Standard MethodsFor the Examination of� Water and Wastewater™

Edited by�

Eugene W. RiceRodger B. BairdAndrew D. EatonLenore S. Clesceri

American Public Health Association®American Water Works Association®Water Environment Federation®

22nD E D i t i o n

MethodsFor the Examination of�Water and Wastewater™

Edited by�

Eugene W. RiceAmerican Public Health Association®

22nD E D i t i o n

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PagePart 1000 INTRODUCTION1010 INTRODUCTION

A. Scope and Application of MethodsB. StatisticsC. GlossaryD. Dilution/Concentration Options

1020 QUALITY ASSURANCE

A. IntroductionB. Quality ControlC. Quality Assessment

1030 DATA QUALITY

A. IntroductionB. Measurement UncertaintyC. Method Detection LevelD. Data Quality ObjectivesE. Checking Analyses’ Correctness

1040 METHOD DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION

A. IntroductionB. Method ValidationC. Collaborative Testing

1050 EXPRESSION OF RESULTS

A. UnitsB. Significant Figures

1060 COLLECTION AND PRESERVATION OF SAMPLES

A. IntroductionB. Collection of SamplesC. Sample Storage and Preservation

1080 REAGENT WATER

A. IntroductionB. Methods for Preparing Reagent-Grade WaterC. Reagent Water Quality

1090 LABORATORY OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY

A. IntroductionB. Safe Laboratory PracticesC. Laboratory Facility/Fixed EquipmentD. Hazard EvaluationE. Personal Protective EquipmentF. Worker Protection Medical ProgramG. Provisions for Work with Particularly Hazardous SubstancesH. Biological SafetyI. Radiological SafetyJ. Chemical Hygiene Plan

1100 WASTE MINIMIZATION AND DISPOSAL

A. IntroductionB. Waste MinimizationC. Waste Treatment and Disposal

Part 2000 PHYSICAL AND AGGREGATE PROPERTIES2010 INTRODUCTION

2020 QUALITY ASSURANCE/QUALITY CONTROL

A. IntroductionB. Quality Control Practices

2110 APPEARANCE

2120 COLOR

A. IntroductionB. Visual Comparison MethodC. Spectrophotometric—Single-Wavelength Method (Proposed)D. Spectrophotometric—Multi-Wavelength MethodE. Tristimulus Spectrophotometric MethodF. ADMI Weighted-Ordinate Spectrophotometric Method

2130 TURBIDITY

A. IntroductionB. Nephelometric Method

2150 ODOR

A. IntroductionB. Threshold Odor Test

2160 TASTE

A. IntroductionB. Flavor Threshold Test (FTT)C. Flavor Rating Assessment (FRA)

2170 FLAVOR PROFILE ANALYSIS

A. IntroductionB. Flavor Profile Analysis

2310 ACIDITY

A. IntroductionB. Titration Method

2320 ALKALINITY

A. IntroductionB. Titration Method

2330 CALCIUM CARBONATE SATURATION

A. IntroductionB. Indices Indicating Tendency of a Water to Precipitate or Dissolve CaCO3

C. Indices Predicting the Quantity of CaCO3 That Can Be Precipitated or DissolvedD. Graphical and Computer Methods for CaCO3 Indices

2340 HARDNESS

A. IntroductionB. Hardness by CalculationC. EDTA Titrimetric Method

2350 OXIDANT DEMAND/REQUIREMENT

A. IntroductionB. Chlorine Demand/RequirementC. Chlorine Dioxide Demand/RequirementD. Ozone Demand/Requirement—Batch MethodE. Ozone Demand/Requirement—Semi-Batch Method

2510 CONDUCTIVITY

A. IntroductionB. Laboratory Method

2520 SALINITY

A. IntroductionB. Electrical Conductivity MethodC. Density MethodD. Algorithm of Practical Salinity

2530 FLOATABLES

A. IntroductionB. Particulate FloatablesC. Trichlorotrifluoroethane-Soluble Floatable Oil and Grease

2540 SOLIDS

A. IntroductionB. Total Solids Dried at 103–105°CC. Total Dissolved Solids Dried at 180°CD. Total Suspended Solids Dried at 103–105°CE. Fixed and Volatile Solids Ignited at 550°CF. Settleable SolidsG. Total, Fixed, and Volatile Solids in Solid and Semisolid Samples

