Classification, depicting ·er Ferguson, 1977.)

~ngineering Rock Mass

Classifications

A Complete Manual for Engineers and Geologists

in Mining, Civil, and Petroleum Engineering

Z. T. Bieniawski Professor and Director

Mining and Mineral Resources Research Institute The Pennsylvania State University

[I WILEY

A WJLEY·INTERSCIENCE PUBLICATION

John Wiley & Sons

New York / Chichester / Brisbane / Toronto / Singapore

Copyright© 1989 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

All rights reserved. Published simultaneously in Canada.

Reproduction or translation of any part of this work beyond that permitted by Section 107 or !08 of the

1976 United States Copyright Act without the permission of the copyright owner is unlawful. Requests for

permission or further information should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Libmry of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Bieniawski, Z. T.

Engineering rock mass classifications; a complete manual for engineers and geologists in mining, civil, and petroleum engineering I Z. T. Bieniawski.

p. cm.

"A Wiley-Intcrscience publication." Bibliography: p. Includes index. ISBN 0-471-60172-l I. Geology, Economic.

mechanics. I. Title.

TN260.B54 1989 624.1 '5132-dc19

2. Rocks-Classification.

Printed in the United States of America

IO 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2

3. Rock

89-30956 CIP

Contents

PREFACE

1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Function of Classifications in Engineering / 1. 2 Rock Classifications as Design Aids / 2 References / 3

2 ROLE OF ROCK MASS CLASSIFICATIONS IN SITE

xi

1

CHARACTERIZATION AND ENGINEERING DESIGN 5

2.1 Rock as an Engineering Material / 6 2.2 Structural Features of Rock Masses / 9 2. 3 Site Characterization Procedures / 10 2.4 Input Data Requirements: An Integral Approach / 21 2.5 Design Methodologies / 23 References I 26

EARLY ROCK MASS CLASSIFICATIONS

Rock Load Classification Method / 32 Stand-Up Time Classification / 33 Rock Quality Designation Index (RQD) / 37 Rock Stiucture Rating (RSR) Concept / 40

References / 4 7

29

Viii CONTENTS

4 GEOMECHANICS CLASSIFICATION (ROCK MASS RATING SYSTEM)

4.1 Classification Procedures / 52 4.2 Applications I 63 4.3 Data Base / 66 4.4 Correlations / 68 References / 69

5 Q-SYSTEM

5 .1 Classification Procedures / 74 5. 2 Correlations / 82 5.3 Data Base / 89 References / 90

6 OTHER CLASSIFICATIONS

6.1 NATM Classification / 91 6.2 Size-Strength Classification / 95 6.3 ISRM Classification / 101

6.4 Specialized Classification Approaches / 103 References / 103

7 APPLICATIONS IN TUNNELING

7 .1 Park River Tunnel / 107 7.2 Overvaal Railroad Tunnel / 121

7.3 Assessment of Underground Conditions from Surface Rock Exposures / 123

7.4 Large Underground Chambers / 123 7.5 Maximum Spans and Safety Factors for Unsupported

Excavations / I 31 References / 134

8 APPLICATIONS IN MINING

8. 1 Hard Rock Mining: Africa / 137 8.2 Hard Rock Mining: USA / 143 8.3 Coal Mining: USA / 162 8.4 Coal Mining: India / 169 References / 175

51

73

91

107

9 OTHER APPLICA

9. 1 Estimating Ro 9. 2 Estimating Ro 9.3 Assessing Roe 9 .4 Special Uses 1

9.5 Improving Co1 System I 198

References / 20 I

10 CASE HISTORIE~

Listing of RMR Ca~

APPENDIX: DETERl\i RATING

Output Example / :; Program Listing for

BIBLIOGRAPHY

INDEX

CONTENTS Ix

K MASS 9 OTHER APPLICATIONS 177 51

9. 1 Estimating Rock Mass Strength / 177

9.2 Estimating Rock Mass Modulus / 185 9.3 Assessing Rock Slope Stability / 186 9.4 Special lJses / 187 9.5 Improving Communication: Unified Classification

System I 198 References / 201

73 10 CASE HISTORIES DATA BASE 205

Listing of RMR Case Histories / 207

APPENDIX: DETERMINATION OF THE ROCK MASS RATING 221

91 Output Example / 222 Program Listing for Personal Computer / 226

BIBLIOGRAPHY 239 )3

INDEX 249

107

,m Surface

1supported