08 lecture animation ppt

49
S y l v i a S . M a d e r Copyright © The McGraw Hill Companies Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display PowerPoint® Lecture Slides are prepared by Dr. Isaac Barjis, Biology Instructor BIOLOGY 10th Edition Insert figure 8.2 here 1 Cellular Respiration Chapter 8: pp. 133-149 Electron transport chain and chemiosmosis Mitochondrion Citric acid cycle Preparatory reaction 2 32 ADP or 34 32 or 34 2 4 ATP total net gain 2 ADP NADH NADH and FADH2 Glycolysis NADH glucose pyruvate Cytoplasm e e e e e e e 2 ADP 4 ADP ATP 2 ADP ATP ATP Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

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Page 1: 08 Lecture Animation Ppt

Sylvia S. Mader

Copyright © The McGraw Hill Companies Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display

PowerPoint® Lecture Slides are prepared by Dr. Isaac Barjis, Biology Instructor

BIOLOGY10th Edition

Insert figure 8.2 here

1

Cellular Respiration

Chapter 8: pp. 133-149

Electron transportchain andchemiosmosis

Mitochondrion

Citric acid cycle

Preparatory reaction

2 32 ADPor 34

32or 34

2

4 ATP total

net gain

2 ADP

NADH

NADH andFADH2

Glycolysis

NADH

glucose pyruvate

Cytoplasm

e–

e–

e–

e–

e–

e–

e–

2 ADP

4 ADP

ATP 2 ADP ATP ATP

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Page 2: 08 Lecture Animation Ppt

2

Outline Cellular Respiration

NAD+ and FAD Phases of Cellular Respiration

Glycolysis Fermentation Preparatory Reaction Citric Acid Cycle Electron Transport System Metabolic Pool

Catabolism Anabolism

Page 3: 08 Lecture Animation Ppt

3

Cellular Respiration A cellular process that breaks down carbohydrates and

other metabolites with the concomitant buildup of ATP

Consumes oxygen and produces carbon dioxide (CO2) Cellular respiration is aerobic process.

Usually involves breakdown of glucose to CO2 and water Energy extracted from glucose molecule:

Released step-wise

Allows ATP to be produced efficiently

Oxidation-reduction enzymes include NAD+ and FAD as coenzymes

Page 4: 08 Lecture Animation Ppt

4

Glucose Breakdown: Summary Reaction

Electrons are removed from substrates and received by oxygen, which combines with H+ to become water.

Glucose is oxidized and O2 is reduced

+ + energy

Reduction

Oxidation

glucose

C6H12O6 6O2 6CO2 6HO2

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

+

Page 5: 08 Lecture Animation Ppt

5

NAD+ and FAD

NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) Called a coenzyme of oxidation-reduction. It can:

Oxidize a metabolite by accepting electrons Reduce a metabolite by giving up electrons

Each NAD+ molecule used over and over again FAD (flavin adenine dinucleotide)

Also a coenzyme of oxidation-reduction Sometimes used instead of NAD+ (Reduced form:NADH) Accepts two electrons and two hydrogen ions (H+) to

become FADH2

Page 6: 08 Lecture Animation Ppt

6

Cellular Respiration

ADP + P ATP

intermembranespacecristae

CO2

H2O

glucose from

O 2 from air

O2 and glucose enter cells,which release H2O and CO2.

Mitochondria useenergy fromglucose to form ATPfrom ADP + P .

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

© E. & P. Bauer/zefa/Corbis; (Bread, wine, cheese, p. 139): © The McGraw Hill Companies, Inc./John Thoeming, photographer; (Yogurt, p. 139): © The McGraw Hill Companies, Inc./Bruce M. Johnson, photographer

Page 7: 08 Lecture Animation Ppt

7

Phases of Cellular Respiration

Cellular respiration includes four phases:Glycolysis is the breakdown of glucose into two

molecules of pyruvate ( 3 carbon compound) Occurs in cytoplasmATP is formedDoes not utilize oxygen

Transition (preparatory) reaction Both pyruvates are oxidized and enter mitochondriaElectron energy is stored in NADHTwo carbons are released as CO2 (one from each

pyruvate)

