KIBERT CHAPTERS 9 & 10 SBLT101 FALL 2016

Water Resource Depletion/Distribution

Hydrologic Cycle Terminology (p.331)Hydrologic Cycle

Potable Water

Groundwater

Surface Water

Stormwater

Rainwater

Hydrologic Cycle Terminology (p.331)Rainwater Harvesting

Reclaimed Water

Blackwater

Graywater

Xeriscaping

Living Machine

Green Building Water Strategy1. Minimize the consumption of potable water.

2. Minimize wastewater generation.

3. Maximize rainwater infiltration into the ground.

Benefits of Water EfficiencyEnergy savings – more money can be saved by reducing the energy needed to move, process, and treat water than the actual value of the saved water

Reduced wastewater production – reducing overall water consumption also reduces wasterwater generation, plus, wastewater costs can be significantly higher than the cost of potable water

Lower infrastructure costs

Environmental benefits – reduced need for natural resource

Steps to Developing a Water Strategy1. Select the appropriate water sources for each consumption purpose.

2. For each purpose, employ technologies that minimize water consumption.

3. Evaluate the potential for a dual wasterwater system.

4. Analyze potential for innovated wastewater strategies.

5. Apply life cycle costing

6. Design landscaping to use minimal water.

7. Design parking, paving, roads, and landscaping to maximize the infiltration of stormwater

8. Incorporate green roofs.

Plumbing Fixtures & ControlsToilets and Urinals

Showers

Faucets

Drinking Fountains

Electronic Controls

Nonpotable Water SourcesRainwater Harvesting

Graywater Systems

Reclaimed Water

Wastewater StrategiesConstructed Wetlands

Living Machines

Stormwater Strategies (p. 355)Vegetated roofs

Bioswales

Infiltration basins

Pervious paving

Landscape StrategiesProper planning and design

Soil analysis

Appropriate plant selection

Practical turfgrass areas

Efficient irrigation

Use of mulches

Appropriate maintenance

Landscape StrategiesCharacteristics of the natural landscape:

Regional identity – sense of place

Intricacy and detail – biodiversity

Elements of change – seasonal

11 POINTS, 3 PREREQUISITES

Prereq: Outdoor Water Use ReductionINTENT

To reduce outdoor water consumption.

Prereq: Outdoor Water Use ReductionREQUIREMENTS

Reduce outdoor water use through one of the following options

Option 1: No Irrigation Required.◦ Show that landscape plants do not require a permanent irrigation system beyond a 2-year

establishment period.

Option 2: Reduced Irrigation.◦ Reduce the project’s landscape water requirement by at least 30% from the baseline for the site’s peak

watering month.

Prereq: Indoor Water Use ReductionINTENT

To reduce indoor water consumption.

Prereq: Indoor Water Use ReductionREQUIREMENTS

Reduce overall water consumption by 20% from baseline for the fixtures and fittings in Table 1.

Prereq: Indoor Water Use ReductionREQUIREMENTS

Reduce overall water consumption by appliances and equipment by meeting requirements in Table 2.

Prereq: Indoor Water Use ReductionREQUIREMENTS

Reduce overall water consumption by processes by meeting requirements in Table 3.

Prereq: Indoor Water Use ReductionADDITIONAL GUIDANCE

1. Select compliance path:• Path 1: Projects where all fixtures meet EPA WaterSense standards. Submit product information.

• Path 2: Projects where fixtures do not meet WaterSense standards. Show use-based calculations to demonstrate 20% reduction total for all fixtures.

2. Specify WaterSense labeled products: tank toilets, urinals, showerheads, private restroom faucets and aerators.

3. Specify high-efficiency fixtures and appliances. Things to keep in mind:• Some fixtures do not need to meet the 20% reduction: food service-related equipment, fixtures

regulated by health codes, janitor sinks, laboratory sinks

Prereq: Indoor Water Use ReductionADDITIONAL GUIDANCE• Differences between public and private restrooms: Fixtures in residences, hotel rooms, and private

hospital rooms are private. All others are public.

• Commercial projects containing residential-type dishwashers, washing machines, etc. should comply with residential water standards for these fixtures.

