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Alarms 102

Fire Alarm Systems TrainingFire Alarm Systems Training

Presented By:Paul J. Inferrera, SET

Cape Fear Community College

Cells Phones / PagersPlease set cell phones, PDA’s and pagers to off or silent operation. If you need to accept a call, please do so quietly and leave the room to conduct your conversation

BreaksDue to the short duration of this seminar their will not be a scheduled break. You may excuse yourself at anytime but please do so quietly

QuestionsYou may ask questions at any time, but please wait to be recognized and respect whoever has the floor.

Housekeeping

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About the Presenter

Lead Instructor, Cape Fear Community College• Fire Alarm Systems Training Program

NICET Ambassador• Fire Alarm Systems IV• Special Hazard Suppression Systems I

ASCET Communications Manager

Over 29 years of combined experience in the FireProtection industry.

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Program OverviewFire Alarm Systems Training

Fire Alarm Systems Training at Cape Fear Community

College is a program to produce competent and qualified

individuals. It is our belief that properly trained and

knowledgeable fire alarm system designers and technicians

will reduce the amount of false alarms and improve the

quality of life in their community.

Codes and Standards referenced are consistent withNICET’s allowable references for level I and II FireAlarm Systems exams

NFPA 70 (2008)

NFPA 72 (2007)

Consult with your Authority Having Jurisdiction (AHJ),or Project Specifications for the edition(s) enforced

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Codes and Standards

Learning Objectives

Understand the requirements of prescriptive andperformance-based designDiscuss listing agencies and their requirements forlisting and device compatibilityReview methods of secondary power and voltagedrop calculationsLearn the basics of smoke propagation and theparticles of combustionKnow causes of unwanted alarms and ways toeliminate or prevent nuisance alarmsUnderstand contracts and constructionrelationships.

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Prescriptive and Performance-Based Design

Prescriptive vs Performance

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Prescriptive DesignThis is a design approach which relies on the requirements directly from the applicable codes

Fire Alarm System Designers practice prescriptive design

Performance-Based DesignThis is a design approach which is used when the prescriptive requirements listed in the applicable codes are inadequate

Performance-based design should be done by a fire protection engineer.

Prescriptive vs Performance

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Hazard AnalysisDefine the Fire Protection Goal

Life Safety

• Detect the effects of a fire prior to deadly levels

Property Protection

• Areas or facilities not expected to have occupants

Mission Protection

• Limited impact on facility performance.

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Codes and Standards

Codes and StandardsCodes and standards govern products, construction,manufacturing, communication protocols and every aspect of ourlives. A uniform and agreed upon way of doing things enablessuch milestones in human existence like the production line andthe calendar.

Earliest building code is thought to have been developedsometime between 1955 B.C. and 1913 B.C.

Reign King Hammurabi of Babylon or “Hammurabi’s Code”

Code didn't specify how to build a building, but laid out theconsequences of not building well

Fire alarm systems are required by code and installed perstandards.

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Codes and Standards

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CodesA code is a model or a set of rules that are recommended for others to follow Not a law, but can be adopted into law

StandardsA published document that contains a technical specification or other precise criteria designed to be used consistently as a rule, guideline, or definition An agreed, repeatable way of doing something Laws and regulations may refer to certain standards and make

compliance with them compulsory.

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Listing Agencies

Listing AgenciesNationally Recognized Testing Laboratory (NTRL) is a program,which is a part of OSHA's Directorate of Technical Support andEmergency Management

The Program recognizes private sector organizations asNRTL’s

Recognition signifies that an organization has met thenecessary qualifications specified in the regulations for theProgram

Determines that specific equipment and materials(products) meet consensus-based standards of safety toprovide the assurance, required by OSHA, that theseproducts are safe for use in the U.S. workplace.

