0807 indo pacific underwater id cards

8/8/2019 0807 Indo Pacific Underwater ID Cards

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Underwater Cards or Assessing Coral Health on

Indo-Pacic Rees


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Underwater Cards orAssessing Coral Health on Indo-Pacic ReesRoger Beeden1,2, Bette L. Willis1, Laurie J. Raymundo3, Cathie A. Page1, Ernesto Weil4.

Coral DiseaseCoral rees are under increasing stress globally rom a number ocauses, including climate warming, poor water quality and over-shing.Disease outbreaks not only result in coral loss, but they also causesignicant changes in community structure, species diversity and ree-associated organisms.

Coral diseases potentially impact both well-managed and unmanagedrees. However, strategies or dealing with disease outbreaks arecurrently non-existent. The increasing requency with which diseasesinfuence and alter ree communities means they must be consideredand incorporated into management plans.

The CRTR Disease Working GroupThe CRTR Disease Working Group has been unded by the Coral ReeTargeted Research & Capacity Building or Management Program(CRTR) to advance understanding o coral disease in a number okey areas.

In particular, the CRTR Disease Working Groups research is providinga greater understanding o the ways in which coral diseases can alterree unction and the conditions under which outbreaks may occur.Documenting abundance and prevalence o disease and monitoringchanges in disease through time are key steps in understanding howactors like ocean warming and deteriorating water quality may aectdisease dynamics.

To assist with our objectives, the CRTR Disease Working Group hasproduced these Underwater Cards or Assessing Coral Health onIndo-Pacic Rees so that recreational, proessional and scientic divers canall assist with gathering inormation on the occurrence o coral diseases.

By using these cards, you can: Learn to identiy Indo-Pacic coral diseases and survey techniques

or measuring coral disease prevalence;

Gather inormation on the distribution and abundance o coraldiseases on local rees;

Monitor the health o local coral rees and identiy potential driverso disease abundance;

Contribute to a world-wide data base on coral disease;

Help to conserve the worlds coral rees.

How to use these cardsThese cards start with a decision tree or assessing the health status

o Indo-Pacic corals. The decision tree is colour coded to assist withnavigation through the cards. Ater reviewing all disease descriptionsand images to gain an overview o the range o signs o disease andcompromised health, the ollowing steps will enable you to assessthe health status o a coral. Note that a variety o actors other thandisease (e.g. predation, grazing) cause lesions.

1. Decide i a coral shows signs o tissue loss (red section), tissuediscolouration (blue section), anomalous growth (green section)or some other sign o compromised health (yellow section).

2. At each level in the key or the coloured section selected,decide which category best describes the signs observed.

3. Go to the appropriate coloured section in this card set tocheck disease images and descriptions.

4. Record your observations on the data sheet provided atthe end o this card set.

1ARC Centre o Excellence or Coral Ree Studies and School o Marine and Tropical Biology, James Cook University, Townsville, Qld, 4811, Australia. 2 Great Barrier Ree Marine Park Authority,Townsville, Qld, 4810, Australia. 3 University o Guam, Guam.4 Department o Marine Sciences, University o Puerto Rico, Puerto Rico.

The CRTR Program is a partnership between the Global EnvironmentFacility, the World Bank, The University o Queensland (Australia),the United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration(NOAA) and approximately 50 research institutes and other third-partiesaround the world.

CRTR Program Project Executing Agency, Centre or Marine Studies, Gerhmann Building, The University o Queensland, St Lucia, Qld 4072, Australia

Telephone: +61 7 3346 9942 Facsimile: +61 7 3346 9987 Email: [email protected] Internet: www.gecoral.org

Howtousethesecards


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Indo-Pacic Coral Health Decision Tree1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

Tissue Loss Predation1a.Predation (PRD) e.g. fsh, snail, starfsh eeding scars

Tissue Loss Non-Predation Coloured Band Diseases 2a. Skeletal Eroding Band (SEB)

2b. Black Band Disease (BBD)2c. Brown Band Disease (BrB)

Tissue Loss Non-Predation No overlying band o coloured material 3a. Ulcerative White Spots (UWS) ocal tissue loss

3b. White Syndromes (WS) irregular tissue loss3c. Atramentous Necrosis (AtN) grey-black material overlies irregular area o tissue loss