4. Design process water systems, including equipment cooling systems, to limit or eliminate potable water use and to capture and reuse excess generated heat.

Prereq: Indoor Water Use ReductionDOCUMENTATION AND CALCULATIONS

1. Project occupancy. Count occupants consistently across all LEED credits.

2. Gender ratio. Default gender mix is half male and half female. Assumptions that differ from the default must be supported by a narrative and supporting data.

3. Days of operation. Default is 365.

4. Fixture types, flush or flow rate, product information, % of occupants using each fixture.

5. Occupant types: employees and staff (FTE), and visitors.

Prereq: Indoor Water Use ReductionDOCUMENTATION AND CALCULATIONS

Prereq: Building-Level Water MeteringINTENT

To support water management and identify opportunities for additional water savings by tracking water consumption.

Prereq: Building-Level Water MeteringREQUIREMENTS

Install permanent water meters that measure total potable water use for the building and site. Meter data must be summarized monthly and annually. Can be manual or automated.

Commit to sharing with USGBC the whole-project water data for a five-year period beginning on the date the project is LEED certified.

Credit: Outdoor Water Use ReductionINTENT

To reduce outdoor water consumption.

Credit: Outdoor Water Use ReductionREQUIREMENTS (1-2 pts.)

Reduce outdoor water use through one of the following options

Option 1: No Irrigation Required.◦ Show that landscape plants do not require a permanent irrigation system beyond a 2-year

establishment period.

Option 2: Reduced Irrigation.◦ Reduce the project’s landscape water requirement by at least 50% from the baseline for the site’s peak

watering month.

50% reduction = 1 point

100% reduction = 2 points

Credit: Indoor Water Use ReductionINTENT

To reduce indoor water consumption.

Credit: Indoor Water Use ReductionREQUIREMENTS

Reduce overall water consumption by at least 25% from baseline for the fixtures and fittings in Table 1.

Credit: Indoor Water Use ReductionADDITIONAL GUIDANCE

1. Consider alternate water sources: reclaimed water, graywater, rainwater, stormwater, used process water, etc.

2. Untreated water sources from streams, rivers, well water, etc. are ineligible.

3. Choose uses that need the least treatment first, such as irrigation and toilet flushing.

Credit: Cooling Tower Water UseINTENT

To conserve water used for cooling tower makeup while controlling microbes, corrosion, and scale in the condenser water system.

Credit: Cooling Tower Water UseBEHIND THE INTENT

Refrigeration systems remove heat, usually from air, to cool the interior of buildings.

This heat is expelled into either the atmosphere or another medium.

A cooling tower removes heat in part by evaporating water; as the water absorbs heat, it changes from a liquid to a vapor.

As the water evaporates, dissolved solids become more concentrated in the remaining water and eventually begin to deposit themselves on parts of the cooling tower, making them less efficient.

To prevent buildup of deposits, cooling towers remove a portion of the water through a process called blowdown. Makeup water is then added to replace evaporative losses and blowdown volume.

Credit: Cooling Tower Water UseBEHIND THE INTENT

Cooling tower water efficiency is measured in the number of recirculation cycles before water must be removed by blowdown.

To significantly reduce makeup water inputs, optimize and increase the number of recirculation cycles by treating water to remove dissolved solids, rather than by relying only on blowdown and input of fresh makeup water.

Consider using A/C or steam condensate water or rainwater as makeup, instead of potable.

Credit: Cooling Tower Water UseREQUIREMENTS

For cooling towers and evaporative condensers, conduct a one-time potable water analysis, measuring at least the five control parameters in Table 1.

Limit cooling tower cycles to avoid exceeding maximum values for any of the parameters.

