04_owj100101 wcdma radio network coverage planning.pdf
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HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved
www.huawei.com
Internal
OWJ100101 WCDMA
Radio Network Coverage
Planning
ISSUE1.0
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Page 2All rights reserved
l Upon completion of this course, you will be able to:
[ Know the contents and process of network planning.
[ Understand the uplink budget and its elements.
[ Understand the downlink budget and its elements.
[ Familiarize the coverage enhancement technologies. .
http://www.huawei.com/http://www.huawei.com/ -
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Chapter 1 Process of WCDMA Network PlanningChapter 1 Process of WCDMA Network Planning
Chapter 2 Uplink BudgetChapter 2 Uplink Budget
Chapter 3 Downlink BudgetChapter 3 Downlink Budget
Chapter 4 Coverage Enhancement TechnologiesChapter 4 Coverage Enhancement Technologies
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Page 4All rights reserved
Chapter 1 Process of WCDMA Network PlanningChapter 1 Process of WCDMA Network Planning
1.1 Overview of Radio Network Planning1.1 Overview of Radio Network Planning
1.2 Huawei Concept of Radio Network Planning1.2 Huawei Concept of Radio Network Planning
1.3 Process of Radio Network Planning1.3 Process of Radio Network Planning
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Definition and Category of Network Planning
Focus of the train:Planning of radio network.
l Definition:
[ Network planning means that proper network elements (NEs) are
selected according to the network target, network evolution
requirement, and cost, and then the quality, configuration, and
connection mode of the NEs are determined to facilitate engineering
implementation.
l Categories:
[ Planning of core network
[ Planning of radio network
[ Planning of transmission network
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Importance of Radio Network Planning in 3G
l Importance:
[ The construction cost of the mobile
communication network mainly lies in the
equipment investment.
[ Among the three parts of the 3G network
(radio access network, transmission network,
and core network), the radio access network
occupies more than 70% investment.
[ The investment in the radio access networkdepends on the number and configuration of
the BSs.
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Compare WCDMA Network Planning with that of GSM
l In the GSM system, the structure and
frequency of the cellular network are plannedin order to ensure that the co-frequency and
adjacent-frequency interference meet the call
quality requirement.
l If the interference requirement is met, the
number of supported subscribers can be
calculated based on the number of carrier
frequencies and the number of timeslots.
l The coverage of the GSM system depends on
the transmit power of the transmitter and the
demodulation performance of the receiver.
l The GSM mainly offers voice service, and the
GoS and design objective are relatively simple.
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l WCDMA uses the spread spectrum technology,
so it can realize 11 frequency multiplexingwithout frequency planning.
l The capacity of each carrier in W CDMA is
"soft" because it is related to factors such as
environment and adjacent-cell interference.
l The coverage of the WCDMA system is related
to the system load. If the system load
increases, the coverage will shrink.
l The WCDMA system supports services with
different rate and QoS, including voice service,
and their coverage capacity is different. In the
network planning, the system performance
shall be optimized through reasonable
planning and radio resource management.
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HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Page 8All rights reserved
Chapter 1 Process of WCDMA Network PlanningChapter 1 Process of WCDMA Network Planning
1.1 Overview of Radio Network Planning1.1 Overview of Radio Network Planning
1.2 Huawei Concept of Radio Network Planning1.2 Huawei Concept of Radio Network Planning
1.3 Process of Radio Network Planning1.3 Process of Radio Network Planning
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Huawei Concept of Wireless Network Planningl Optimal coverage for profitable services
[ The 3G network is a multi-service network, so the network resources need be
distributed among different services. The cell radius and coverage scheme
should be determined after the profitable services and their coverage quality
are determined. At the early stage of the 3G network, if the planning focuses
on high-speed data service, it will result in waste of the BSs because there are
not enough services.
l Competitive core service
[ Core service refers to the service that have a long-term effect on the network
development. It is possible that the core service is not profitable in a short
period, but is the attraction of the subscriber increase and service
development, for example, high-speed data service. Therefore, the quality of
the core service should be guaranteed in order to show the service and
performance advantages of the 3G network and promote the operator's brand.
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Huawei Concept of Wireless Network Planning
l Highest capacity based on limited resources
[ The capacity of the 3G network is mainly affected
by interference. Reasonable parameter planning
may help to reduce intra-cell and inter-cell
interference, improve the cell capacity, and make
full use of the limited resources.
