)
4 PLT2 31 42
8 PLT3 146 101
10 PLT4 573 71
DFI Marine Foundations Specialty Seminar
Range to 187 dB re 1 μPa2s cSEL
Pile Diameter (ft)
Location Modeled range (ft)
Max. Measured range (ft)
4 PLT2 1263 (N=1540) 192 (N= 1394)
8 PLT3 3238 (N=3400) 351 (N= 2181)
10 PLT4 5013 (N=3000) 282 (N= 1031)
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DFI Marine Foundations Specialty Seminar
Range to 150 dB re 1 μPa rms SPL
Pile Diameter (ft)
Location Modeled range (ft)
Max. Measured range (ft)
4 PLT2 2000 452
8 PLT3 6350 809
10 PLT4 9500 822
DFI Marine Foundations Specialty Seminar
Noise Attenuating SystemsBubble curtains
Mitigation
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DFI Marine Foundations Specialty Seminar
Bubble curtains
DFI Marine Foundations Specialty Seminar
Hard Bubble Curtain
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DFI Marine Foundations Specialty Seminar
Isolation Casing
DFI Marine Foundations Specialty Seminar
Effectiveness of NAS
Rank Pile NAS Peak SPL(dB)
rms SPL(dB)
SEL/cSEL(dB)
1 3B Two-Tier Confined Bubble Curtain 17 16.1 13.7
2 4A Two-Tier Confined Bubble Curtain 16.1 12.2 12.9
3 1B Hard Bubble 16 15.7 12.2
4 1A Unconfined Single-Tier Air Bubble Curtain 15.5 14.5 11.4
5 3A Unconfined Multi-Tier Air Bubble Curtain 13.1 14.9 11.6
6 2A Unconfined Multi-Tier Air Bubble Curtain 13.4 11.1 10
7 2B Isolation Casing and Bubble 12.2 10.8 9.9
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DFI Marine Foundations Specialty Seminar
Summary
Sounds produced during construction may require permitting and mitigation methods.
Start early Baseline assessment may be required
Acoustic propagation is specific to the location
DFI Marine Foundations Specialty Seminar
Acknowledgements
NYSDOT – Kris Edwards, Stan Drozenski
AECOM – Mark Moese, Jim Mansky, Rob Forstner, John Rollino
JASCO – Alex MacGillivray, Bruce Martin, David Zeddies, Craig
Evans, Eric Lumsden, Jeff MacDonnell, Caitlin O'Neill, Jennifer
Wladichuk, Xavier Mouy, Graham Warner, Jonathan Vallarta,
Trent Johnson, Brad Stevens, Vignesh Badrinarayanan, Terry
Deveau, Jerry Kennedy, Katy Brouillard, Joann Nippard
University of Maryland – Arthur Popper, Brandon Casper
Alpine Ocean – Dan Ciarletta, Chuck Dill, Leonard Gherardi
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DFI Marine Foundations Specialty Seminar
Questions?
Image from TheEpochTimes
DFI Marine Foundations Specialty Seminar
PIE questions
How can potential sound emissions affect the planning of marine construction projects? Permits may be required to protect marine life; including
cetaceans and fish.
How can pile driving sound emissions be mitigated? Noise attenuation systems (NAS); e.g. bubble curtains
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DFI Marine Foundations Specialty Seminar
dB SPL(Air) Band139 Manowar (2008)136 KISS (2009)133 Gallows (2007)129 Manowar (1984)126 The Who (1976)117 Deep Purple (1972)
dB SPL dB SPL(Air) Band (water*) 139 Manowar (2008) 201 136 KISS (2009) 198133 Gallows (2007) 195129 Manowar (1984) 191126 The Who (1976) 188117 Deep Purple (1972) 179
* dB water ≈ dB air + 62 dB
OSHA permissible exposure :90 dB SPL for 8 hours (SEL = 135 dB)
OSHA equivalent in water:152 dB SPL for 8 hours (SEL = 197 dB)
Fish exposure criteria:206 dB SPL; 187 dB SEL
Marine Mammal exposure criteria:Cetaceans: 230 dB SPL; 198 dB SELPinnipeds: 218 dB SPL; 186 dB SEL
Fish exposure criteria:206 dB SPL
Marine Mammal exposure criteria:
Cetaceans: 230 dB SPLPinnipeds: 218 dB SPL
DFI Marine Foundations Specialty Seminar
Project Milestones
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DFI Marine Foundations Specialty Seminar
Biological Assessment submitted to NMFS (Jan. 2012)
NYSDOT Incidental Take Permit Application (Jan. 2012)
NMFS Biological Opinion (Mar. 2012)
NYSDOT Permit (Mar. 2012)