Credit: Cooling Tower Water UseREQUIREMENTS

KIBERT CHAPTER 9

Relationship Between Energy & WaterWEBBER ENERGY GROUP

Introduction

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q9niPtOaPsw&list=PLNj4-L0QtXnTUy0R9c2QNsGWhNH0pV1fr&index=1

Energy & Water

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zHODtBhcLlU&list=PLNj4-L0QtXnTUy0R9c2QNsGWhNH0pV1fr&index=28

Building Energy IssuesWEBBER ENERGY GROUP

Energy & the Built Environment:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VYAI1hRGwxw&index=24&list=PLNj4-L0QtXnTUy0R9c2QNsGWhNH0pV1fr

High-Perf. Building Energy Strategy1. Use building energy simulation tools throughout the design process

2. Optimize passive solar design of the building

3. Maximize the thermal performance of the building envelope

4. Minimize internal building loads

5. Maximize daylighting and integrate with a high-efficiency lighting system

6. Design a hyper-efficient HVAC system that minimized energy use

7. Select high-efficiency appliances and motors

8. Maximize use of renewable energy systems

9. Harvest and use waste energy

Passive Design StrategyAUTODESK SUSTAINABILITY WORKSHOP

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sSyM9_BRH3Y&list=PLU-TfPimPH1T-1r79uoX0dM9ipHyzd0C1&index=3

Passive Design Strategy1. SHAPE, ORIENTATION, AND MASSING 2. DAYLIGHTING

Passive Design Strategy3. PASSIVE VENTILATION 4. PASSIVE COOLING

Building Envelope(Climate zones p. 286)

Walls – thermal conductance/U-value

Windows – solar heat gain (SHGC) vs. visual transmittance (VT)

Roofs – solar reflectance index (SRI)

Interior Load ReductionAUTODESK SUSTAINABILITY WORKSHOP

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iwDV6jg_6j0&list=PLU-TfPimPH1T-1r79uoX0dM9ipHyzd0C1&index=4

Active Mechanical SystemsAUTODESK SUSTAINABILITY WORKSHOP

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Otm1oQDx71Y&index=1&list=PLU-TfPimPH1T-1r79uoX0dM9ipHyzd0C1

Water HeatingSOLAR HOT WATER

Electrical Power SystemsAUTODESK SUSTAINABILITY WORKSHOP

Lighting

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7tzBmMhdimc&list=PLU-TfPimPH1T-1r79uoX0dM9ipHyzd0C1&index=2

Intro to Energy Use

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4q8ugvNZyrM&list=PLU-TfPimPH1T-1r79uoX0dM9ipHyzd0C1&index=15

Innovate!PACIFIC NORTHWEST LABS

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7EKhTNYLCTY

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rMXz455gt4o

33 POINTS TOTAL, 4 PREREQUISITES

Prereq: Fundamental CommissioningINTENT

To support the design, construction, and eventual operation of a project that meets the owner’s project requirements for energy, water, indoor environmental quality, and durability.

Prereq: Fundamental CommissioningREQUIREMENTS

Complete commissioning requirements for mechanical, electrical, plumbing, and renewable energy systems and assemblies.

The building envelope, security system, fire alarm system, sprinklers and communication systems may also be included, but are not required.

Prereq: Fundamental CommissioningREQUIREMENTS

Owner and design team develop the Owner’s Project Requirements (OPR) and the Basis of Design (BOD) documents.

The commissioning agent (CxA):• Reviews the OPR, BOD and project design

• Develops and implements the Cx plan

• Confirm incorporation of Cx req’ts. into the construction documents

• Develop construction checklists

• Develop functional testing procedures

• Verify testing execution

• Maintain an issues log throughout the Cxprocess

• Prepare final report

• Communicate directly with the owner

Prereq: Fundamental CommissioningREQUIREMENTS

Prereq: Minimum Energy PerformanceINTENT

To reduce the environmental and economic harms of excessive energy use by achieving a minimum level of energy efficiency for the building and its systems.

Prereq: Minimum Energy PerformanceREQUIREMENTS

Option 1: Whole-building energy simulation◦ Demonstrate an improvement of 5% for new construction or 3% for major renovations in the building’s

performance rating compared with the baseline.

◦ Baseline = ASHRAE Standard 90.1-2010

◦ Meet this requirement before taking credit for renewable energy systems.

