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60 NAVIGATION IN ICEChapter 1

1. Pancake ice consists of circular pieces of ice with a diameter of?

- 30-300 cm.

2. Old ice is more then?

- More then one year old.

3. What is nails?

- A thin elastic crust of ice.

4. New ice is recognized by its characteristic?

- Matt appearance.

5. The thickness of young ice is normally between?- 10 and 30 cm.

6. When the concentration of drift ice is higher than 7/10 the term drift

ice may be replaced by the term?

- Pack ice.

7. An ice berg has a minimum height above sea level of?

- 5 meters.

8. Another name of first year ice is?

- White ice.

Chapter 3

1. Which ships produce waste?

-All ships.

2. In traditional ice breaker design the distance between main frames is

Approximately?

- 40 cm.

3. What is an Ice horn?

- Wedge shaped structure to help protect the rudder when going

astern.

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3. Detection of low icebergs on radar shall include?

- Observation of a radar shadow behind the target.

4. What type of chart projection is not suitable for use in high latitudes?

- Mercator.

5. If the speed of the ship is increased from 8 to 12 knots, the force ofimpact has?

- More than doubled.

6. Which type of glacial ice is most difficult to detect?

- Growlers.

7. Ice bergs normally move with the:

- Current.

8. The accuracy of charts in the Arctic can be expected to be?

- Poor.

Chapter 6

1. How many primary groups of steel is used in ship construction?

- 2.

2. In connection with icebreaker operations, what does code letter E

mean?

- I am altering course to starboard.

3. When an icebreaker is breaking a track through large heavy floes at

slow speed, the track can be expected to be how wide?

- 30 40% wider than the icebreaker beam.

4. When will towing normally be provided by the icebreaker?

- In an emergency.

5. In connection with icebreaker operations, what does code letter A

mean?

- Go ahead.

6. The stern design of an icebreaker is mainly controlled by? - The number of propellers.

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7. Anchoring in ice covered waters are?

- Not recommended.

8. When a ship is expected to enter areas with very cold air, what should

be done with tanks and lines?

- Stripping all lines and tanks for water.

Chapter 7

1. In regards to radar imaging, ice is defined as:

- A poor radar target.

2. If possible, an iceberg should be passed?

- On the windward side.

3. Under some atmospheric conditions white lights may take on - A reddish hue.

4. In low temperature, what is important to do when hot fluid is loaded?

- Start with very low loading rate.

5. When entering ice, the speed should be?

- Very low.