Tissue Discolouration White 4a. Bleaching (BL) environmentally induced partial or whole colony bleaching4b. Focal Bleaching (FBL) early stage o UWS or unexplained spots4c. Non Focal Bleaching (NFBL) unusual bleaching patterns, e.g. patches, stripes

Tissue Discolouration Non White 5a. Pigmentation Response (PR) coral response to a challenge (not a disease)

5b. Trematodiasis (TR)

Growth Anomalies

6a. Explained Growth Anomalies6b. Unexplained Growth Anomalies

Compromised Health 7a. Pigmentation Response (see 5a. above)

7b. Unusual Bleaching Patterns (see 4c. above)7c. Competition Aggressive Overgrowth e.g. cyanobacteria,

Terpios and Cliona sponges, red flamentous algae7d. Sediment Damage

7e. Flatworm InestationDiseases in Other Ree Organisms8a. Examples or Crustose Coralline Algae & Gorgonians

Ind

o-PacifcDecision

Tree


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1a. PredationCrown-O-Thorns Starsh(COTS)(Acanthaster planci)

Adult COTS are up to 80cm in diameter,covered in numerous sharp 4-5cm spines

and have up to 21 arms; Australia: COTS are typically grey with

tinges o red on their spines and body; Asia Pacifc: COTS may be more brightly

coloured bright blue or purple varieties; COTS eed directly on living coral tissue; Feeding usually starts rom the colony edge

on plates or colony base on branches; Feeding causes rapid tissue loss, exposing

large patches o white skeleton.Key ID characteristics: Feeding scar oten has a scalloped

border on plate corals; Border may show visible strings

o tissue and mucus; Starsh usually seen in area

(check under nearby colonies); Feeding scars on neighbouring colonies.

Commonly conused with: White syndromes, which typically advance

more slowly, so white areas smaller; Bleached areas, which still have

tissue present; Drupella scars, which expose smaller

areas o white skeleton.

TissueLoss

Predation

1


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1a. PredationDrupella (Drupella cornus) Drupella cornus snails may vary in colour

rom pink 1 to dark red 2 when they arecovered with encrusting coralline algae;

Feeds at night rom base o branchesor edge o colony;

Tissue loss typically slower than orCOTS (Acanthaster planci) predation;

Tissue loss rom base upward, exposingsmall patches o white skeleton whensnail densities are low;

Typically preers Acropora species.

Key ID characteristics: Feeding scar oten has irregular border

shredded strings o tissue may be visible; Drupella snails usually shelter under

colony or near base during day; Drupella snails are oten ound on

neighbouring colonies i not immediatelyvisible beside the eeding scars.

Commonly conused with: COTS scars, which are larger areas o

white skeleton; Bleached areas, which still have tissue

present; White syndromes, which tend to have

more regular ronts.

2

2

1

11

TissueLoss

Predatio

n1


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1a. PredationCoralliophila (Coralliophila sp.) Coralliophila sp. snails typically have

a violet or purple aperature; Snails are typically sedentary and are

rmly attached to the coral; Coralliophila sp. cause little coral

tissue loss, but may drain energyresources required to heal the woundover extended periods o time;

Feeding wounds may be a potentialentry point or disease causingorganisms.

Key ID characteristics:

A characteristic small ovoid eedingwound is typically present i the snailis removed rom the coral; 1

Typically ound eeding on Porites,particularly branching species.

Commonly conused with: Drupella snails, which move as they eed

exposing areas o white skeleton.

1

1

1

1

Tis

sueLoss

Predation


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1a. Predation/GrazingFish Bites Distinctive, regular scars: gouges, scrapes

bite marks that may involve damage tocoral skeleton;

Scars typically white i relatively resh; Scars may become colonised by algae.


Parrotsh scars Large scrapes sometimes ocused along

colony ridges or growth anomaly tissue; 1

Common on massive Porites.Trigger/Puersh scars Small regular, paired rectangular

bite marks; 2

Less damaging to coral than parrotsh bites.

Damselsh scars Irregular patches o tissue loss colonized

by algae armed by damselsh; 3

Common on branching Acropora species.

Butterfysh scars Butterfysh use their narrow elongated

mouth to selectively remove coral polyps; Feeding scars may not be clearly evident; Butterfysh may transer diseases to

the coral.