Page 8: 08 Lecture Animation Ppt

8

Phases of Cellular Respiration

Citric acid cycleOccurs in the matrix of the mitochondrion and

produces NADH and FADH2

In series of reaction releases 4 carbons as CO2

Turns twice (once for each pyruvate)Produces two immediate ATP molecules per

glucose moleculeElectron transport chain

Extracts energy from NADH & FADH2

Passes electrons from higher to lower energy states Produces 32 or 34 molecules of ATP

Page 9: 08 Lecture Animation Ppt

9

Glucose Breakdown: Overview of 4 Phases

Electron transportchain andchemiosmosis

Mitochondrion

Citric acid cycle

Preparatory reaction

2 ADP 2 32 ADPor 34

32or 34

2

4 ATP total

net gain

2 ATP

NADH

NADH andFADH2

Glycolysis

NADH

glucose pyruvate

Cytoplasm

e–

e–

e–

e–

e–

e–

e–

2 ATP

4 ADP

ATP ATP ATP

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display

Page 10: 08 Lecture Animation Ppt

10

Glucose Breakdown: Glycolysis Occurs in cytoplasm outside mitochondria Energy Investment Steps:

Two ATP are used to activate glucose Glucose splits into two G3P molecules

Energy Harvesting Steps: Oxidation of G3P occurs by removal of electrons and

hydrogen ions Two electrons and one hydrogen ion are accepted by

NAD+ resulting two NADH Four ATP produced by substrate-level phosphorylation Net gain of two ATP Both G3Ps converted to pyruvates

Page 11: 08 Lecture Animation Ppt

11

Glycolysis: Inputs and Outputs

Glycolysisinputs outputs

2 pyruvate2 NADH

2 ADP

4 ATP total

net gain

glucose2 NAD+

4 ADP + 4 P

ATP

ATP2

2

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Page 12: 08 Lecture Animation Ppt

12

Substrate-level ATP Synthesis

P

P

P ATP

enzyme

ADP

BPG

3PG

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Page 13: 08 Lecture Animation Ppt

13

Glycolysis

Matrix

Electron transportchain andchemiosmosis

Citric acid cyclePreparatory reaction

2 ADP 2 32or 34

2

4 ATP total

net

NADH

NADH andFADH2

Glycolysis

NADH

glucose pyruvate

e–

e–

e–

e–

e–

e–

e–

ATP

2 ATP

32 ADPor 34

1. The cycle begins whenan acetyl group carried byCoA combines with a C4

molecule to form citrate.

5. Once again a substrateis oxidized, and NAD + is reduced to NADH.

2. Twice over, substratesare oxidized as NAD+ isreduced to NADH,and CO2 is released.

3. ATP is produced as anenergized phosphate istransferred from a substrateto ADP.

4. Again a substrate isoxidized, but this timeFAD is reduced to FADH2.

Citric acidcycle

CO2

NAD+

NAD+

NAD +

FAD

Co A

acetyl CoA

NADH

NADH NADH

FADH2

oxaloacetateC4

citrateC6

ketoglutarateC5

fumarateC4

succinateC4

2 ATP

4 ADP

ATP ATP ATP

CO2

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Page 14: 08 Lecture Animation Ppt

14

Glycolysis

P

P

P ATP

enzyme

ADP

BPG

3PG

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Page 15: 08 Lecture Animation Ppt

Animation

15

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Page 16: 08 Lecture Animation Ppt

16

Pyruvate

Pyruvate is a pivotal metabolite in cellular respiration

If O2 is not available to the cell, fermentation, an anaerobic process, occurs in the cytoplasm. During fermentation, glucose is incompletely

metabolized to lactate, or to CO2 and alcohol (depending on the organism).

If O2 is available to the cell, pyruvate enters mitochondria by aerobic process.

Page 17: 08 Lecture Animation Ppt

17

Fermentation An anaerobic process that reduces pyruvate to either

lactate or alcohol and CO2 NADH passes its electrons to pyruvate Alcoholic fermentation, carried out by yeasts,

produces carbon dioxide and ethyl alcohol Used in the production of alcoholic spirits and breads.

Lactic acid fermentation, carried out by certain bacteria and fungi, produces lactic acid (lactate)

Used commercially in the production of cheese, yogurt, and sauerkraut.

Other bacteria produce chemicals anaerobically, including isopropanol, butyric acid, proprionic acid, and acetic acid.

