08 noise fundamentals
TRANSCRIPT
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Bhaskar Banerjee, EERF 6330, Sp2013, UTD
Noise Fundamentals
Prof. Bhaskar Banerjee
EERF 6330- RF IC Design
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Bhaskar Banerjee, EERF 6330, Sp2013, UTD
Outline
Noise as a statistical quantity Noise Power Spectral Density
Input Referred Noise Noise in Transistors, Resistors Noise Figure Calculation Noise Parameters
Reading: RF Microelectronics, B. Razavi
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Bhaskar Banerjee, EERF 6330, Sp2013, UTD
Noise as a Random Process
The avg current = VB/R but cannot estimate/calculate instantaneous value.
Estimate the avg power over long enough time.
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Bhaskar Banerjee, EERF 6330, Sp2013, UTD
Measurement of Noise Spectrum
To measure the energy content at a given frequency, we filter out everything else and measure the power over 1 Hz bandwidth at the frequency of interest.
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Bhaskar Banerjee, EERF 6330, Sp2013, UTD
Power Spectral Density (PSD) of Noise
Total area under Sx(f) represents the avg power carried by x(t)
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Two-sided One-sided
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Bhaskar Banerjee, EERF 6330, Sp2013, UTD
Example of Noise Spectrum
A resistor of value R1 generates a noise voltage whose one-sided PSD is given by
where k = 1.38 10-23 J/K denotes the Boltzmann constant and T the absolute temperature. Such a flat PSD is called white because, like white light, it contains all frequencies with equal power levels.(a) What is the total average power carried by the noise voltage?(b) What is the dimension of Sv(f)?(c) Calculate the noise voltage for a 50- resistor in 1 Hz at room temperature.
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Bhaskar Banerjee, EERF 6330, Sp2013, UTD
Example of Noise Spectrum
(a) What is the total average power carried by the noise voltage?The area under Sv(f) appears to be infinite, an implausible result because the resistor noise arises from the finite ambient heat. In reality, Sv(f) begins to fall at f > 1 THz, exhibiting a finite total energy, i.e., thermal noise is not quite white.(b) What is the dimension of Sv(f)?The dimension of Sv(f) is voltage squared per unit bandwidth (V2/Hz)(c) Calculate the noise voltage for a 50- resistor in 1 Hz at room temperature.For a 50- resistor at T = 300 K:
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Bhaskar Banerjee, EERF 6330, Sp2013, UTD
Effect of Transfer Function on Noise
Define PSD to allow many of the frequency-domain operations used with deterministic signals to be applied to random signals as well.
Noise can be modeled by a series voltage source or a parallel current source
Polarity of the sources is unimportant but must be kept same throughout the calculations
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Bhaskar Banerjee, EERF 6330, Sp2013, UTD
Example of Device NoiseSketch the PSD of the noise voltage measured across the parallel RLC tank depicted in figure below.
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Modeling the noise of R1 by a current source and noting that the transfer function Vn/In1 is, in fact, equal to the impedance of the tank, ZT , we write
At f0, L1 and C1 resonate, reducing the circuit to only R1. Thus, the output noise at f0 is simply equal to 4kTR1. At lower or higher frequencies, the impedance of the tank falls and so does the output noise.
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Bhaskar Banerjee, EERF 6330, Sp2013, UTD
Resistor as an Energy Source? What happens if both are at the same temperature? Suppose R2 is held at T = 0 K
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This quantity reaches a max if R2 = R1(Maximum Power Transfer Theorem)
Then, PR2,max = kT (Available Noise Power) = -173.8 dBm/Hz @ 300 K
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Bhaskar Banerjee, EERF 6330, Sp2013, UTD
Theorem about Lossy Circuit
If the real part of the impedance seen between two terminals of a passive (reciprocal) network is equal to Re{Zout}, then the PSD of the thermal noise seen between these terminals is given by 4kTRe{Zout}
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An example of transmitting antenna, with radiation resistance Rrad
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Noise Figure of Lossy Circuits
LC-filter, needs to have well-defined resistive input/output impedances
A Linear Time Invariant passive with real input and output impedance can be represented using a Thevenin equivalent circuit with the PSD given by 4kTRout.*
*cf. A. Papoulis, Probability, Random Variables, and Stochastic Processes, 3rd ed., New York: McGraw Hill, 1991.
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Bhaskar Banerjee, EERF 6330, Sp2013, UTD
Noise in MOSFETs
Thermal noise of MOS transistors operating in the saturation region is approximated by a current source tied between the source and drain terminals, or can be modeled by a voltage source in series with gate.
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Bhaskar Banerjee, EERF 6330, Sp2013, UTD
Induced Gate Noise At very high frequencies thermal noise current flowing
through the channel couples to the gate capacitively to generate gate-induced noise current.
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Example: If W = 1 m, L = 45 nm, and sheet resistance = 15 , then the gate resistance, RG = 333 .
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Bhaskar Banerjee, EERF 6330, Sp2013, UTD
Flicker Noise
A MOSFET having a small-signal voltage source of magnitude V1 in series with its gate is equivalent to a device with a current source of value gmV1 tied between drain and source.