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Listing AgenciesTest Methods

Smoke detectors operating on different principles of operation respond differently to smoke from different combustibles. All smoke detectors required to pass tests to become

listed UL has established different test fires Every detector must detect these five types of test fires

1. N-heptane 2. Polystyrene (black)3. Wood (gray)4. Newspaper (gray)5. Wood pyrolized on a hot plate (smoldering, gray).

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Device and System Compatibility

Device and System CompatibilityUL-985: Household Fire Control Units

These requirements cover household fire warning system control units

Intended to be installed in accordance with the National Fire Alarm Code, NFPA 72

National Electrical Code, NFPA 70.

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Device and System CompatibilityUL-268: Smoke Detectors for Signaling Systems

This Standard sets forth requirements for smoke detectors and mechanical guards to be employed in ordinary indoor locations in accordance with the following

In the United States• National Fire Alarm Code, NFPA 72

In Canada• Standard for the Installation of Fire Alarm Systems,

CAN/ULC-S524• National Building Code of Canada• National Fire Code of Canada.

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Device and System CompatibilityCompatibility and Listing

Listed

Equipment, materials or services included in a list published by an organization that is acceptable to the authority having jurisdiction

Evaluation of products or services, that maintains periodic inspection of production of listed equipment or materials or periodic evaluation of services

Listing states that either the equipment, material, or service meets appropriate designated standards or has been tested and found suitable for a specified purpose.

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Device and System CompatibilityCompatibility and Listing

Compatible

All fire detection devices that receive their power from the initiating device circuit or signaling line circuit of a fire alarm control unit shat be listed for use with that control unit

Compatibility Listed

A specific listing process that applies only to two-wire devices, such as smoke detectors, that are designed to operate with certain control equipment.

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Device and System CompatibilitySmoke Detectors

Conventional Detector Operation

Connects to IDC using dry contacts

• Requires separate power source

• Often called 4-wire detectors

Receives operating power from IDC

• Must be compatible with control panel

• Often called 2-wire detectors

• Compatibility listing by manufacturer.

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Device and System CompatibilityNotification Appliances

In general, do not require compatibility listing

Power source must match voltage requirements

When compatibility listing is required

• Addressable notification appliances

• Special Applications.

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Device and System CompatibilityDoor Holders

General

Where smoke door release is accomplished directly from the smoke detector(s), the detector(s) shall be listed for releasing service

Magnetic door holders that allow doors to close upon loss of operating power shall not be required to have a secondary power source.

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Device and System CompatibilityRelays

General

Equipment constructed and installed in conformity shall be listed for the purpose for which it is used.

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System Calculations

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System CalculationsNFPA 72, the National Fire Alarm Code specifies thatcalculations be made prior to the installation of a new fire alarmsystem

Submittal procedures when planning a new systemrequires• Battery• Voltage drop calculations.

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System CalculationsCalculations

Standby power requires several pieces of information we need todetermine in order to calculate the proper stand-by battery size.

Standby Time in normal operation

Standby Time in alarm operation

De-rating factor

Standby Load

Alarm Load.

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Standby Time in normal operation• Specified in NFPA 72 most require 24-hours

Standby Time in alarm operation• Specified in NFPA 72 most require 5-minutes

De-rating factor• Industry standard is 20% of the amp-hour rating

Standby Load• Load (amps) x Time (hours) = Amp-Hour (AH)

Alarm Load• Alarm Load (amps) x Standby Time (hours) = AH.

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We add the standby load to the alarm load for our totalstandby power

Take into consideration of the batteries de-rating factor andmultiply the amp-hours required by 1.2 which represent anadditional 20%

Our standby batteries must be larger than the resulting AHand you will have to select the proper size available from themanufacturer.

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System CalculationsVoltage Drop

The NEC generally doesn't require you to size conductors toaccommodate voltage drop. It merely suggests in the notes toadjust for voltage drop when sizing conductors.

National Fire Alarm Code does since that code dictateshow the system will operate

Voltage drop is extremely critical to the proper operationof all electrical devices attached to a fire alarm system

Notification Appliance Circuits or NACs that connect toa fire alarm control panel (FACP) are most affected bydrops in voltage.

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The voltage drop of a circuit is in direct proportion to theresistance of the conductor and the magnitude of the current.