Commonly conused with: Usually easy to identiy.

1

2

3

1

TissueLoss

Predatio

n


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Coloured Band Diseases

Skel

etalEroding

B

and(SEB)

Colony PolypBranch Microscope

BlackBand

(BBD)

BrownBand

(BrB)

TissueLoss

Non-Pred

ation

2


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Coloured Band Diseases2a. Skeletal Eroding Band (SEB)Diuse, speckled black or dark green

band at tissue-skeleton interace;Exposed skeleton behind tissue ront

speckled by empty housings o theboring ciliate, Halofolliculina corallasia;

Exposed skeleton eroded in appearance;Diuse, scattered patches o ciliates on

bare skeleton without band ormationmay indicate secondary inection.


Black specks oten clusteredwithin corallites; 1

Sessile ciliates within housingscomprise band;

Microscopically, two antenna-likepericytostomial wings visible; 2

Empty, black housings let behindas the disease ront advances, creatingspeckling; 3

Relatively slow rate o progression(~0-6mm/day);Common throughout the Indo-Pacic,

aecting a wide range o coral amilies.

Commonly conused with:Black Band Disease, which does

not have speckled appearance.

1

3 2

Tissue

LossNon-Predatio

n2


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Coloured Band Diseases2b. Black Band Disease (BBD)Discrete, dark band at interace between

live tissue and exposed skeleton, at timesdirectly overtopping live tissue; 1

Band colour can vary rom blackto reddish-brown;Exposed skeleton is white (no speckling)

behind band;Skeleton distant to tissue ront becomes

progressively brown as colonized byouling community.

Commonly conused with:Skeletal Eroding Band (SEB), which is

dierentiated by speckled appearanceo exposed skeleton; 2

Dark bands between competing corals. 3

Key ID characteristics:Microscopically, thread-like cyanobacteria

and bacteria comprise black band;Moderate rate o progression (~4-8mm/day

on staghorns; ~1-4mm/day on plates);Common throughout the Indo-Pacic,

aecting a wide range o coral amilies.

BBD

SEB

3

1

1

2

TissueLoss

Non-Pred

ation

2


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Coloured Band Diseases2c. Brown Band Disease (BrB)Discrete brown band at interace between

live tissue and extensive areas o exposed,white skeleton;

Bands composed o ciliates and vary romlight to dark brown with ciliate density;

Narrow white band may be presentbetween live coral tissue and brown band;

Skeleton distant to tissue ront becomesprogressively brown as it is colonized bythe ouling community; indicatesprogressive tissue loss.

Key ID characteristics:Mobile ciliates (Class: Oligohymenophora;

subclass: Scuticociliatia) visible under amicroscope and may contain enguledzooxanthellae giving brown appearance;

Rapid rate o progression (20-100mm/dayrecorded);

Aects a wide range o amilies throughoutthe Indo-Pacic, but commonly aects

staghorn and plating species oAcropora.Commonly conused with:White syndromes (WS) when ciliate

densities are low. Check or brown tingesmacroscopically or ciliates microscopically.

Tissue

LossNon-Predatio

n2


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No Distinct Band(o overlying material)Focal Tissue Loss3a. Ulcerative White Spots (UWS) Multiocal patterns o tissue loss that

expose spots o bare white skeleton; Lesions typically small (


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No Distinct BandWhite Syndromes (WS) cont... Potentially caused by a range o pathogens

and/or environmental stressors; May be visible colour gradient rom

bare white skeleton to brown as oulingcommunity develops indicatesprogressive tissue loss;

Margins o lesions may be linear,irregular or annular (ring-like).

Key ID characteristics: No signs o associated micro-organisms

at live tissue-bare skeleton interace; Apopotosis (programmed cell death)

may be involved; Tissue loss may progress rapidly

(20mm/day); Tissue bordering WS lesion may

be coloured by coral pigmentationresponse; 1

Commonly aects plate species oAcropora and a range o other genera.

Commonly conused with: Brown band (BrB), particularly

when ciliate densities are low.Look or brown tinges;

Bleaching, which is distinguishedby the presence o tissue;

Atramentous necrosis, whichdevelops distinctive grey lm;

Ulcerative White Spots, onmassive Porites, which aresmall, multi-ocal lesions.

