(05!08!13)construction materials
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Construction Materials
CE 1010 Introduction to Civil EngineeringProf. Ravindra Gettu
IIT Madras
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Engineering Materials
• There are thousands of materials availableto the engineer !
• Basic construction materials: concrete,steel, clay products, stone & wood.
Tiger Cave, 8th
century, Mahabalipuram, Tamil Nadu
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Options in ConstructionBridges: Wood
www.quns.cam.ac.uk/Queens/Images/WinBridg.html
Wooden bridge, Queen’s College, Cambridge, UK.Built originally in 1749 (oak), repaired in 1866 & rebuilt in 1905 (teak).
Covered wooden bridge, Lucerne, SwitzerlandBuilt originally in the 1300s, burned down in 1993, was rebuilt.
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Options in ConstructionBridges: Masonry
Stone arch bridge, Mérida, Spain.1st century
Brick masonry bridge, Kuldiga, Latvia.Originally completed in 1874, destroyed in 1915, rebuilt in 1926.
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Options in ConstructionBridges: Steel
Luis I bridge, Porto, Portugal.Completed in 1886.
Howrah bridge, Kolkata.Completed in 1943, replaced a floating bridge of 1874.
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Options in ConstructionBridges: Steel
Golden Gate bridge, San Francisco, USA.Completed in 1937.
Sydney Harbour bridge, Sydney, Australia.Completed in 1932.
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Options in ConstructionHowrah bridge, Kolkata.Completed in 1943, replaced a floating bridge of 1874.
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Options in ConstructionBridges: Concrete
Glenfinnan Viaduct, Scotland.1897.380 m long & has 21 spans.
Multnomah Falls Footbridge, Oregon, USA.1914.14 m span arch.
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Options in ConstructionBridges: Concrete
Jadukata bridge, Meghalaya.Completed in 1997.
Confederation bridge, Canada.Completed in 1997.
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Options in ConstructionBridges: Concrete
Great Belt Link bridge, Denmark/Sweden.Completed in 1998.
Millau viaduct, France.Completed in 2004.
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Options in ConstructionBridges: Composites
Kings Stormwater Channel bridge, California, USA.Completed in 2001.
Glass fibre reinforced polymer deck
Carbon shells to be filled with lightweight concrete and used as girder
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Options in ConstructionBuildings: Wood
Norway
Padmanabhapuram Palace, Kerala/Tamilnadu.17th century.
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Options in ConstructionBuildings: Brick Masonry
USA20th century.
University of Madras, Senate House, ChennaiCompleted 1869.
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Options in ConstructionBuildings: Stone Masonry
Qutab Minar, Delhi.Completed in 1230.
Cologne Cathedral, Cologne, Germany1248-1880, damaged during WW II, repaired.
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Options in ConstructionBuildings: Wood and Masonry
Bourges, France.15th century.
Liuheta pagoda, Hangzhou, ChinaPresent form dates to 1152.
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Options in ConstructionBuildings: Wood and Stone
Vashista, Himachal Pradesh, India.
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Options in ConstructionBuildings: Reinforced Concrete, Clay Blocks and Wood
Leh, Ladakh, India.
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Options in ConstructionBuildings: Concrete
Marina City, Chicago, USA.1959
Petronas Towers, Kuala Lumpur, MalaysiaCompleted in 1998.
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Options in ConstructionBuildings: Steel Framed
Sears Tower, Chicago, USA.1973
Taipei 101, Taipei, TaiwanCompleted in 2004.
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Options in ConstructionBuildings: Glass and Steel
GLA Building, London, UK.2002
Apple Computer Store, Soho, New York, USA.Completed in 2002.
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Options in ConstructionBuildings: Titanium-clad Steel and LimestoneGuggenheim Museum, Bilbao, Spain.1997
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Concrete Tunnels
The Channel Tunnel (1994)• 50.5 km undersea tunnel linking
England with northern France. At its lowest point, it is 75 metres (250 ft) deep.
• Two rail tunnels and a service tunnel.
• The Channel Tunnel was completed at a cost of $21 billion.
• In the first five years of operation, trains carried 28 million passengers and 12 million tons of freight through the tunnel.
Wikipedia
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Tunnels
Underground Metro Rail Corridor,New Delhi, under constructionPartly with cut and cover methodPartly with tunnel boring machineresulting in a lining of precastsegments
Lining with precast segments
Cut and cover section
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Novel MaterialsLight transmitting concrete(LiTraCon)Thousands of glass optical fibres are placed within the precast LiTraCon blocks to transmit light.
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Novel MaterialsElectrochromic GlassElectronic control of the degree of transparency of glass.
Works by passing low-voltage electrical charges across a microscopically-thin coating on the glass surface, activating a electrochromic/electrochromatic layer, which changes colour from clear to dark. The electric current can be activated manually or by sensors which react to light intensity.
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Factors Influencing the Choice of Material
• Type of application • Cost-effectiveness• Availability (geographical location)• Climate• Performance requirements• Aesthetics• Environmental concerns (energy content, raw
materials, emissions)