If you increase the length of a conductor, you increase itsresistance — and thus increase its voltage drop

If you increase the current, you increase the conductorvoltage drop

This is basic Ohm’s Law and long runs often producevoltage drops that exceed NEC and NFPArecommendations.

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The following information is needed to determine circuit voltagedrop

Conductor Size - Determined by the system designer Conductor Length - Obtained from drawings submitted Conductor Resistance - Found in tables in the NEC Total Current - Found using Ohm’s Law Total Voltage - Found using Ohm’s Law Voltage Required at Device - This information is found in

published equipment datasheets provided by themanufacturer.

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Combustion: Theory and Principles


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Fire SignaturesA Fire Signature is a Detectable Product of Combustion

Smoke• Aerosol or airborne particles

Heat• Could be hours for slow burning or smoldering

fires Toxic Gases

• Produced by all fires influenced by fuel Radiant Energy

• Infrared and ultraviolet energy emitted from combustion.


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Thermal Particulate PointHeated materials release sub-micrometer size particles

Particles agglomerate and form larger particles

Visible particles can be produced during pre-ignition heating

• Usually several hundred degrees greater than thermal particulate point

Smoldering fires produce larger particles more than any other stage of the fire

Majority of particles are smaller than 0.3 micrometers.


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Material Temperature (˚F) Temperature (˚C)

PVC Insulation 290 142

Motor Oil (SAE30) 310 153

Pine Board 320 158

Acrylan Carpet 340 169

Wool 360 180

Bakelite 380 191

Polyethylene 410 208

Paper 500 257

Polystyrene 710 373


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Fire SignaturesSmoke

Aerosol or airborne particles

5 x 104 to 10 micrometers in size

Brownian Motion

Visible or invisible

Visible particles add color

Visible particles scatter light.


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Fire SignaturesHeat

Released during all fires

Signature not detectable until deadly

Detectors for this signature not considered a life safety device.


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Toxic Gases

Carbon Monoxide (CO)• Responsible for more fatalities

Carbon Dioxide (CO2)• Intoxication effect on people

Hydrogen Chloride (HCL)• Produced by burning plastics

Fires produce other detectable gases while consuming oxygen Atmospheric content of 21% oxygen is normal.


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Flame Signatures

Infrared (IR)• Measures signature from carbon dioxide and water

vapor Flame flicker (Hz)

• Quite specific, frequency range is 5-30Hz Ultraviolet (UV)

• Emissions from hydroxyl, carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide.


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Heat Release Rate

Rate at which heat is released by a fire

Expressed in terms• Kilowatts/second• Btu/second (British Thermal Unit)

NFPA 72 table list typical release rates of fuels.


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Fire Growth Rate

Time it takes a fire to reach a heat release rate of 1,055 KW/sec

Fires classified by growth rates

• Slow – 400 seconds or more

• Medium – 150 seconds up to 400 seconds

• Fast – less than 150 seconds

Table B.2.3.2.3.6 in NFPA 72 (2007), Appendix B.


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Heat and Growth Rates

Detector Time Constant

Research conducted by FM Global

Time it takes for heat detector to get as hot as surrounding air

Described as thermal lag

Table B.3.2.5 in NFPA 72 (2007), Appendix B.

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Smoke Propagation Principles in Buildings

Aerosol – a suspension of fine solid particles or liquid droplets in a gas

Combustion – the sequence of exothermic chemical reactions between a fuel and an oxidant

Pyrolysis – a form of incineration that chemically decomposes organic materials by heat in the absence of oxygen

Smoke – the airborne solid, liquid particulates and gases evolve when a material undergoes pyrolysis or combustion, along with the quantity of air that is entrained or otherwise mixed into the mass

Stack Effect – the vertical natural air movement through the building caused by the differences in temperatures, and densities between the inside and outside air.

Smoke Propagation

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What is Smoke?The term “smoke” is defined as the aerosol or condensed phasecomponent of the products of combustion.