Page 18: 08 Lecture Animation Ppt

18

Fermentation

2 NAD+

2 NADH

ATP

2 ATP

4 ADP

2 ADP

P

2 P

2 P

2

2

P

glucose

G3P

BPG

pyruvate

or2 lactate 2 alcohol

2 CO2(net gain)

ATP

ATP

ATP+4 4

2

or

2

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Page 19: 08 Lecture Animation Ppt

Animation

19

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Page 20: 08 Lecture Animation Ppt

Animation

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Page 21: 08 Lecture Animation Ppt

21

Fermentation

Advantages Provides a quick burst of ATP energy for muscular

activity. Disadvantages

Lactate is toxic to cells. Lactate changes pH and causes muscles to fatigue. Oxygen debt and cramping

Efficiency of Fermentation Two ATP produced per glucose of molecule during

fermentation is equivalent to 14.6 kcal.

Page 22: 08 Lecture Animation Ppt

22

Products of Fermentation

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

© The McGraw Hill Companies, Inc./Bruce M. Johnson, photographer

Page 23: 08 Lecture Animation Ppt

Products of Fermentation

23

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

© The McGraw Hill Companies, Inc./Bruce M. Johnson, photographer

Page 24: 08 Lecture Animation Ppt

Products of Fermentation

24

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

© The McGraw Hill Companies, Inc./Bruce M. Johnson, photographer

Page 25: 08 Lecture Animation Ppt

25

Efficiency of Fermentation

Fermentationinputs outputs

2 lactate or2 alcohol and 2 CO2

glucose

2 ADP + 2 P net gainATP2

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Page 26: 08 Lecture Animation Ppt

26

The Preparatory (Prep) Reaction

Connects glycolysis to the citric acid cycle

End product of glycolysis, pyruvate, enters the mitochondrial matrix

Pyruvate converted to 2-carbon acetyl group

Attached to Coenzyme A to form acetyl-CoA

Electron picked up (as hydrogen atom) by NAD+

CO2 released, and transported out of mitochondria into the cytoplasm

Page 27: 08 Lecture Animation Ppt

27

Preparatory Reaction

2 NAD+ 2 NADH

2 2 + 2 CoA + 2 CO2

2 pyruvate

O OHC

CH3

+ 2 CoA

CoA

CH3pyruvate

carbondioxideacetyl CoA

C OC O

2 acetyl CoA + 2 carbondioxide

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Page 28: 08 Lecture Animation Ppt

Animation

28

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Page 29: 08 Lecture Animation Ppt

29

Mitochondrion: Structure & Function

Matrix: locationof the prepreaction and thecitric acid cycle

Cristae: locationof the electrontransport chain(ETC)

cristaeintermembranespace

innermembrane

matrix

outermembrane

45,000

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

© Dr. Donald Fawcett and Dr. Porter/Visuals Unlimited

Page 30: 08 Lecture Animation Ppt

30

Glucose Breakdown: The Citric Acid Cycle

A.K.A. Krebs cycle Occurs in matrix of mitochondria Begins by the addition of a two-carbon acetyl

group to a four-carbon molecule (oxaloacetate), forming a six-carbon molecule (citric acid)

NADH, FADH2 capture energy rich electrons ATP formed by substrate-level phosphorylation Turns twice for one glucose molecule. Produces 4 CO2, 2 ATP, 6 NADH and 2 FADH2

(per glucose molecule)

Page 31: 08 Lecture Animation Ppt

The Citric Acid CycleCopyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

1. The cycle begins whenan acetyl group carried byCoA combines with a C4

molecule to form citrate.

5. Once again a substrateis oxidized, and NAD+

is reduced to NADH.