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Huawei Concept of Wireless Network Planning
l Lowest overall cost of network construction
[ The construction of the radio network goes through
the lifecycle of the network. In the planning, further
development shall be considered, in order to
reduce the total cost of network construction.
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Page 12All rights reserved
Chapter 1 Process of WCDMA Network PlanningChapter 1 Process of WCDMA Network Planning
1.1 Overview of Radio Network Planning1.1 Overview of Radio Network Planning
1.2 Huawei Concept of Radio Network Planning1.2 Huawei Concept of Radio Network Planning
1.3 Process of Radio Network Planning1.3 Process of Radio Network Planning
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HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Page 13All rights reserved
Process of Wireless Network Planning
l Radio Network Dimensioning (RND)
[ At the early stage of the project planning, the future
network is preliminarily planned, and the configuration and
the number of RAN NEs are output for preliminary project
negotiation and for cost estimation in contract signing.
l Pre-planning of radio network
[ At the mid stage of project planning, based on the
dimensioning output, the future network is planned in
detail, and the accurate network scale and theoretical site
location are determined. A pre-planning report will be
output for mid-stage project and cost estimation incontract signing.
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Process of Wireless Network Planning
l Cell planning of radio network
[ At the later stage of project planning, based on the
pre-planning output, each selected site is surveyed,
and the related cell parameters are determined. If the
result is quite different from the planning, the cell
parameters and planning effect should be checked
through simulation, and the output report would be
the final radio network planning scheme that can
guide the project implementation.
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Process of Radio Network Planning
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Radio Network Dimensioning
l Radio network dimensioning is a simplified analysis of
the future network.
[ Objective:
To obtain the network scale (Approximate BS
quantity and configuration), to obtain the
construction period, and to obtain information such
as electronical cost and human resource cost.
[ Method:
Select a proper propagation model, and subscriber
mobility, distribution, and traffic models, and thenestimate the site quantity, cell quantity, coverage
size and capacity.
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Requirement of RND parametersl Information of coverage area
[ The engineers of RNP should know exact informationabout coverage area ,for example :
Area , economy, population
Distribution of cluster
The information of mobile communication market
l Target of network
[ The target of network should include several factors:
Service
Coverage area & Coverage quality
Network Capacity
Target load of cell
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Requirement of RND parameters
l Limited by network scale & Building plan in different phase
[ Base on commercial contract
[ Base on RND result if there is no commercial contract
l Information of available site
[ For a new operator who doesnt have abundant 2G mobile
communication network sites, the RNP engineer shouldcollect exact information about available site.
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HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Page 19All rights reserved
Radio Network dimensioning
lCoverage information
[ Coverage area
[ Coverage probability
lCapacity information
[ Traffic model
[ Service model
[ Subscriber density
lQuality information
[ QoS requirement
[ GoS requirement
[ Demodulation threshold
lSystem scale
[ Site quantity
lSystem configuration
[ Sector structure
[ Carrier quantity
lNetwork construction cost
[ Site cost
[ Equipment cost
InputInput OutputOutput
Coverage dimensioning
Capacity dimensioning
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Radio Network Pre-planning
l Based on radio network
dimensioning, the network pre-
planning intends to determine
the initial layout and theoretical
location of the BSs and select
engineering parameters (BS
location, network hierarchy,
transmit power, antenna
layout/type/direction/tilt angle,
and so on) and some cell
parameters (common channel,transmit power of traffic
channel, orthogonal factor, cell
scrambling code, and so on) .
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Radio Network Pre-planningl Based on the result of RND,
theoretical location of site,
parameters of project, parameters of
cell, We should carry out coverage
simulation.
l We should carry out more detailed
adjustment (for example amount of
NodeB, configuration of NodeB,
antenna altitude, antenna azimuth)
after analyzing the results of
coverage simulation.
l Finally ,we should get perfectcoverage result.