Solid and liquid particulates Entrained air

Characteristics

Smoldering combustion – light colored droplets Flaming combustion – black, solid, soot Size of particles.

Smoke Propagation

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Characteristics Smoke plumes retain heat from fire Volume of plume is mostly air Fuel determines the composition of smoke Highest temperature in center of plume Temperature determines buoyancy Formulas developed to predict amount of smoke

But…Actual results from a real fire are virtually unpredictable, andreal world results will vary drastically from the mathematical model.

Smoke Propagation

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Smoke Propagation

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Smoke Movement Temperature inside is

greater than outside Effect is increased as

building height increases Considered “normal” stack

effect Air pulled into building at

bottom Air forced out at top.

Cool Air

Hot Air

Smoke Propagation

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Smoke Movement Temperature outside is

greater than inside Effect is increased as

building height increases Cooler air falls Air pulled into building at

top Air forced out at bottom.

Hot Air

Cool Air

Smoke Propagation

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Smoke Movement Air drafts upward toward

areas of low pressure Effect is increased as

building height increases Neutral plane exists between

pressure and updraft Air pulled into building at

bottom Air escapes out at top.

Wind SideLeeward

Side

NEUTRAL

PLANE

Smoke Propagation

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Building Design Essential design features to protect life and property

• Alarms• Suppression System• Fireproof Compartments

Building codes allow reduction or elimination of ratings• Code trade-offs offset cost of sprinkler installation• Eliminating any one of three fire protection elements

compromise integrity of building NFAPA 101 and 105 provide information on

construction of smoke barriers.

Smoke Propagation

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Floors and Partitions Impede the free movement of air Conditions that contribute to air movement

• Buildings’ function and construction• Vertical shafts (stairwells and elevators)• Floor to floor openings

Air movement between floors caused by pressuredifferentials• Air moves from areas of high to low pressure.

Smoke Propagation

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Dilution Also referred as smoke purging. Can be effective if

• Amount of leakage is small• Rate of purging air is greater than amount of leakage• Can be beneficial to firefighters after fire is

extinguished HVAC system provides no significant improvement

• Fires produce large quantities of smoke• Purging systems should not be used within fire

compartment.

Smoke Propagation

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Pressurization Also called smoke control systems

• Stairwells• Zoned smoke control

Designed to provide a path of egress for occupants Elevator smoke control is rarely used unless they are

means of egress.

Smoke Propagation

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Pressurization Three design concerns for pressurized stairwells

• Pressure differences from height• Pressure fluctuations from use• Location of supply duct and fans

Design concepts• Over pressure relief• Feedback control

Most severe pressure fluctuations result from openingground floor exterior door.

Smoke Propagation

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Zoned Smoke Control Known as “Pressure Sandwich”

• Pressurize the floor above and below• Initiating devices used to identify “fire

floor”• Nuisance alarm could spread fire

Other factors• Integration of zones, barriers and

devices• HVAC zones coincide with smoke

zones• Consideration of sprinkler waterflow

alarms Not intended to improve conditions on fire

floor.

Pressurized

Pressurized

Fire Floor

Smoke Propagation

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Buoyancy Utilizes the natural movement of smoke

• Shopping Malls• Arenas• Exhibition Halls

Generally ceiling heights in excess of 33 feet• Allows the space to fill with smoke• Systems exhaust smoke from top• Provides time for occupants to escape• Smoke will eventually fill the space.

Smoke Propagation

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Automatic Detection Methods

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Fire SignatureA fire produces elements that can be detected

Heat Smoke (aerosol particulate) Gas Light radiation

Challenges of Detection

Not all fires produce all elements Ambient conditions may mimic elements.


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Classified by NFPA 72Groups

Heat or Thermal – high temperature and/or rate of rise Smoke – aerosol particles Fire-Gas Sensing – detects gases produced by fire Radiant Energy – detects ultraviolet, infrared or visible

light radiationTypes

Line type Spot Type Air Sampling.


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CombinationRespond to fire elements either

Respond to more than one fire element• Smoke detector with thermal element

More than one operating principle for one element• Rate of rise and fixed temperature

Detectors either Send data to control panel for processing Makes decision and signals control panel.