Use this option if:◦ The design team wants to continually review design decisions

◦ If the building or systems are complex

◦ If the project will use on-site renewable energy

Prereq: Minimum Energy PerformanceREQUIREMENTS

Option 2: Prescriptive compliance with ASHRAE 50% Advanced Energy Design Guide• Meet ASHRAE Standard 90.1-2010 provisions

• Meet HVAC and water heating requirements in Chapter 4 of the ASHRAE 50% Advanced Energy Design Guide for Small to Medium Office Buildings (buildings smaller than 100,000 SF)

Use this option if:◦ If the building or systems are not complex

◦ If the building is under 100,000 SF (office/retail)

Prereq: Minimum Energy PerformanceREQUIREMENTS

Option 3: Prescriptive compliance with Advanced Buildings Core Performance Guide• Meet ASHRAE Standard 90.1-2010 provisions

• Meet Sections 1-3 of the Core Performance Guide

Use this option if:◦ If the building is under 100,000 SF

◦ If the building is not a school, hospital, warehouse, or laboratory

Projects pursuing this Option cannot achieve points under EA Credit Optimize Energy Performance

Prereq: Building-Level Energy MeteringINTENT

To support energy management and identify opportunities for additional energy savings by tracking building-level energy use.

Prereq: Building-Level Energy MeteringREQUIREMENTS

Install building-level energy meters, or submeters whose data can be combined to show total energy consumption for all types (electricity, natural gas, steam, propane, etc.). Meter data must be summarized at least monthly.

Commit to sharing with USGBC the whole-project energy data for a five-year period beginning on the date the project is LEED certified.

Prereq: Fundamental Refrigerant Mgt.INTENT

To reduce stratospheric ozone depletion.

Prereq: Fundamental Refrigerant Mgt.REQUIREMENTS

Do not use chlorofluorocarbon (CFC)-based refrigerants in new heating, ventilating, air-conditioning, and refrigeration systems. When reusing existing HVAC&R equipment, complete a comprehensive CFC phase-out conversion before project completion. Phase-out plans extending beyond the project completion date will be considered on their merits.

Existing small equipment, like refrigerators and others that contain less than 225g of refrigerant, are exempt.

Credit: Enhanced CommissioningINTENT

To further support the design, construction, and eventual operation of a project that meets the owner’s project requirements for energy, water, indoor environmental quality, and durability.

Credit: Enhanced CommissioningREQUIREMENTS (2-6 pts.)

Option 1: Enhanced Systems Commissioning (3-4 pts.)◦ Path 1: Enhanced Commissioning (3 pts.)

◦ Complete commissioning requirements for mechanical, electrical, plumbing, and renewable energy systems and assemblies.

◦ (The building envelope, security system, fire alarm system, sprinklers and communication systems may also be included, but are not required.)

◦ The CxA must review contractor submittals during construction, verify system manual requirements and operator/occupant training requirements in the construction documents, and develop an ongoing commissioning plan.

◦ The CxA must review building operations 10 months after substantial completion.

OR◦ Path 2: Enhanced and Monitoring of Commissioning (4 pts.)

◦ Achieve Path 1.

◦ Develop monitoring-based procedures and measurements and update the systems manual as required.

Credit: Enhanced CommissioningREQUIREMENTS (2-6 pts.)

AND/OR

Option 2: Envelope Commissioning (2 pts.)◦ Complete commissioning requirements for mechanical, electrical, plumbing, and renewable energy systems and assemblies.

◦ The CxA must review contractor submittals during construction, verify system manual requirements and operator/occupant training requirements in the construction documents, and develop an ongoing commissioning plan.

◦ The CxA must review building operations 10 months after substantial completion.

Envelope tests could include:◦ Air and water infiltration

◦ Thermal performance and air leakage

◦ Pressure

◦ Daylight glare control

Credit: Enhanced CommissioningREQUIREMENTS (2-6 pts.)

Documentation for this credit can be the basis for documenting compliance for LEED O+M.

Credit: Optimize Energy PerformanceINTENT

To achieve increasing levels of energy performance beyond the prerequisite standard to reduce environmental and economic harms associated with excessive energy use.

Credit: Optimize Energy PerformanceREQUIREMENTS (1-18 pts.)

Establish an energy performance target no later than the schematic design phase. The target must be established as kBtu per square foot-year of source energy use.

Option 1: Whole-Building Energy Simulation (1-18 pts.)◦ Analyze efficiency measures during the design process, focusing on load reduction and HVAC-related

strategies, including passive measures.