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Radio Network Pre-planning
l Radio Network Pre-planning report
[ We should output Radio Network Pre-planning report after finishing
previous jobs. Radio Network Pre-planning report should includefollowing factors:
Introduce of project background
Information of planning area :area, population, cluster
Project of radio network pre-planning: site distribution map, site list
( include site name, latitude ,longitude, parameters) Performance of project :based on the simulation result
Appendix: statistical diagram about performance
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Radio Network Cell Planning
site surveyl In fact , perfect site position could not be acquired. We must select some backup
site. But how can we select the backup site?
l Based on experience , backup site is selected in SEARCH RING scope ,SEARCH RING =1/4*R, at the same time ,we still consider its height.
l We still pay attention to some other factors when we select the backup sites :
[ Radio propagation
Site position
Site height
Surrounding
[ Engineering implementation
Space of room
Antenna installation
Transmission
Power
[ Commercial factor
Rent
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Page 26All rights reserved
Radio Network Cell Planning System Simulation
lSystem Simulation class
[ Static simulation
Static simulation would gain the
performance of radio network based
on snapshot
[ Dynamic simulation
Dynamic simulation would gain the
performance of radio network based
on analysis of mobile subscribers.
lAt present, Static simulation is in common
use. Monto Carlo simulation is one type of
static simulations
The example of Monto Carlo
simulation
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The example about Monto Carlo simulation
100%100% 100%100%20%20% 60%60%
0%0% 75%75% 40%40%60%60%
Access ratioAccess ratio
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Distribution of NodeBs
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Simulation diagram pilot coverage intensity
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Simulation diagram pilot coverage quality (Ec/Io)
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Coverage probability of 12.2k voice service
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Coverage probability of 64k video phone service
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Coverage probability of 144k Net Meeting service
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Coverage probability of 384k HTTP service
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HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Page 35All rights reserved
Simulation result about pilot pollution
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Summary of the Chapter
l Categories of radio network planning
l Huawei concept of radio network planning
l Differences between GSM network planning and WCDMA
network planning
l Process of radio network planning
l Input and output requirements of the radio network pre-planning
Thi s chapter covers the following:This chapter covers the following:
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Chapter 1 Process of WCDMA Network PlanningChapter 1 Process of WCDMA Network Planning
Chapter 2 Uplink BudgetChapter 2 Uplink Budget
Chapter 3 Downlink BudgetChapter 3 Downlink Budget
Chapter 4 Coverage Enhancement TechnologiesChapter 4 Coverage Enhancement Technologies
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Page 38All rights reserved
CapacityCoverageQualityl Relation between capacity, coverage, and quality of the WCDMA
system
[ The WCDMA system is a self-interference system, and itscapacity, coverage, and quality closely related to each other.
[ Capacitycoverage (e.g. cell breath)
If the load increases, the capacity and interference also
increases, and the coverage shrinks.
[ Capacityquality (e.g. outer loop power control)
The system capacity may increase by lowering the quality of
some connections.
[ Coveragequality (e.g. AMRC)
The coverage may increase by lowering the quality of someconnections.
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Process of Coverage Budgetl Environment features of the
planned area
l Site capacity
l Indoor coverage
l Coverage probability
l Propagation model
l Equipment performance
Create link budgetCreate link budget
Obtain cell radiusObtain cell radius
Calculate site areaCalculate site area
Specify site quantity
of the area
Specify site quantity
of the area
Maximum path loss
Minimum cell radius
Maximum site
coverage area
Site quantity=planned area/site coverage areaSite quantity=planned area/site coverage area
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Fundamental Principle
l Link Budget: Link
Budget intends to
estimate the
system coverage
by analyzing the
factors of the
propagation of the
forward signal
and reverse
signal, in order to
obtain the
maximum
propagation lossafter certain
communications
quality is ensured.
