04-02-2005/amvdbint. ws saltdome shower array slac 3-4 feb. 20051 neutrino detection in salt domes...
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04-02-2005/AMvdB Int. WS Saltdome Shower Array SLAC 3-4 Feb. 2005 1
Neutrino Detection in Neutrino Detection in Salt Domes under LOFARSalt Domes under LOFAR
Ad M. van den BergAd M. van den BergKernfysisch Versneller Instituut (KVI), Groningen, NLKernfysisch Versneller Instituut (KVI), Groningen, NL
International Workshop onInternational Workshop on Saltdome Shower ArraySaltdome Shower Array
nuclear physics research
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OutlineOutline
High-Energy High-Energy Program Program
ZEchstein SAlt Neutrino Array (ZESANA)Directly linked to
– LOFAR and its CR program (KVI, Uni Nijmegen, ASTRON)– development of next generation of radio and signal-
processing techniques– cross calibration with other experiments (PAO ?)
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National APP topics in NL*National APP topics in NL*
Compact Objects (GRB’s, mergers, collapsers, magnetars, SNR’s)
Dark Matter & Exotic ParticlesFundamental Physics
*Preliminary streamlining by “Comité Astrodeeltjesfysica Nederland” CAN
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Messengers and DetectorsMessengers and Detectors
• Messengers– Cosmic Rays and ’s– Gravitational waves
• Detectors– LOFAR/PAO/Extensions– ANTARES/KM3NeT (deep-sea)– (mini-Grail, LISA-p)
& THEORY& THEORY
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New site in the NetherlandsNew site in the Netherlands
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LOFAR: Low Frequency ArrayLOFAR: Low Frequency Array• interferometer in frequency range of 10 - 200
MHz• array of 100 stations of 100 dipole antennas• baselines of 10 m to 400 km• fully digital: received waves are digitized and
sent to a central super computer (IBM Blue Gene @ university of Groningen)
• Science:– Cosmology: HI at z >10 (époque of re-
ionization)
– Surveys: >108 new sources
– All-Sky monitor: transient eventsSee http://www.lofar.org
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LOFAR: a digital telescopeLOFAR: a digital telescope
All-sky map from LOFARs Initial Test Station: 30 MHz (10-40), 60 antennas, 3o resolution.
Courtesy: Michiel Brentjes ASTRON/RUG
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LOFAR: a sensor networkLOFAR: a sensor network
Courtesy: KNMI NL
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LOFAR as CR or LOFAR as CR or detector detector
from: Heino FalckeUni Nijmegen, ASTRON
CRCR
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CR coherent synchrotron radiation CR coherent synchrotron radiation T. Huege and H. Falcke A&A 412 (2003) 19-34
04-02-2005/AMvdB Int. WS Saltdome Shower Array SLAC 3-4 Feb. 2005 11
LOPES @ Kascade (FZK)LOPES @ Kascade (FZK)
• LOPESLOPES (LOLOFAR Prototypee SStation, Heino Falcke et al*)
• First CR events recently detected
*) H. Falcke and P. Gorham, Astropart. Phys., 19 (2002) 477-494
T. Huege, H. Falcke, A&A, 412 (2003) 19-34
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First ResultsFirst Results
From: Heino Falcke, 2nd Symposium “Astroparticle Physics in the Netherlands”
From: A. Bellétoile et al, SF2A 2004 CODALEMA @ Nançay France
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High-energy CR spectrumHigh-energy CR spectrum
Bram AchterbergColloquium Kapteyn 15 November 2004
Pierre AugerPierre AugerObservatory !Observatory !
04-02-2005/AMvdB Int. WS Saltdome Shower Array SLAC 3-4 Feb. 2005 14
Marginal explanation by Marginal explanation by conventional models conventional models
Bra
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chte
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ollo
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15 N
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2004
04-02-2005/AMvdB Int. WS Saltdome Shower Array SLAC 3-4 Feb. 2005 15
Built a UHE Built a UHE detector detector
UHE ’s provide complementary informationsources are transparentUniverse is transparentno charge; no influence from EM fieldsvelocity is knowndirect link between and spectrum
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How (one option ...)How (one option ...)
• Detect UHE ’s using rock salt in Northern Europe (Groningen)
• Monitor UHE CR’s with LOFAR• Develop:
– radar techniques for salt domes– techniques to install antennas in salt domes– understanding of UHE CR and interactions with
matter– calibrate various detector systems (PAO LOFAR)
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Underground salt layers*Underground salt layers*
Zechstein salt
salt pillars
cavern
* © TNO-NITG
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Footprint of LOFARFootprint of LOFAR
salt domes
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Salt in GroningenSalt in Groningen
Veendam
Assen
Emmen
Stadskanaal
© TNO-NITG
Onstwedde
Zuidwending
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Zuidwending salt domeZuidwending salt dome
3D model of the Zuidwending salt dome: view from the East. The active horizon is the top of the salt.
Purple: Triassic; Dark green: Lower Cretaceous; Light green: Upper Cretaceous Orange: Lower Tertiary; Yellow: Miocene-Quaternary.
© TNO-NITG
2
,5 k
m
7,5 km
04-02-2005/AMvdB Int. WS Saltdome Shower Array SLAC 3-4 Feb. 2005 21
Zuidwending Dome ?Zuidwending Dome ?
Aardgasbuffer Zuidwending: a fast Compressed Natural Gas storageGastransport Services, Akzo Nobel Salt, NUON (Energy Valley)
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LOFARLOFAR
Salt domes under LOFARSalt domes under LOFAR
CRCR
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i n s i t u m e a s u r e m e n t sP . G o r h a m e t a l
N a C l , D i e l e c t r i c M a t e r i a l s a n d A p p l i c a t i o n s ( A . R . v o n H i p p e l e d . ) , 1 9 5 4
t a n δ = 2 × 1 0 - 4
R o c k s a l t H o c k l e y m i n e , U S A
R o c k s a l t , H a l s t a d t m i n e , A u s t r i a
N a C l s y n t h e s i z e dL i m e s t o n e , K a m a i s h i , J a p a n
L i m e s t o n e , M t . J u r a , F r a n c e R o c k s a l t , A s s e m i n e , G e r m a n y
H i p p e l 2 5 G H z
1 G H z c a v i t y 5 . 5 G H z
8 . 2 G H z
1 1 G H z
N a c l p o w d e r
T e f l o n
D i e l e c t r i c r e s o n a t o r
tan
1
L
G r a n i t e , K a m a i s h i , J a p a n
First preliminary results (Chiba)First preliminary results (Chiba)
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R & D NeededR & D Needed
• Radio attenuation length measurement • Ultra-sensitive underground radar techniques
(receiver antennas)• Cross calibration with other experiments
(PAO, acoustic, WSRT, ...?)
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ConclusionConclusion• Radio techniques for detection of UHE are
very promising and provide an important step for the next generation of telescopes
• LOFAR, the largest radio telescope in the world, can be used for UHE CR and detection; it can be complemented with ZESANA using ‘standard’ techniques
LOFAR + PAO S/N ? & ZESANALOFAR + PAO S/N ? & ZESANA
PAO South & LOFARPAO South & LOFAR