070 - isotopes of ytterbium - wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Naturally occurring ytterbium (Yb) is composed of 7 stable isotopes, 168Yb, 170Yb, 171Yb, 172Yb, 173Yb, 174Yb, and 176Yb, with 174Ybbeing the most abundant (31.83% natural abundance). 27 radioisotopes have been characterized, with the most stable being 169Yb with ahalf-life of 32.026 days, 175Yb with a half-life of 4.185 days, and 166Yb with a half-life of 56.7 hours. All of the remaining radioactiveisotopes have half-lives that are less than 2 hours, and the majority of these have half-lives that are less than 20 minutes. This elementalso has 12 meta states, with the most stable being 169mYb (t½ 46 seconds).

The isotopes of ytterbium range in atomic weight from 147.9674 u (148Yb) to 180.9562 u (181Yb). The primary decay mode before themost abundant stable isotope, 174Yb is electron capture, and the primary mode after is beta emission. The primary decay products before174Yb are isotopes of thulium, and the primary products after are isotopes of lutetium. Of interest to modern quantum optics, the differentytterbium isotopes follow either Bose-Einstein statistics or Fermi-Dirac statistics, leading to interesting behavior in optical lattices.

Standard atomic mass: 173.04(3) u

Table

Isotopes of ytterbium - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotopes_of_ytterbium

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nuclidesymbol

Z(p) N(n)

isotopic mass (u) half-life

decaymode(s)[1][n 1]

daughterisotope(s)[n 2]

nuclearspin

representativeisotopic

composition(mole fraction)

range of naturalvariation

(mole fraction)excitation energy

148Yb 70 78 147.96742(64)# 250# ms β+ 148Tm 0+149Yb 70 79 148.96404(54)# 0.7(2) s β+ 149Tm (1/2+,3/2+)150Yb 70 80 149.95842(43)# 700# ms [>200 ns] β+ 150Tm 0+

151Yb 70 81 150.95540(32) 1.6(5) sβ+ 151Tm

(1/2+)β+, p (rare) 150Er

151m1Yb 750(100)# keV 1.6(5) sβ+ 151Tm

(11/2-)β+, p (rare) 150Er

151m2Yb 1790(500)# keV 2.6(7) µs 19/2-#151m3Yb 2450(500)# keV 20(1) µs 27/2-#

152Yb 70 82 151.95029(22) 3.04(6) sβ+ 152Tm

0+β+, p (rare) 151Er

153Yb 70 83 152.94948(21)# 4.2(2) s

α (50%) 149Er

7/2-#β+ (50%) 153Tm

β+, p (.008%) 152Er153mYb 2700(100) keV 15(1) µs (27/2-)

154Yb 70 84 153.946394(19) 0.409(2) sα (92.8%) 150Er

0+β+ (7.119%) 154Tm

155Yb 70 85 154.945782(18) 1.793(19) sα (89%) 151Er

(7/2-)β+ (11%) 155Tm

156Yb 70 86 155.942818(12) 26.1(7) sβ+ (90%) 156Tm

0+α (10%) 152Er

157Yb 70 87 156.942628(11) 38.6(10) sβ+ (99.5%) 157Tm

7/2-α (.5%) 153Er

158Yb 70 88 157.939866(9) 1.49(13) minβ+ (99.99%) 158Tm

0+α (.0021%) 154Er

159Yb 70 89 158.94005(2) 1.67(9) min β+ 159Tm 5/2(-)160Yb 70 90 159.937552(18) 4.8(2) min β+ 160Tm 0+161Yb 70 91 160.937902(17) 4.2(2) min β+ 161Tm 3/2-162Yb 70 92 161.935768(17) 18.87(19) min β+ 162Tm 0+163Yb 70 93 162.936334(17) 11.05(25) min β+ 163Tm 3/2-164Yb 70 94 163.934489(17) 75.8(17) min EC 164Tm 0+165Yb 70 95 164.93528(3) 9.9(3) min β+ 165Tm 5/2-166Yb 70 96 165.933882(9) 56.7(1) h EC 166Tm 0+167Yb 70 97 166.934950(5) 17.5(2) min β+ 167Tm 5/2-168Yb 70 98 167.933897(5) Observationally Stable[n 3] 0+ 0.0013(1)169Yb 70 99 168.935190(5) 32.026(5) d EC 169Tm 7/2+

169mYb 24.199(3) keV 46(2) s IT 169Yb 1/2-170Yb 70 100 169.9347618(26) Observationally Stable[n 4] 0+ 0.0304(15)


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170mYb 1258.46(14) keV 370(15) ns 4-171Yb 70 101 170.9363258(26) Observationally Stable[n 5] 1/2- 0.1428(57)