1

TissueLossNon-Predatio

n3


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No Distinct BandIrregular Tissue Loss(with overlying material)3c. Atramentous Necrosis

(AtN) (Black Death) Multiocal patterns o tissue loss that

expose spots or patches o bare whiteskeleton subsequently colonized bya distinctive dark ouling community;

Lesions typically start as small (


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4a. Bleaching(environmentally induced)Partial/Whole Colony Colony to ree-wide loss o symbiotic

algae (zooxanthallae); Associated with environmental stress

(e.g. thermal, light, salinity).

4b. Focal BleachingSpots

Multiocal patterns o bleachingscattered over colony; Borders between bleached patches

and healthy tissue are oten discrete; May be the rst stage o Ulcerative

White Spot or Atramentous necrosis; Commonly recorded on Porites,

Montipora and Acropora.

Key ID characteristics: Coral is alive, hence polyps visible; Skeleton is not eroded nor colonized

by algae because tissue is present.

Commonly conused with: Ulcerative White Spot, which is

distinguished by the absenceo tissue;

Atramentous necrosis (Black Death),

which is distinguished in nal stagesby characteristic grey-black lesion.

TissueDiscolourationWh

ite-Bleachin

g4


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4c. Non Focal Bleaching(unusual bleaching patterns)Patches Unusual, diuse patterns o bleaching that

do not appear to be a specic response

to thermal or other environmental stress; Borders between bleached patches and

typically coloured tissue are oten discrete; Recorded on massive species oPorites.

Stripes Unusual, diuse patterns o bleaching that

do not appear to be a specic response to

thermal or other environmental stress; Borders between bleached stripes and

tissue with typical colouration are otendiscrete;

Recorded on Pachyseris.

Key ID characteristics: Coral is alive, hence polyps will be visible; Skeleton is not eroded nor colonized by

algae because tissue is present.

Commonly conused with: White syndromes, which are distinguished

by the absence o tissue in white areas.

Tissu

eDiscolourationWhite-Bleaching

4


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Tissue DiscolourationNon-White5a. Pigmentation Response

Coral tissue bordering lesion is brightlycoloured, typically:pink or purple in Porites sp.; 1 blue in Acropora sp.; 2

Lesion may be swollen or thickened; Pigmentation may orm lines, bumps,

spots, patches or irregular shapesdepending on cause o lesion;

Lesion may be caused by borers,

competitors, algal abrasion, shbites, breakages, etc.

Key ID characteristics: Pigmentation appears to be a type

o infammation response mountedby coral;

Pigmented tissues typically associatedwith a healing response rather thanprogressive tissue loss;

Suggests coral health is compromised,but is not itsel a sign o disease.

1

2

TissueDiscolourationNon-White

5


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Tissue DiscolourationPigmentation Response cont...Commonly conused with: Trematodiasis, which is distiguished

by encysted trematodes.

5b. Trematodiasis Multiocal, distinct pink to white small

(1-2mm) areas o tissue swelling; Swelling o one or a ew polyps in response

to encysted parasitic trematode; 1 Trematode cysts are oten clustered; Lie cycle Trematode cysts are eaten by

butterfysh then excreted and eaten bya gastropod which then inects the coral; Only recorded on Porites to date.

Key ID characteristics: Heavy inestations result in reduced growth

and reproduction o the coral host.

Commonly conused with: Pigmentation response, but distinguished

by distinct small nodules o tissue swellingand presence o trematode cyst whenexamined microscopically.

1

Tiss

ueDiscolourationN

on-White

5


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6a. ExplainedGrowth AnomaliesInvertebrate Galls

Focal to multiocal skeletal deormationsassociated with an invertebratee.g. crab, 1

barnacle; 2

Deormations are typically raised andcaused by skeletal depositions aroundresident invertebrate in unusual patternsthat are characteristic or each invertebrate.


Invertebrate may be present insidethe gall or within the colony; Galls have characteristic shapes

and eatures that are usually easyto identiy;

Crab galls are commonly observedon Seriatopora and Stylophora.

Commonly conused with: Other growth anomalies.