Thus,
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Bhaskar Banerjee, EERF 6330, Sp2013, UTD
Noise in Bipolar Transistors
Bipolar transistors contain physical resistances in their base, emitter, and collector regions, all of which generate thermal noise. Moreover, they also suffer from shot noise associated with the transport of carriers across the base-emitter junction.
In low-noise circuits, the base resistance thermal noise and the collector current shot noise become dominant. For this reason, wide transistors biased at high current levels are employed.
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Bhaskar Banerjee, EERF 6330, Sp2013, UTD 17
Input Referred Noise
Noise of a 2-port system can be modeled by 2 correlated noise generators:
- a series voltage source (vn)- a parallel current source (in)
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Input Referred Noise
To find the equivalent noise sources, we evaluate the output noise $ power by shorting and opening the input.
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Bhaskar Banerjee, EERF 6330, Sp2013, UTD
Input Referred Noise: Example
Calculate the input-referred noise of the common-gate stage depicted in figure below (left). Assume I1 is ideal and neglect the noise of R1.
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Noise Voltage Noise Current
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Bhaskar Banerjee, EERF 6330, Sp2013, UTD
Importance of Impedances in NF
The output noise of a circuit depends on the output impedance of the preceding stage.
Modeling the noise of the circuit by input-referred sources, we observe that some of noise current flows through Z1, generating a noise voltage at the input that depends on |Z1|. Thus, the output noise, Vn,out, also depends on |Z1|.
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NF =SNRinSNRout
NF = 1 +(Vn + InRS)2
4kTRS
NF =V 2n,outA2
14kTRS
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Calculating Noise Figure
For simulation purposes, we can rewrite NF as:where, A = total voltage gain from Vin to Vout and Vn,out is the total output noise voltage
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Bhaskar Banerjee, EERF 6330, Sp2013, UTD
Calculating Noise Figure
NF must be specified with respect to a source impedance-typically 50 Reduce the right hand side to a simpler form:
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NF =V 2n,outA2
14kTRS
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Bhaskar Banerjee, EERF 6330, Sp2013, UTD
Calculating Noise Figure
Either of the following: Calculate the output noise due to the amplifier, divide it by the
gain, normalize it to 4kTRs and add 1 to the result. Divide total output noise by the gain from Vin to Vout and
normalize the result to the noise of Rs.
Valid even if no actual power is transferred. So long as the derivations incorporate noise and signal voltages, no inconsistency arises in the presence of impedance mismatches or even infinite input impedances.
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V 2n,out = 4kT (RS ||RP ) A =RP
RS +RP
NF = 4kT (RS ||RP ) (RS +RP )2
R2P 14kTRS
= 1 +RSRP
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Calculating Noise Figure - Example: A Resistor
To minimize NF, RP should be large.To maximize power transfer RP = RS => NF = 2 ~ 3 dB!
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Bhaskar Banerjee, EERF 6330, Sp2013, UTD
Calculating Noise Figure - Example: Amplifier Determine the noise figure of the common-source stage shown in below (left)
with respect to a source impedance RS. Neglect the capacitances and flicker noise of M1 and assume I1 is ideal.
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This result implies that the NF falls as RS rises. Does this mean that, even though the amplifier remains unchanged, the overall system noise performance improves as RS increases?!
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Bhaskar Banerjee, EERF 6330, Sp2013, UTD 26
Noise Figure of Lossy Circuits
L =PinPout
=V 2inV 2TH
RoutRS
V 2n,out = 4kTRout R2L
(RL +Rout)2
Av =VTHVin
RLRL +Rout
NF = 4kTRout V2in
V 2TH 14kTRS
= L
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Source Resistance
For RS = 0, the voltage noise is the important component.
For RS = , the current noise is the important component.
For large RS, prefer low current noise (MOS), for small RS select low voltage noise (Bipolar).
For a given RS, there is an optimal ratio of voltage to current noise for low noise figure.
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Bhaskar Banerjee, EERF 6330, Sp2013, UTD 28
Classical Noise Theory
Lets assume that in and vn are uncorrelated.Total output Noise Voltage:
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Classical Noise Theory
All noise represented as single noise source:
Noise Figure:
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Classical Noise Theory
Define:
which gives,
Optimum RS:
Minimum Noise Figure for ROPT:
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Classical Noise Theory
Hence, under the assumption that the in and vn noise sources are uncorrelated, the minimum noise figure, Fmin:
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Classical Noise Theory
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Bhaskar Banerjee, EERF 6330, Sp2013, UTD 33
Classical Noise Theory
Rn basically the noise sensitivity parameter
Rate of deviation from Fmin is governed by the Rn term. We want Rn to be as small as possible as then we can tolerate impedance mismatch at the input with lesser effect on Fmin.
Ropt is dependent on Frequency, Bias and Device Size. Very important to optimize that with respect to all of them.
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Bhaskar Banerjee, EERF 6330, Sp2013, UTD 34
Noise Parameters Four Noise Parameters:
Minimum Noise Figure (NFmin) Noise Resistance (Rn) Optimum Source Conductance (Gs,opt) Optimum Source Susceptance (Bs,opt)
NF
Gs
BsGs,opt
Bs,opt
NFminRn