TX
Combiner
DuplexerFeeder
RX
Pout_BS
Lc_BSLf_BS
Ga_BSNodeB
TX
RX
Pout_UE
Ga_UE
UE
CombinerDuplexer
PL_DLPL
_UL
Body Loss
Fading
Margin
Penetration
Loss
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Algorithm Introduction
l PL_UL=Pout_UE +Ga_BS+Ga_UE Lf_BS+Ga_SHO Mpc Mf
MI Lp Lb S_BS
PL_UL: Maximum propagation loss of the Uplink
Pout_UE: Maximum transmit power of the traffic channel of the UE
Lf_BS: Cable loss
Ga_BS: Antenna gain of the BS; Ga_UE: Antenna gain of the MS
Ga_SHO: Gain of soft handover
Mpc: Margin for fast power control
Mf: Slow fading margin (related to the propagation environment)
MI: Interference margin (related to the designed system capacity)
Lp: Penetration loss of a building (used if indoor coverage is required)
Lb: Body loss
S_BS: Sensitivity of BS receiver (related to factors such as service andmulti-path condition)
Upl ink (reverse)Upli nk (reverse)
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Elements of WCDMA Uplink Budget
lMax Power of TCH
lBody Loss
lGain of UE Tx Antenna
lEIRP
lGain of BS Rx Antenna
lCable Loss
lNoise Figure (BS)
lRequired Eb/No (BS)
lSensitivity of BS Receiver
lUL Cell Load
lInterference Margin
lBackground Noise Level
lSHO Gain over Fast Fading
lFast Fading Margin
lMinimum Signal StrengthRequired
lPenetration Loss
lStd. dev. of Slow Fading
lEdge coverage Probability
lSlow Fading Margin
lSHO Gain over Slow Fading
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Elements of WCDMA Uplink Budgetl 1.Max Power of TCH (dBm)
[ For a UE, the maximum power of each traffic channel is usually the
nominal total transmit power. There are many types of UE in a
commercial network, so this parameters should be reasonably set in
the link budget according to the specifications of a mainstream
commercial cell phone and the requirement of the operator.
Grade of UE powerTS 25.101 v3.7.02001-066.2.1
+2/-2dB+21dBm4
+1/-3dB+24dBm3+1/-3dB+27dBm2
+1/-3dB+33dBm1
ToleranceNominal maximum output powerPower Class
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Elements of WCDMA Uplink Budget
l 2. Body Loss (dB)
[ For voice service, the body loss is 3 dB.
[ Because the data service mainly involves reading and video,
so the UE is relatively far from body, and the body loss is 0
dB.
l 3. Gain of UE Tx Antenna (dBi)
[ In general, assume that the receiver gain and transmitter
gain of the UE antenna are both 0 dBi.
l
4. EIRP(dBm)[ UE EIRP (dBm)
= UE Tx Power (dBm) - Body Loss (dB)
+ Gain of UE Tx Antenna (dBi)
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HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Page 45All rights reserved
Elements of WCDMA Uplink Budgetl 5. Gain of BS Rx Antenna (dBi)
Kathrein 741794
6.6kgWeight
1302 mm / 155 mm / 69
mm
dimensioning (Height / Width /
Depth)
>30dBFront-to-back ratio, co-polar
>14dBSide lobe suppression for 1st side
lobe above horizon
Fixed, 2Electrical tilt
Horizontal: 63
Vertical:6.5HPBW (1920~2170MHz)
18.5dBiGain
+45, -45Polarization
1710~2170MHz (dual
band for DCS and
UMTS)
Frequency range
Kathrein 741790
5kgWeight
1387 mmdimensioning (Height)
Fixed, 0Electrical tilt
Vertical: 7HPBW
11dBiGain
VerticalPolarization
1920~2170MHzFrequency range
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Elements of WCDMA Uplink Budgetl 6. Cable Loss (dB)
[ It includes the loss of the feeders andconnectors between the cabinet top andthe antenna connector.
Lower jumper
Connector
Feeder
Upper jumper
Etc.
[ Except for the feeder, the loss isrelatively constant. Assume that theconnecter loss is 0.8 dB.
7/8-inch feeder: 6.1 dB / 100m for 2GHz
5/4-inch feeder: 4.5 dB / 100m for 2GHz
Bracket
Bracket
Tilt adjuster
Antenna
Upper jumper
Feeder
Feeder windowLightning arrester
Lower jumper
Feeder fixing clip
Feeder grounding clip
Feeder installation
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Elements of WCDMA Uplink Budgetl 7. Noise Figure (dB)
[ Noise figure (NF): It is used to measure the noise
performance of an amplifier. It refers to the ratio of the input
SNR to the output SNR of the amplifier.