171m1Yb 95.282(2) keV 5.25(24) ms IT 171Yb 7/2+171m2Yb 122.416(2) keV 265(20) ns 5/2-

172Yb 70 102 171.9363815(26) Observationally Stable[n 6] 0+ 0.2183(67)173Yb 70 103 172.9382108(26) Observationally Stable[n 7] 5/2- 0.1613(27)

173mYb 398.9(5) keV 2.9(1) µs 1/2-174Yb 70 104 173.9388621(26) Observationally Stable[n 8] 0+ 0.3183(92)175Yb 70 105 174.9412765(26) 4.185(1) d β- 175Lu 7/2-

175mYb 514.865(4) keV 68.2(3) ms 1/2-176Yb 70 106 175.9425717(28) Observationally Stable[n 9] 0+ 0.1276(41)

176mYb 1050.0(3) keV 11.4(3) s (8)-177Yb 70 107 176.9452608(28) 1.911(3) h β- 177Lu (9/2+)

177mYb 331.5(3) keV 6.41(2) s IT 177Yb (1/2-)178Yb 70 108 177.946647(11) 74(3) min β- 178Lu 0+179Yb 70 109 178.95017(32)# 8.0(4) min β- 179Lu (1/2-)180Yb 70 110 179.95233(43)# 2.4(5) min β- 180Lu 0+181Yb 70 111 180.95615(43)# 1# min β- 181Lu 3/2-#

^ Abbreviations:EC: Electron captureIT: Isomeric transition

1.

^ Bold for stable isotopes2.^ Believed to undergo α decay to 164Er or β+β+ decay to 168Er with a half-life over 130×1012 years3.^ Believed to undergo α decay to 166Er4.^ Believed to undergo α decay to 167Er5.^ Believed to undergo α decay to 168Er6.^ Believed to undergo α decay to 169Er7.^ Believed to undergo α decay to 170Er8.^ Believed to undergo α decay to 172Er or β-β- decay to 176Hf with a half-life over 160×1015 years9.

Notes

Geologically exceptional samples are known in which the isotopic composition lies outside the reported range. The uncertainty inthe atomic mass may exceed the stated value for such specimens.Values marked # are not purely derived from experimental data, but at least partly from systematic trends. Spins with weakassignment arguments are enclosed in parentheses.Uncertainties are given in concise form in parentheses after the corresponding last digits. Uncertainty values denote one standarddeviation, except isotopic composition and standard atomic mass from IUPAC which use expanded uncertainties.

References

^ http://www.nucleonica.net/unc.aspx1.

Isotope masses from:G. Audi, A. H. Wapstra, C. Thibault, J. Blachot and O. Bersillon (2003). "The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decayproperties" (http://www.nndc.bnl.gov/amdc/nubase/Nubase2003.pdf). Nuclear Physics A 729: 3–128.Bibcode:2003NuPhA.729....3A (http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003NuPhA.729....3A). doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001(http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.nuclphysa.2003.11.001).

Isotopic compositions and standard atomic masses from:J. R. de Laeter, J. K. Böhlke, P. De Bièvre, H. Hidaka, H. S. Peiser, K. J. R. Rosman and P. D. P. Taylor (2003). "Atomicweights of the elements. Review 2000 (IUPAC Technical Report)" (http://www.iupac.org/publications/pac/75/6/0683/pdf/).Pure and Applied Chemistry 75 (6): 683–800. doi:10.1351/pac200375060683 (http://dx.doi.org


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/10.1351%2Fpac200375060683).M. E. Wieser (2006). "Atomic weights of the elements 2005 (IUPAC Technical Report)" (http://iupac.org/publications/pac/78/11/2051/pdf/). Pure and Applied Chemistry 78 (11): 2051–2066. doi:10.1351/pac200678112051 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1351%2Fpac200678112051). Lay summary (http://old.iupac.org/news/archives/2005/atomic-weights_revised05.html).

Half-life, spin, and isomer data selected from the following sources. See editing notes on this article's talk page.G. Audi, A. H. Wapstra, C. Thibault, J. Blachot and O. Bersillon (2003). "The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decayproperties" (http://www.nndc.bnl.gov/amdc/nubase/Nubase2003.pdf). Nuclear Physics A 729: 3–128.Bibcode:2003NuPhA.729....3A (http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003NuPhA.729....3A). doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001(http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.nuclphysa.2003.11.001).National Nuclear Data Center. "NuDat 2.1 database" (http://www.nndc.bnl.gov/nudat2/). Brookhaven National Laboratory.Retrieved September 2005.N. E. Holden (2004). "Table of the Isotopes". In D. R. Lide. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (85th ed.). CRCPress. Section 11. ISBN 978-0-8493-0485-9.

Isotopes of thulium Isotopes of ytterbium Isotopes oflutetium

Table of nuclides

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