DRAW A LINE SEPARATING TODAY & YESTERDAY1) Write: Date: 08/27/10, Topic: Political Philosophy Crash Course2) Next line, write “Opener #4” and then:

1) Write 1 high+1 low in last 24 hours2) Give a unit progress update (include what Chiang can do to help)3) One news/research item to share.4) What do you want to know about political philosophy?

Announcements: None

Agenda1) Political Philosophy Crash Course

Primary Objective1) To learn to be effective teams

Reminder1) Start meeting to work on your regional speeches

Notes #4a, Title: “Political Philosophy” 1) Fundamental Role of Gov: Provide

more security than individuals can for themselves.

Governments (tribes>city states>nation states) increase their power to provide security, but also increase their ability to project power.

Notes #4a, Title: “Political Philosophy” 2) Sparta: Ruled by oligarchy (small elite),created concept of “community before self” (classical republicanism)

3) Athens: a) 700-500BC ruled by aristocratsPoor revolted (508BC)b) 508BC-404BC first democracyAthens thrived (esp culturally) c) 404BC conquered by Sparta, 338BC by Alex GThrew doubt on democracy (esp direct dem)

ATHENIAN DEMOCRACY1) All male citizens could vote (1/5) and propose laws (direct democracy)[Rome goes with republic/repres. dem]2) Created paid jobs for politicians so that poor people would become politicians.3) People could vote to exile people/leaders (ostracize for 10 years)4) Regular people could sue other people, making disputes more just [Rome introduced consistent written law]

HOW DEMOCRACY BEGAN1) Wealthy take advantage of the more numerous poor.2) Weapons become cheaper to make. So even poor people, who were the majority could be armed, increasing their power.3) Fearing that poor people would revolt, democracy was seen as a way to make the poor happy.

Notes #4a, Title: “Political Philosophy”

4) Plato (428-348 BC): a) Taught by Socrates

(18-28), disgusted with democracy b/c of Socrates’s trial (unthinking mob)

b) Founds the Academy to to teach ppl to how to think

c) Writes The Republic:-Demo is not freedom b/c

ppl shortsighted, mislead by demagogues

-Should be ruled by philosopher kings (meritocracy, not pop or $)

Aristotle (his student):Rule by middle classIs the safest.

Plato’s the Republic (360BC) The sailors [politicians] are quarrelling with oneanother about the steering- every one is of opinionthat he has a right to steer, though he has neverlearned the art of navigation and cannot tell whotaught him or when he learned, and will furtherassert that it cannot be taught, and they are ready tocut in pieces any one who says the contrary[Socrates]. They throng about the captain [citizens],begging and praying him to commit the helm tothem; and if at any time they do not prevail, butothers are preferred to them, they kill the others orthrow them overboard, and having first chained upthe noble captain's [citizens’] senses with drink orsome narcotic drug.

IN INDIA CONNECTION1) 800-500 BC Upanishads and Bhagavad Gita 2) Two types of freedom (swaraj): external freedom + internal freedom3) True freedom comes from having no fear or cravings4) Possible that Plato was influenced by Indian scholars/writings (Urwick 1921) 5) Plato argues that democracy is not true freedom b/c avg ppl are unthinking/misled

GREEK LEGACY1) Spartans model what a strong military/nationalist government can be.2) Athens models what democracy can be. 3) Athen’s fall brings doubt on the feasibility of direct democracy among a large diverse population (which is why Romans choose a representative demo)4) Much of Greek learning was saved by Muslim scholars (700-800AD)

Notes #4a, Title: “Political

Philosophy” 4) Rome (409-44 BC): a) Evolved democracy into a

representative systemb) 2 heads to prevent

tyrannyc) Create jurisprudence

(legal science): written legal decisions and precedent (stari decisis) lessens abuse by wealthy

Notes #4a, Title: “Political Philosophy” 5) Legitimate Gov: Uses force to serve

public, alternative: self-serving gov rules through fear/force

Alternative View of Role of Gov: Those with power force people to submit, “force theory.”

Expired View of Role of Gov: Faith that rulers were “chosen” to rule, “divine rule theory.”

Judeo-Christian:Free will to lead to

your own salvation. Promotion of accountability and individualism.

Judeo-Christian:Promotion of

accountability and individualism.

Free will to lead to your own salvation with the help of the Catholic Church.

Devine rule gets extended life, again from Catholicism.

Magna Carta (1215):Limiting the kings

power over nobles.

Protestant Reformation (1517)

Martin Luther starts, church reform leads to individual responsibility to salvation.

More free will and individualism.

Desire for salvation leads to hard working American colonists.