[ Thermal noise of receiver (unit bandwidth):
PN = KTBWNF
= -174 (dBm/Hz) + 10lg(3.84MHz / 1Hz) + NF(dB)
= -108 (dBm/3.84MHz) + NF (dB)
NFNF == SNRSNRii // SNRSNRoo
= (S= (Sii / N/ Nii) / (S) / (Soo / N/ Noo))
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Elements of WCDMA Uplink Budgetl 8. Eb/No Required (dB)
[ It is obtained through link simulation. It is related to the following:
Configuration of receiver diversity
Multi-path channel condition
Bearer type
l 9. Sensitivity of BS Receiver (dBm)
[ Sensitivity of Receiver (dBm)
= -174 (dBm/Hz) + NF (dB) + 10lg(3.84MHz/1Hz)+ required Eb/No (dB) - 10lg[3.84MHz/Rb(kHz)]
= -174 (dBm/Hz) + NF (dB) + 10lg[1000 * Rb (kHz)] + Eb/No (dB)
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Elements of WCDMA Uplink Budget
l 10. Background Noise Level (dBm)
[ External electromagnetic interference sources:
Wireless transmitters (GSM, microwave, radar,
television station, and so)
Automobile ignition
Lightning
[ For the planning for a specific area, it is
recommended to estimate the local interference
through noise test.
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Elements of WCDMA Uplink Budgetl 11. Penetration Loss (dB)
[ Indoor penetration loss refers to the difference between the
average signal strength outside the building and the average signal
strength of one layer of the building.
[ The penetration loss is related to building type, arrive angle of the
radio wave, and so on. In the link budget, assume that the
penetration loss is subject to the lognormal distribution. The
penetration loss is indicated by average penetration loss and
standard deviation.
[ It is uneconomical to provide better indoor coverage through an
outdoor BS. The indoor coverage shall be provided through a
reasonable indoor coverage solution.
[ In the actual construction of a commercial network, the penetration
loss margin is usually specified by the operator in order to compare
the planning results of different manufacturers.
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Elements of WCDMA Uplink Budgetl 12. Fast Fading Margin (dB)
[ In the link budget, the demodulation performance of the used receiver is
the simulation result based on the assumed ideal power control. In an
actual system, because of the limited transmit power of the transmitter,
non-ideal factors are introduced in the closed loop power control.
[ Effect of power control margin on the uplink demodulation performance:
The simulation shows the following: When the HeadRoom is large,
the target Eb/No set in the outer loop power control is appropriate to
the simulation result under the ideal power control. As the power
margin decreases, the Eb/No gradually increases (if the power
margin decreases by 1 dB, the required Eb/No increases by about 1
dB). If power control performance is almost not available, the
BER/BLER cannot be ensured.
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Elements of WCDMA Uplink Budget
l 13. Edge coverage Probability
[ When the transmit power of a UE hits the threshold, but the path loss does
not meet the requirements for the lowest receive level, the link will be
disconnected.
[ For a UE at a distance of d, the link disconnection probability is as follows:
[ (d) = Pmax_UE
S_min
10lg(d)It refers to the difference betweenthe average loss of the paths at a distance of d and the allowed maximumpath loss for ensuring the connection.
[ The average fading component is 0, and the standard variation is
})(Pr{
})lg(10_Pr{
})lg(10_Pr{
})(_Pr{)(Pr_
minmax
minmax
minmax
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HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Page 53All rights reserved
SF x ,( ) dno rm x 0, ,( ):=
30 20 10 0 10 20 300
0.02
0.04
0.06
SF x 8,( )
SF x 10,( )
SF x 12,( )
x
SF_M x ,( ) pnorm x 0, ,( ):=
20 16 12 8 4 0 4 8 12 16 200
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
S F_Mx 8,( )
SF_Mx 10,( )
SF_Mx 12,( )
x
Elements of WCDMA Uplink Budgetl 14. Slow Fading Margin (dB)
[ Key point: Property of normal distribution.
[ Slow Fading Margin (dB) = required edge coverage
ProbabilityStd. dev. of Slow Fading (dB)
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Elements of WCDMA Uplink Budget
l 15. Uplink Cell Load
[ Uplink cell load is used to measure the uplink load of a cell.
[ The higher the uplink cell load, the higher the uplink interference.
[ If the uplink load is about 100% , the uplink interference becomes infinite,
and the corresponding capacity is the limit capacity.
( ) ( )( )
+=+=N
jjjN
jULW
vREbvsNoiLi
11
11
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HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Page 55All rights reserved
Elements of WCDMA Uplink Budget
l 16. Uplink Interference Margin (dB)UL
N
jN
TOT
LP
INoiseRise
=
==
1
1
1
1
1
50% Load50% Load 3dB3dB
60%60% LoadLoad4dB4dB
75%75% LoadLoad6dB6dB
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Page 56All rights reserved
Elements of WCDMA Uplink Budget
l 17. SHO Gain over Fast Fading (dB)
[ The soft handover gain includes two parts:
Multiple related soft handover branches lower the
required margin for fading, which results in multi-cell
gain.