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Radiant Energy Capable of fast detection Commonly used in high hazard areas Spacing by manufacture’s recommendations Line of sight devices

Types Infrared (IR) Ultraviolet (UV) Combination (UV/IR).


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Smoke Sensing Detectors

Characteristics

Provide faster response than heat detectors Actuate prior to deadly effects of fire Considered a life safety device Listed spacing is not reduced

Types Ionization Photoelectric Projected beam Air sampling.

Smoke Detectors

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TypesIonization

Radioactive material ionizes air in sensing chamberPhotoelectric

Light source is scattered by smoke in sensing chamberProjected Beam

Intensity of beam is reduced at receiverAir Sampling

Aspiration system induces atmosphere to sensingchamber.

Smoke Detectors

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Heat Sensing Detectors

Heat DetectorsCharacteristics

Most reliable automatic detector Not considered a life safety device Listed spacing is reduced as height increases

Types Fixed temperature Rate of rise Rate compensation Line type.

Heat (Thermal) Detectors

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TypesFixed Temperature

Initiates alarm when temperature is reachedRate of Rise

Initiates alarm when temperature rises in a short timeLine Type

Initiates alarm when cable is shorted Initiates alarm upon increase in current flow Initiates alarm upon loss of pressure

Rate Compensation Initiates alarm when ambient temperature is reached.


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Operating ModesRestorable

Not normally destroyed Restoration may be manual or automatic

Non-Restorable

Element designed to be destroyed.

Heat Detectors

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Required to be listed for spacing

Ceiling Height Reduce Spacing Multiply Listed Spacing By

0 Up to & incldg 10’ 0 1 (1 x 50 = 50’ spacing)

10.1’ Up to & incldg 12’ 9% .91 (.91 x 50 = 45.5’)

12.1’ Up to & incldg 14’ 16% .84 (.84 x 50 = 42’)

14.1’ Up to & incldg 16’ 23% .77 (.77 x 50 = 38.5’)

16.1’ Up to & incldg 18’ 29% .71 (.71 x 50 = 35.5’)

18.1’ Up to & incldg 20’ 36% .64 (.64 x 50 = 32’)

20.1’ Up to & incldg 22’ 42% .58 (.58 x 50 = 29’)

22.1’ Up to & incldg 24’ 48% .52 (.52 x 50 = 26’)

24.1’ Up to & incldg 26’ 54% .46 (.46 x 50 = 23’)

26.1’ Up to & incldg 28’ 60% .40 (.40 x 50 = 20’)

28.1’ Up to & incldg 30’ 66% .36 (.36 x 50 = 18’)


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Prevention of Nuisance and False Alarms

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The National Fire Protection Association collects false alarm datafrom fire departments and state authorities that participate in theNational Fire Incident Reporting System (NFIRS)

Development of automatic detection systems, and lesser use ofpublic call boxes

• False alarm trends by malicious activation dropped

• System malfunction false alarms increased

Methods and procedures to reduce false alarms but are not asubstitute for proper selection of devices or technologies.

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Follow the Codes!The most important thing to remember when it comes to theavoidance of nuisance alarms is: FOLLOW THE CODES!

The codes are developed for several reasons, one of whichis the avoidance of nuisance alarms• Ensure the system has proper power available• Locate smoke and heat detectors only in appropriate

environments• Locate other detection devices according to the

manufacture’s instructions.

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Smoke and Heat Detector Location

Automatic and heat detectors shall be located at least 4” out ofcorners

Sidewall mounted detectors shall be mounted such that someportion of the detectors is within 12” on the ceiling

Detectors shall first be located within ½ spacing of thesidewall. Then listed spacing between detectors.

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Smoke Detector Location

Shall be located in appropriated environments Environment temperature is not less than 32 degrees and no

greater than 100 degrees Fahrenheit Environment relative humidity does not exceed 93% Environment air velocity does not exceed 300 ft/min Shall not be installed until AFTER construction clean-up!