Enlightenment (1600-1700s)

Before, focus on community (“self” thinking it serves the community). En. placed emphasizes the “individual”

Needs of the Industrial Revolution further drive individualism

Notes #4a, Title: “Political Philosophy” 6) Government is a Collective Belief: If

enough people believe an entity is the legitimate gov, it become real, through the sheer number of people.

Notes #4a, Title: “Political Philosophy” 7) Anarchy (State of Nature): Life with no

gov (gangs + private security can be like a gov when no gov exist)

Notes #4a, Title: “Political

Philosophy” 7) Anarchy (State

of Nature): Life with no gov (gangs + private security can be like a gov when no gov exist)

Notes #4a, Title: “Political Philosophy” 8) Hobbes (1588): State of nature is

violent, no real rights to speak of, so rights exist b/c of gov

Hobbes’ Leviathan (1660)

Whatsoever therefore is consequent to a time of war, where every man is enemy to every man, the same consequent to the time wherein men live without other security than what their own strength ... In such condition there is no place for industry, because the fruit thereof is uncertain: and consequently no culture of the earth... worst of all, continual fear, and danger of violent death; and the life of man, solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short.

Hobbes’ Leviathan (1660)

Whatsoever therefore is consequent to a time of war, where every man is enemy to every man, the same consequent to the time wherein men live without other security than what their own strength ... In such condition there is no place for industry, because the fruit thereof is uncertain: and consequently no culture of the earth... worst of all, continual fear, and danger of violent death; and the life of man, solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short.

EnglishCivil War1641–1651

Glorious Revolution1688

English Bill of Rights1689

Notes #4a, Title: “Political Philosophy” 9) Locke (1632): Ppl in state of nature

have total rights, but hard to maintain, so give up rights to gov for safety, if not safe, ppl can break K (K=contract).

Notes #4a, Title: “Political Philosophy” 9) Locke (1632): Ppl in state of nature

have total rights, but hard to maintain, so give up rights to gov for safety, if not safe, ppl can break K (K=contract).

.

Locke’s 2nd Treatise (1690)

No one ought to harm another in his life, liberty, or possessions... to avoid this state of war is one great reason of men's putting themselves into society, and quitting the state of nature... revolutions happen not upon every little mismanagement in public affairs. Great mistakes in the ruling part, many wrong and inconvenient laws, and all the slips of human frailty, will be born by the people without mutiny or murmur. But if a long train of abuses…

Locke’s 2nd Treatise (1690)

No one ought to harm another in his life, liberty, or possessions... to avoid this state of war is one great reason of men's putting themselves into society, and quitting the state of nature... revolutions happen not upon every little mismanagement in public affairs. Great mistakes in the ruling part, many wrong and inconvenient laws, and all the slips of human frailty, will be born by the people without mutiny or murmur. But if a long train of abuses…

“All men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness. That to secure these rights, Governments are instituted among Men… Prudence, indeed, will dictate that Governments long established should not be changed for light and transient causes; and accordingly all experience hath shown that mankind are more disposed to suffer, while evils are sufferable than to right themselves by abolishing the forms to which they are accustomed. But when a long train of abuses and usurpations… -Thomas Jefferson

Notes #4a, Title: “Political Philosophy” 10) Social Contract: You exchange

obedience to the gov for protection.

Notes #4a, Title: “Political Philosophy” 11) Social Contract is a Collective Belief: If enough people believe it, it become

real, through the sheer number of people. Iran Green Revolution (6/2009)

Alternative to Social Contract:Obedience of out: faith, identity, love

Alternative to Social Contract:Obedience of out: fear

Notes #4a, Title: “Political Philosophy” 12) Rule of Law: Ppl+gov obey laws b/c

out of fear or respect for our social contract (nothing is above the law).

Notes #4a, Title: “Political Philosophy” 12) Rule of Law: Ppl+gov obey laws b/c

out of fear or respect for our social contract (nothing is above the law).

13) Kohlberg Stages of Moral Development:

What dictates your actions?

1. Fear Punishment

2. Exchange for Tangible Favors

3. Peer Pressure (other’s approval)

4. Rules/Laws(society/gov)

5. Social Contract(play the game)

6. Inner-Self Rules

Notes #14a, Title: “Political Philosophy” 14) Why Rule of Law High: b/c US gov is

legit (serves to help us), b/c we believe we naturally have rights, some we give up (voluntary is always more powerful)

When gov duty to protect conflicts with rule of law?

What if it could save lives?

Does it matter if the person has a record of being a terrorist?

Does it matter if he/she is a US citizen or a foreigner?

If it’s on US soil or in foreign country?

If it done by foreigners on our behalf in a foreign land?

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