Gain for the link demodulation of the soft handover
marco diversity combining gain.
[ The SHO Gain over Fast Fading refer to the macro
diversity combination gain.
[ This value is obtained through simulation. The typical
value is 1.5 dB.
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HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Page 57All rights reserved
Elements of WCDMA Uplink Budget
l 18.SHO Gain over Slow Fading (dB)
[ As mentioned above, the soft handover gain
includes two parts:
Multiple irrelevant soft handover branches lower
the required margin for fading, which results in
multi-cell gain.
Gain for the link demodulation of the soft
handovermarco diversity combination gain.
[ The SHO Gain over Fast Fading refers to the macro
diversity combining gain.[ This value is obtained through simulation.
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Page 58All rights reserved
Elements of WCDMA Uplink Budget
l 19. Minimum Signal Strength Required (dBm)
[ After the interference factors and the factors
degrading the performance are considered, the signal
strength required by the correct demodulation is
receiver sensitivity in the network.
[ Minimum Signal Strength Required
= Sensitivity of Receiver (dBm) - Gain of Antenna (dBi)
+ Cable Loss (dB) + Interference Margin (dB)
+ Margin for Background Noise (dB) - SHO Gain overfast fading (dB) + Fast Fading Margin (dB)
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HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Page 59All rights reserved
Elements of WCDMA Uplink Budget
l Summary: Cell edge path loss
[ Based on the maximum path loss allowed by the link,
the path loss at the cell edge can be calculated if the
fading margin and soft handover gain for providing the
required edge/area coverage probability and the
penetration loss of indoor coverage are considered.
[ Path Loss (dB) = [ EiRP (dBm) - Minimum Signal
Strength Required (dBm) ]- Penetration Loss (dB) -
Slow Fading Margin (dB) + SHO Gain over Slow
Fading (dB)
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Page 60All rights reserved
Chapter 1 Process of WCDMA Network PlanningChapter 1 Process of WCDMA Network Planning
Chapter 2 Uplink BudgetChapter 2 Uplink Budget
Chapter 3 Downlink BudgetChapter 3 Downlink Budget
Chapter 4 Coverage Enhancement TechnologiesChapter 4 Coverage Enhancement Technologies
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HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Page 61All rights reserved
Fundamental Principle
l Link Budget: Link
Budget intends to
estimate the system
coverage by
analyzing the factors
of the propagation
of the forward signal
and reverse signal, in
order to obtain the
maximum
propagation loss after
certain
communicationsquality is ensured.
TX
Combiner
DuplexerFeeder
RX
Pout_BS
Lc_BSLf_BS
Ga_BSNodeB
TX
RX
Pout_UE
Ga_UE
UE
Combiner
Duplexer
PL_DLPL
_UL
Body Loss
Fading
Margin
Penetration
Loss
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Page 62All rights reserved
Algorithm
l PL_DL=Pout_BS Lf_BS+Ga_BS+Ga_UE +Ga_SHO Mpc Mf MI Lp
Lb S_UE
PL_DL: Maximum propagation loss of the downlink
Pout_UE: Maximum transmit power of the traffic channel of the BS
Lf_BS: Cable loss
Ga_BS: Antenna gain of the BS; Ga_UE: Antenna gain of the MS
Ga_SHO: Gain of soft handover
Mpc: Margin for fast power control
Mf: Slow fading margin (related to the propagation environment)
MI: Interference margin (related to the designed system capacity)
Lp: Penetration loss of a building (used if indoor coverage is required)
Lb: Body loss
S_UE: Sensitivity of UE receiver (related to factors such as service and
multi-path condition)
Downlink (forward)Downlink (forward)
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HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Page 63All rights reserved
Elements of WCDMA Downlink BudgetlMax Power of TCH
lCable Loss
lGain of BS Tx Antenna
lEIRP
lGain of UE Rx Antenna
lBody Loss
lNoise Figure (UE)
lRequired Eb/No (UE)
lSensitivity of UE Receiver
lDL Cell Loading
lInterference Margin
lBackground Noise Level
lSHO Gain over Fast Fading
lFast Fading Margin
lMinimum Signal Strength
Required
lPenetration Loss
lStd. dev. of Slow Fading
lEdge coverage Probability
lSlow Fading Margin
lSHO Gain over Slow Fading
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Page 64All rights reserved
Elements of WCDMA Downlink Budgetl 1.Downlink Cell Load
Downlink cell load factor is defined in two ways:
[ Downlink cell load at the receiver:
[ This definition is similar to that of the uplink cell load:
The higher the downlink cell load, the higher the cell transmit power,
and the higher the receiver interference.