4. Again a substrate isoxidized, but this timeFAD is reduced to FADH2.

3. ATP is produced as anenergized phosphate istransferred from a substrateto ADP.

2. Twice over, substratesare oxidized as NAD+ isreduced to NADH,and CO2 is released.

acetyl CoA

NADH

oxaloacetateC4

NAD+ fumarateC4

FADH2

ATP

CO2

FAD

succinateC4

NAD+

NADH

Citric acidcycle

ketoglutarateC5

CO2

NADHNAD+

citrateC6

CoA

4 ADP2

4 ATP totalnetATP

2 ATP2 ADP

2 ADP 2 32 or 34

ATP ATP32 ADPor 34

Preparatory reactionGlycolysis

glucose pyruvate

Electron transportchain and

chemiosmosis

Citric acidcycle

NADH andFADH2

NADHNADH

Page 32: 08 Lecture Animation Ppt

Animation

32

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Page 33: 08 Lecture Animation Ppt

33

Citric Acid Cycle: Balance Sheet

inputs outputs4 CO2

6 NADH2 FADH2

2 acetyl groups6 NAD+

2 FAD

2 ADP + 2 P ATP2

Citric acid cycle

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Page 34: 08 Lecture Animation Ppt

34

Electron Transport Chain Location:

Eukaryotes: cristae of the mitochondria Aerobic Prokaryotes: plasma membrane

Series of carrier molecules: Pass energy rich electrons successively from one to another Complex arrays of protein and cytochromes

Cytochromes are respiratory molecules Complex carbon rings with metal atoms in center

Receives electrons from NADH & FADH2

Produce ATP by oxidative phosphorylation Oxygen serves as a final electron acceptor

Oxygen ion combines with hydrogen ions to form water

Page 35: 08 Lecture Animation Ppt

35

Electron Transport Chain

The fate of the hydrogens: Hydrogens from NADH deliver enough energy to

make 3 ATPs Those from FADH2 have only enough for 2 ATPs “Spent” hydrogens combine with oxygen

Recycling of coenzymes increases efficiency Once NADH delivers hydrogens, it returns (as NAD+)

to pick up more hydrogens However, hydrogens must be combined with oxygen to

make water If O2 not present, NADH cannot release H No longer recycled back to NAD+

Page 36: 08 Lecture Animation Ppt

36

Electron Transport Chain

Electron transportchain and

chemiosmosisCitric acid cycle

Preparatory reaction

2 32 or ADP34

32 or34

4 ADP

2

4 ADP total

net

NADH

NADH andFADH2

Glycolysis

NADH

glucose pyruvate

ADP

e–

e–

e–

2e-

e-

2 ATP

H2O

cytochromeoxidase

cytochrome c

coenzyme Q

NAD+ + 2H+

NADH +H+

2 H+

ATP

P

FAD + 2H+

FADH2

cytochromereductase

NADH-Qreductase

ADP + P

ADP + P

made bychemiosmosis

made bychemiosmosis

made bychemiosmosis

e–

e–

e–

e–

2 ATP

2 ADP ADP ADP

e-

2e-

2e-

ATP

2e-

ATP

2e-

1/2O2

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Page 37: 08 Lecture Animation Ppt

37

Organization of Cristae

2

ADP +

ATPchannelprotein

ATPsynthasecomplex

Chemiosmosis

Intermembranespace

Matrix

2

FADH2

H2O

FAD +

NAD+

P

H+

NADH

NADH-Qreductase

cytochromereductase

cytochromeoxidase

cytochrome ccoenzyme Q

Electron transport chain

Electron transportchain and

chemiosmosisCitric acid cycle

Preparatory reaction

2 ADP 2 32 or ADP34

32 or342

4 ATP total

net

NADH

NADH andFADH2

Glycolysis

NADH

glucose pyruvate

ATP

e–

e–

e–

e–

2 ATP

2 ADP

e–

e–

4 ADP

ATP ATP

H+

H+H+ H+

H+

H+

H+

H+

H+

H+

H+

H+H+

H+

1/2O2

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Page 38: 08 Lecture Animation Ppt

Animation

38

Please note that due to differing operating systems, some animations will not appear until the presentation is viewed in Presentation Mode (Slide Show view). You may see blank slides in the “Normal” or “Slide Sorter” views. All animations will appear after viewing in Presentation Mode and playing each animation. Most animations will require the latest version of the Flash Player, which is available at http://get.adobe.com/flashplayer.