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Heat Detector Location

Shall be rated 20 degrees higher than expected temperature atceiling

Not considered life safety devices Most reliable automatic fire detector Ceiling height increases, spacing decreases When used in sprinkled hoist ways to shunt power, they shall

be rated at lower temperature than sprinkler head.

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Construction Relationships and Contracts


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A variety of factors make a construction contract different frommost other types of contracts. These include the length of theproject, its complexity, its size and the fact that the price agreedand the amount of work done may change as it proceeds.Often, in the context of a construction contract, there are threeprimary parties

The owner of the project The architect, who is responsible for drawing up the

various plans and blueprints The general contractor, who is responsible for

overseeing and supervising the project’s actualconstruction.


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What's In A Contract?It is very important for a contract to clearly spell out what is expected of each party. Compensation, and at how and when does payment

occur? How and when can the contract be terminated? What are the basic services covered? How are extra services (for extra fee) incurred? Who has what rights to the plans or other product? Will the architect or engineer modify plans and specs to

bring the project within budget without charge to the owner?


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Traditional Owner/Architect AgreementOwner has a contract with the architect. All of the other design professionals have contracts with the architect.


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Traditional Owner/Architect AgreementAdvantages

Owner only needs to deal with one entity, the architectDisadvantages

Architect may want to use engineering or other consultants that the owner doesn't want

Owner doesn't have direct access to some team members. All information is filtered through the architect.


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Multi-Prime AgreementsOwner has separate contracts with some or all members of the design team. Some firms may have subcontracts with a prime firm


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Multi-Prime AgreementsAdvantages

Owner can select team members that they want Critical team members can be directly responsible to the

ownerDisadvantages

Responsibilities may be confused, especially in the area of coordination

Owner is the only means of resolving disputes between team members.


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Conventional Design, Bid, BuildThis is the traditional arrangement in modern American construction

Owner hires an architect who prepares plans and specifications

Contract is awarded from the owner to the contractor who offers to build the work for the lowest price.


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Conventional Design, Bid, BuildAdvantages

It's simple Everyone is familiar with the process and the

relationshipsDisadvantages Contractors can offer an artificially low bid, then find

ways of charging exorbitant amounts for extras during construction

Design team can't take advantage of the expertise of the contractor during design.

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Project Specifications

Project SpecificationsA project specification is an essential part of the design, and stateshow the work should be executed to ensure that it meets thedesigner’s assumptions.

Provide detailed guidance on project outputs

Provide that guidance through the written word,coupled with graphics and drawings

Provide clear direction to tolerances and standards.

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Project SpecificationsDescription

The specification or “spec”, is the document used to prepare jobbids

A legal, contractual document

Normally written by a professional in the fire alarm orfire protection field

Someone other than a fire alarm professional or fireprotection engineer (FPE), it should be reviewed foraccuracy, completeness and compliance

• This review should be done by someone with aNICET Level III or IV certification.

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Project SpecificationsParts and Types

Specifications are important since they are legal contractualdocuments

Specifications are usually divided into three parts1. General Clauses and Agreements2. Technical Instructions3. Acceptance of the System

Two general types used for fire alarm signaling systems1. Vendor’s specifications that concern equipment2. Engineering specifications that concern system

performance.

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Project SpecificationsContract Documents

Fire alarm requirements are determined from the HVAC,Mechanical or Electrical part of the specification

Division 15 – Mechanical• HVAC System: Duct alarm shall shut down HVAC• Supply Side: 2,000 CFM or greater• Return Side: 15.000 CFM and two or more floors

Division 16 – Electrical• Access Control Systems – Doors shall unlock on

alarm• Sprinkler system shall be tied into fire alarm system• Suppression System shall be tied into fire alarm

system.www.cfcc.edu91

Fire Alarm Systems Training

Questions?

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Contact Information

[email protected]

@fast_ilm

Cape Fear Community College4500 Blue Clay RoadCastle Hayne, NC 28429www.cfcc.edu

Thank You!

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