◦ Renewable energy systems can be included.

◦ Points are awarded according to the following table:

Credit: Optimize Energy PerformanceREQUIREMENTS (1-18 pts.)

To be eligible for Option 2, projects must use Option 2 in the Minimum Energy Performance prerequisite.

Option 2: Prescriptive Compliance – ASHRAE 50% Advanced Energy Design Guide (1-6 pts.)◦ Building envelope, opaque: roofs, walls, floors, doors, continuous air barriers (1 pt.)

◦ Building envelope, glazing: vertical fenestration (1 pt.)

◦ Interior lighting, including daylighting and interior finishes: (1 pt.)

◦ Exterior lighting (1 pt.)

◦ Plug loads, including equipment and controls (1 pt.)

Credit: Advanced Energy MeteringINTENT

To support energy management and identify opportunities for additional energy savings by tracking building-level and system-level energy use.

Credit: Advanced Energy MeteringREQUIREMENTS (1 pt.)

Install meters for the following:◦ All whole building energy sources used by the building and

◦ Any individual energy end uses that represent 10% or more of the total annual consumption of the building◦ Examples include: interior lighting, space heating, cooling, fans, pumps, exterior lighting, water heating

◦ Meters must be permanently installed, record at intervals of one hour or less, and transmit data to a remote location

◦ Electricity meters must record both consumption and demand

◦ Store meter data for 36 months and be remotely accessible

◦ Capable of reporting hourly, daily, monthly, and annual energy use

Credit: Demand ResponseINTENT

To increase participation in demand response technologies and programs that make energy generation and distribution systems more efficient, increase grid reliability, and reduce greenhouse gas emissions.

Credit: Demand ResponseREQUIREMENTS (1-2 pts.)

Case 1: Demand Response Program Available (2 pts.)◦ Participate in an existing demand response program for a minimum of 1 year, with the intention of

multiyear renewal, for at least 10% of the estimated peak electricity demand.

◦ Include demand response in the scope of work for the CxA.

Case 2: Demand Response Program Not Available (1 pts.)◦ Provide infrastructure to take advantage of future demand response programs, including meters that

can accept external signals

◦ Develop a plan for shedding at least 10% of the estimated peak electricity demand.

◦ Contact local utilities to discuss participation in future demand response programs.

Credit: Renewable Energy ProductionINTENT

To reduce the environmental and economic harms associated with fossil fuel energy by increasing self-supply of renewable energy.

Credit: Renewable Energy ProductionREQUIREMENTS (1-3 pts.)

Use renewable energy systems to offset building energy costs.

Community solar systems are allowed if the project either owns or has a lease agreement for at least 10 years and if it’s located in the same utility service area.

Equivalent cost of usable energy produced by the renewable energy system

% renewable energy =

Total building annual energy cost

Credit: Renewable Energy ProductionREQUIREMENTS (1-3 pts.)

Systems considered renewable are: photovoltaic, solar thermal, biofuel, wind, low-impact hydroelectricity, wave and tidal energy, geothermal energy.

Credit: Enhanced Refrigerant Mgt.INTENT

To reduce ozone depletion and support early compliance with the Montreal Protocol while minimizing direct contributions to climate change.

Credit: Enhanced Refrigerant Mgt.REQUIREMENTS (1 pt.)

Option 1: No refrigerants or low-impact refrigerants◦ Do not use refrigerants or use only refrigerants that have an ozone depletion potential (ODP) of zero

and a global warming potential (GWP) of less than 50.

Option 2: Calculation of refrigerant impact, based on the following table:

Credit: Green Power and Carbon OffsetsINTENT

To encourage the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions through the use of grid-source, renewable energy technologies and carbon mitigation projects.

Credit: Green Power and Carbon OffsetsREQUIREMENTS (1-2 pts.)

Have a minimum 5-year contract to provide or offset at least 50% of the project’s energy use from green power, carbon offsets, or renewable energy certificates (RECs).

Green power and RECs must be Green-e Energy certified.

50% offset = 1 point

100% offset = 2 points

HomeworkRead Kibert Chapters 11 and 13

Read LEED Chapters 9 and 10