Page 39: 08 Lecture Animation Ppt

39

Glucose Catabolism: Overall Energy Yield

Net yield per glucose:From glycolysis – 2 ATPFrom citric acid cycle – 2 ATPFrom electron transport chain – 32 ATP

Energy content:Reactant (glucose) 686 kcalEnergy yield (36 ATP) 263 kcalEfficiency 39%; balance is waste heat

Page 40: 08 Lecture Animation Ppt

40

Overall Energy Yielded per Glucose Molecule

Cyt

opla

smM

itoch

ondr

ion

Elec

tron

tran

spor

t cha

in

2net

2

glucose

2 pyruvate

2 acetyl CoA

Citric acidcycle

subtotal subtotal

glycolysis

2 CO2

4 CO2

NADH

NADH

NADH

FADH2

2

2

6

2

4 or 6

6

18

4

324

36 or 38total

6 O2 6 H2O

ATPP

ATP

ATP

ATP

ATP

ATPATP

ATP

ATPor 34

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Page 41: 08 Lecture Animation Ppt

41

Metabolic Pool: Catabolism

Foods: Sources of energy rich molecules Carbohydrates, fats, and proteins

Degradative reactions (Catabolism) break down molecules Tend to be exergonic (release energy)

Synthetic reactions (anabolism) build molecules Tend to be endergonic (consume energy)

Page 42: 08 Lecture Animation Ppt

42

The Metabolic Pool Concept

ATP

ATPElectrontransportchain

proteins carbohydrates fats

aminoacids

glucose fattyacids

glycerol

acetyl CoA

Glycolysis

pyruvate

ATPCitricacidcycle

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

© C Squared Studios/Getty Images.

Page 43: 08 Lecture Animation Ppt

Animation

43

Please note that due to differing operating systems, some animations will not appear until the presentation is viewed in Presentation Mode (Slide Show view). You may see blank slides in the “Normal” or “Slide Sorter” views. All animations will appear after viewing in Presentation Mode and playing each animation. Most animations will require the latest version of the Flash Player, which is available at http://get.adobe.com/flashplayer.

Page 44: 08 Lecture Animation Ppt

44

Metabolic Pool: Catabolism

Glucose is broken down in cellular respiration. Fat breaks down into glycerol and three fatty

acids. Amino acids break down into carbon chains and

amino groups Deaminated (NH2 removed) in liver

Results in poisonous ammonia (NH3) Quickly converted to urea

Different R-groups from AAs processed differently Fragments enter respiratory pathways at many

different points

Page 45: 08 Lecture Animation Ppt

45

Metabolic Pool: Anabolism All metabolic reactions part of metabolic pool Intermediates from respiratory pathways can be

used for anabolism Anabolism (build-up side of metabolism):

Carbs: Start with acetyl-CoA Basically reverses glycolysis (but different pathway)

Fats G3P converted to glycerol Acetyls connected in pairs to form fatty acids Note – dietary carbohydrate RARELY converted to fat in

humans!

Page 46: 08 Lecture Animation Ppt

46

Metabolic Pool: Anabolism

Anabolism (cont.):Proteins:

Made up of combinations of 20 different amino acids

Some amino acids (11) can be synthesized from respiratory intermediates

Organic acids in citric acid cycle can make amino acids Add NH2 – transamination

However, other amino acids (9) cannot be synthesized by humans

Essential amino acids Must be present in diet or die

Page 47: 08 Lecture Animation Ppt

Photosynthesis vs. Cellular Respiration

47

membranes

enzymes

grana cristae

Photosynthesis Cellular Respiration

H2O O2 H2OO2

ADP ATP

NAD+ NADH

CO2CH2O

NADPH NADP+

CO2 CH2O

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Page 48: 08 Lecture Animation Ppt

48

Review

Glycolysis Transition Reaction Citric Acid Cycle Electron Transport System Fermentation Metabolic Pool

Catabolism Anabolism

Page 49: 08 Lecture Animation Ppt

Sylvia S. Mader

Copyright © The McGraw Hill Companies Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display

PowerPoint® Lecture Slides are prepared by Dr. Isaac Barjis, Biology Instructor

BIOLOGY10th Edition

Insert figure 8.2 here

49

Cellular Respiration

Chapter 8: pp. 133 - 149

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display

Electron transportchain andchemiosmosis

Mitochondrion

Citric acid cycle

Preparatory reaction

2 32 ADPor 34

32or 34

2

4 ATP total

net gain

2 ADP

NADH

NADH andFADH2

Glycolysis

NADH

glucose pyruvate

Cytoplasm

e–

e–

e–

e–

e–

e–

e–

2 ADP

4 ADP

ATP 2 ADP ATP ATP

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.