When the downlink cell load is 100% , the corresponding capacity is
the limit capacity of the downlink.
[ Downlink cell load at the transmitter: The ratio of the current cell transmit
power to the maximum BS transmit power. Characteristics:
The higher the downlink cell load, the higher the cell transmit power.
The downlink cell load is related to service type, UE receiver
performance, cell size, and BS capability.
( ) ( )
+=
N
j
j
jjjDL vW
REbvsNoi
1
1
Currently, the later definition is used in the link budget tool.Currently, the later definition is used in the link budget tool.
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HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Page 65All rights reserved
: 1.78
Elements of WCDMA Downlink Budgetl 2.Downlink Interference Margin (dB)
[ Downlink interference at UE receiver:
[ The downlink load factor is:
[ The link budget tool uses the following typical values:
orthogonal factor : It is obtained through simulation. It is related to
environment type and cell radius.
Cell edge adjacent-cell interference factor
N
N
N
nnj
T
j
T
j
N
total
P
PPL
PPL
P
P
IjNoiseRise
++
==
=1
,
1)1(
)(
jDLf , =
N
n nj
ownj
PL
PL
1 ,
,
j
( )( )
=
+=
J
jjDLj
jjjob
DLf
W
RVNE
1,
)1(/
,where =,where =
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Page 66All rights reserved
Chapter 1 Process of WCDMA Network PlanningChapter 1 Process of WCDMA Network Planning
Chapter 2 Uplink BudgetChapter 2 Uplink Budget
Chapter 3 Downlink BudgetChapter 3 Downlink Budget
Chapter 4 Coverage Enhancement TechnologiesChapter 4 Coverage Enhancement Technologies
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HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Page 67All rights reserved
Tower Mounted Amplifier (TMA)
l TMA
[ A TMA locate the position
under the antenna
[ A TMA is Low noise amplifier
[ A TMA helps to improve the
uplink receive sensitivity and
enhances the uplink coverage
[ A TMA usually has 0.7dB loss
in the downlink.
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Page 68All rights reserved
Academic calculation about TMAAcademic calculation about TMA improve the uplink receive sensitAcademic calculation about TMA improve the uplink receive sensitivityivity
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HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Page 69All rights reserved
lThe example of academic calculation about TMA
improve the uplink receive sensitivity
Receiver Chain Noise FigureWithout TMA: 2.433+2.2 dB
With TMA 1.57 dB
The example of academic calculation about TMA
2.2NodeB
-2.4332.4337/8"Cable30m + 0.6dB Connector
Loss
121.45TMA
GainNoise FigureEquipment
Gain 3.063dB for uplink when using TMAGain 3.063dB for uplink when using TMA
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Page 70All rights reserved
4-antennas Reception Diversity
l 4Antenna reception diversity
l 4Antenna reception diversity hastwo types
[ Two Cross-polarizationantennas
[ Four antennas
l 4Antenna reception diversityhelps to improve the uplinkreception performance
l Improve the uplink coverage and
capacity performancel 4Antenna reception diversity
need equipment support
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HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Page 71All rights reserved
4-antennas Reception Diversity
l 4RxDiv principle diversity gain
[ Resist fast fading
[ Correlation combination
[ Gain relates to multi-
path ,service ,speed, antenna
performance
l 2RxDiv> 4RxDiv
[ Reduce the requirement of
Eb/No
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Page 72All rights reserved
4-antennas Reception Diversity
l Compared with a double-antenna reception diversity, 4-antenna
reception diversity requires lower Eb/No.
l Gain of 4-antenna reception diversity (compared with double-
antenna reception diversity)
1.391.772.5RA120Rural area
RA120
TU3
TU3
Channel
1.77
1.73
1.73
Capacity-based
gain
1.39
1.37
1.37
Coverage-based
gain
2.5Suburb
2.4Common urbanarea
2.4High-density
urban area
Eb/No improvementArea
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