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possible chemical conditions on the primiti$e arth and demonstrated the spontaneoussynthesis of organic compounds.

o (he miture of gases iller created probably did not accurately represent theatmosphere of the primiti$e arth.

o *owe$er, similar eperiments using more accurate atmospheric conditions also

led to the formation of organic compounds.o pontaneous synthesis of organic compounds may ha$e been an early stage in theorigin of life on arth.

"rganic chemists finally re1ected $italism and embraced #echanis#$ the belief that thesame physical and chemical laws go$ern all natural phenomena, including the processes oflife.

"rganic chemistry was redefined as the study of carbon compounds, regardless of theirorigin.

o "rganisms produce the ma1ority of organic compounds.

o (he laws of chemistry apply to both inorganic and organic compounds.

(he foundation of organic chemistry is not a mysterious life force but rather the uni2ue$ersatility of carbon-based compounds.

Concept 4!% Carbon ato#s can for# diverse #olecules by bondin to four otherato#s!

A carbon atom has a total of E electronsF # in the first electron shell and in the secondshell.

arbon has little tendency to form ionic bonds by losing or gaining electrons tocomplete its $alence shell.

arbon usually completes its $alence shell by sharing electrons with other atoms in fourco$alent bonds, which may include single and double bonds.

arbon!s tetravalencema8es large, comple molecules possible.

o =hen a carbon atom forms co$alent bonds with four other atoms, they arearranged at the corners of an imaginary tetrahedron with bond angles of /09.5G.

o n molecules with multiple carbon atoms, e$ery carbon atom bonded to fourother atoms has a tetrahedral shape.

o =hen two carbon atoms are 1oined by a double bond, all bonds around thosecarbons are in the same plane and ha$e a flat, three-dimensional structure.

o (he electron configuration of carbon enables it to form co$alent bonds withmany different elements.

(he $alences of carbon and its partners can be $iewed as the building code that go$ernsthe architecture of organic molecules.

n carbon dioide, one carbon atom forms two double bonds with two different oygenatoms.

o n the structural formula, "HH", each line represents a pair of shared electrons.(his arrangement completes the $alence shells of all atoms in the molecule.

Although "#can be classified as either organic or inorganic, its importance to the li$ing

ecture "utline for ampbellBCeeceBiology, :thdition, D earson ducation, nc. -2

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world is clearF "#is the source of carbon for all organic molecules found in organisms.

o "#is usually fied into organic molecules by the process of photosynthesis.

@rea, ")'*#+#, is another simple organic molecule in which each atom forms co$alentbonds to complete its $alence shell.

Molecular diversity arises from variations in the carbon skeleton.

arbon chains form the s8eletons of most organic molecules.

o arbon s8eletons $ary in length and may be straight, branched, or arranged inclosed rings.

o arbon s8eletons may include double bonds.

o Atoms of other elements can be bonded to the atoms of the carbon s8eleton.

&ydrocarbonsare organic molecules that consist of only carbon and hydrogen atoms.

*ydrocarbons are the ma1or component of petroleum, a fossil fuel that consists of thepartially decomposed remains of organisms that li$ed millions of years ago.

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