2

1

Growth

Anomalie

s6


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6b. UnexplainedGrowth AnomaliesEnlarged Structures Focal to multiocal, circular to irregularly

shaped lesions comprising abnormally

arranged, enlarged skeletal elements(corallites, ridges, valleys); Typically protudes above colony surace

and surace rugosity visibly diers romhealthy tissue;

Pigmentation may be normal or slightlypale (suggesting reduced zooxanthellaedensities);

Tissue may die in irregular patches, andbare skeleton may be colonized

by epibionts; Includes gigantism and areas o

accelerated growth.

Irregular White Plaques Focal to multiocal, circular to irregularly

shaped lesions comprising abnormallyarranged, oten highly disorganized skeletalelements (corallites, ridges, valleys);

Pigmentation may be normal, lighter(reduced zooxanthellae) or completelyabsent (loss o zooxanthellae);

Corallites smaller, ewer than in healthytissues, or absent, resulting in structureresembling a white plaque;

Includes chaotic polyp development.

Gro

wthAnom

alies

6


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7c. Competition Aggressive OvergrowthLive coral tissue overgrown by a

vartiety o organisms

Cyanobacteria Mats or tuts o ne algal laments

that attach to surace o coral andsmother tissue;

Algae (cyanobacteria) may vary widelyin colour dark grey, reddish orangeand yellow;

Bubbles o photosynthesis/respirationproducts may be present in the algalmats. 1

Sponges Terpios and Cliona sponges

progressively kill and overgrowexposed coral skeleton;

A zone o white exposed skeletonbetween sponge and coral maybe evident. 2

Red Filamentous Algae Filaments embed in surace mucus

and accumulate sediment; Tissue adjacent to laments may bleach.

2

1

Comprom

isedHealt

h7

M l i l C i d


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Multiple CompromisedHealth Signs Combination o algal laments,

pigentation response, surace mucusand accumulated sediment. 3

7d.Sediment Damage Diuse area o tissue loss associated with

ne sediment accumulating in hollowson coral surace and on coral polypsand tissue;

Common in turbid water.


Sediment deposition visible; May be accompanied by mucus secretion

and pigmentation response.


7e.Flatworm Inestation

Surace o coral covered by mobile,ovoid, brown fatworms, notably in thegenus Waminoa;

Brown colouration due to endosymbioticdinofagellates.

Key ID characteristics: Microscopically the brown fatworms are

speckled white.


3

3 CompromisedHealth

7


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8a. Diseases AectingOther Ree OrganismsCrustose Coralline Algae

Coralline Lethal Orange Disease (CLOD) Characteristic orange band.

Crustose Coralline

Algae (CCA)Black Fungal DiseaseCommonly conused with: Usually easy to identiy.

ISISGorgoniansBlack necrosing syndrome Black/grey necrotic tissue; Tissue necrosis and loss; Skeleton exposed as necrotic

tissue is lost.


DiseasesinO

therRee

Organism

s8

U d t C dR


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Underwater Cards Options or Recording & Reporting Observations o Coral Disease

Record

ing&Rep

orting

Qualitative observations o coral diseaseAt the simplest level, it is useul to photograph and / or recorddetails o corals that are diseased or show signs o compromised

health. The ollowing data could be recorded:Date & Recorder:

Site/Habitat/Depth:

Disease/compromised health sign:

Growth orm/Genus/species o coral:

Photo name(s) & number(s):

Additional observations (e.g. #corals/species aected):

Quantiying observations o coral diseaseDisease abundance: Recording the number o cases o diseaseper unit area without recording all healthy corals gives a measureo disease abundance. To quantify disease abundance:

1. Select an appropriate area (e.g. 20m x 2m belt transect);

2. Select appropriate replication (e.g. 3 belt transects per site);

3. Record all corals showing signs o disease or compromisedhealth on the data sheet at the end o this guide;

4. Calculate mean ( SE) number o disease cases per 40m2.Disease prevalence: Recording the number o cases o disease andthe total number o healthy corals per unit area gives a measure odisease prevalence. This is a better, but more time consuming wayo quantiying disease.

1. Select an appropriate area (e.g. 20m x 2m belt transect);

2. Select appropriate replication (e.g. 3 belt transects per site);

3. Record all corals showing signs o disease or compromised

health and all healthy corals on the ollowing data sheets;4. Calculate mean ( SE) percent o corals that are diseased

per 40m2.

Disease incidence: Tagging and monitoring the number odiseased corals in a given area through time identies the number onew cases o disease per unit time and gives a measure o diseaseincidence or spread throughout the population.

1. Select an appropriate area (e.g. 10m x 10m quadrat) ;

2. Select appropriate replication (e.g. 3 quadrats per site);

3. Tag all diseased colonies within quadrats;

4. Monitor quadrats regularly (e.g. monthly),tagging all new cases o disease;

5. Calculate mean ( SE) # o new disease cases per unit time.

Disease progression: Tagging and photographing corals throughtime enables rates o disease progression across corals to becalculated.

1. Tag replicate diseased corals at study site;

2. Photograph each diseased coral with a scale barand at a standard angle;

3. Re-photograph tagged corals at regular intervals(e.g. weekly or monthly) ;

4. Measure linear spread o disease ront or progressivearea o tissue loss rom images;

5. Calculate mean ( SE) rate o disease progression.

We are grateul to the ollowing people or images reproduced in these Cards: David Abrego, Greta Aeby, Shelley Anthony, Roger Beeden, Doug Fenner,Mike Flavell, Great Barrier Marine Park Authority, Mohammed Mohammed, Cathie Page, Laurie Raymundo, Maria Rodrigues, Kathryn Rosell, Emily Smart (FantaseaCruises), Yui Sato, David Stewart, Meir Sussman and Bette Willis. We thank Greta Aeby, Andy Bruckner, Drew Harvell and Thierry Work or invaluable discussionsduring the genesis o these Cards. We thank the CRTR Program or its support and or unding this publication, and the ARC Centre o Excellence or Coral ReeStudies or unding the majority o research underpinning these cards.

Product code: CRTR 002/2008 Coral Ree Targeted Research and Capacity Building or Management Program, 2008. Editorial design and production: Currie Communications, Melbourne, Australia, June 2008.


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Family Genus Colony Shape FISH DRU COR COTS SEB BBD BrB UWS WS AtN % Spots Patches Stripes

Acroporidae Acropora tabular (plates)

corymbose (pillows)

digitate (nger like)

bottlebrush

clumping

bushy

staghorn

Montipora encrusting

Pocilloporidae Pocillopora clumps branches

Stylophora blunt branches

Seriatopora spiky branches

Poritidae Porites massivebranching

Alveopora (12 tentacles)

Goniopora (24 tentacles)

Faviidae Favia

Montastrea

Favites

Echinopora

Platygyra

GoniastreaCyphastrea

Diploastrea

(record other avids) 1

2

Other (record genus i known & describe)

Photo number(s)

(Take 3 photos: colony, branch & close up)GPS coordinates: Depth (m) Ave: m Depth (m) Max: m Timed Swim/Dive: mins

Tissue Loss

Known Predator/ Grazer

FishGrazer

Coralli-ophilaDrupella COTS

Coloured Band Diseases

Name:

Date:

Ree:Non-Predation (i.e. Disease)

No Distinct Band

2. BleachingWhole/partialcolony

Non-Focal(unusual patterns)Focal

Tissue Discolouration

Name:

Growth Anomalies C i d H lth


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Family Genus Colony Shape PR TR IG ES IWP CY SP RA SD RW Healthy Coral Unknown Scars

Acroporidae Acropora tabular (plates)

corymbose (pillows)

digitate (nger like)bottlebrush

clumping

bushy

staghorn

Montipora encrusting

Pocilloporidae Pocillopora clumps branches

Stylophora blunt branches

Seriatopora spiky branches

Poritidae Porites massive

branching

Alveopora (12 tentacles)

Goniopora (24 tentacles)

Faviidae Favia

Montastrea

Favites

Echinopora

Platygyra

Goniastrea

Cyphastrea

Diploastrea

(record other avids) 1

2

Other (record genus i known & describe)

Photo number(s)

(Take 3 photos: colony, branch & close up)

GPS coordinates: Water temp: C

Non-White

PigmentResponse

Tremat-odiasis

InvertGalls

InvertGalls

Enlargedstructures

Tremat-odiasis

Name:

Date:

Ree:

Growth Anomalies

OvergrowthIrreg.white

plaques

Red.FilamentAlgee

Sedimentdamage

FlatwormInestation

Compromised Health

Exp Unexplained

Cyanob-acteria Sponges

0807 indo pacific underwater id cards

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