2550 TEMPERATURE

A. IntroductionB. Laboratory and Field Methods

2560 PARTICLE COUNTING AND SIZE DISTRIBUTION

A. Introduction

B. Electrical Sensing Zone MethodC. Light-Blockage MethodsD. Light-Scattering Method

2570 ASBESTOS

A. IntroductionB. Transmission Electron Microscopy Method

2580 OXIDATION–REDUCTION POTENTIAL (ORP)A. IntroductionB. Oxidation–Reduction Potential Measurement in Clean Water

2710 TESTS ON SLUDGES

A. IntroductionB. Oxygen-Consumption RateC. Settled Sludge VolumeD. Sludge Volume IndexE. Zone Settling RateF. Specific GravityG. Capillary Suction TimeH. Time-to-FilterI. Modified Settled Sludge Volume

2720 ANAEROBIC SLUDGE DIGESTER GAS ANALYSIS

A. IntroductionB. Volumetric MethodC. Gas Chromatographic Method

2810 DISSOLVED GAS SUPERSATURATION

A. IntroductionB. Direct-Sensing Membrane-Diffusion Method

Part 3000 METALS3010 INTRODUCTION

A A. General DiscussionB. Sampling and Sample Preservation

B C. General Precautions3020 QUALITY ASSURANCE/QUALITY CONTROL

A. IntroductionB. Quality Control Practices

3030 PRELIMINARY TREATMENT OF SAMPLES

A. IntroductionB. Filtration for Dissolved and Suspended MetalsC. Treatment for Acid-Extractable MetalsD. Digestion for MetalsE. Nitric Acid DigestionF. Nitric Acid-Hydrochloric Acid DigestionG. Nitric Acid-Sulfuric Acid DigestionH. Nitric Acid-Perchloric Acid DigestionI. Nitric Acid-Perchloric Acid-Hydrofluoric Acid DigestionJ. Dry Ashing

K. Microwave-Assisted Digestion3110 METALS BY ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROMETRY

3111 METALS BY FLAME ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROMETRY

A. IntroductionB. Direct Air-Acetylene Flame MethodC. Extraction/Air-Acetylene Flame MethodD. Direct Nitrous Oxide-Acetylene Flame MethodE. Extraction/Nitrous Oxide-Acetylene Flame Method

3112 METALS BY COLD-VAPOR ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROMETRY

A. IntroductionB. Cold-Vapor Atomic Absorption Spectrometric Method

3113 METALS BY ELECTROTHERMAL ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROMETRY

A. IntroductionB. Electrothermal Atomic Absorption Spectrometric Method

3114 ARSENIC AND SELENIUM BY HYDRIDE GENERATION/ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROMETRY

A. IntroductionB. Manual Hydride Generation/Atomic Absorption Spectrometric MethodC. Continuous Hydride Generation/Atomic Absorption Spectrometric Method

3120 METALS BY PLASMA EMISSION SPECTROSCOPY

A. IntroductionB. Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP) Method

3125 METALS BY INDUCTIVELY COUPLED PLASMA/MASS SPECTROMETRY

A. IntroductionB. Inductively-Coupled Plasma/Mass Spectrometry (ICP/MS) Method

3130 METALS BY ANODIC STRIPPING VOLTAMMETRY

A. IntroductionB. Determination of Lead, Cadmium, and Zinc

3500-Al ALUMINUM

A. IntroductionB. Eriochrome Cyanine R Method

3500-As ARSENIC

A. IntroductionB. Silver Diethyldithiocarbamate Method

3500-Ca CALCIUM

A. IntroductionB. EDTA Titrimetric Method

3500-Cr CHROMIUM

A. IntroductionB. Colorimetric MethodC. Ion Chromatographic Method

3500-Cu COPPER

A. IntroductionB. Neocuproine MethodC. Bathocuproine Method

3500-Fe IRON

A. Introduction

B. Phenanthroline Method3500-Pb LEAD

A. IntroductionB. Dithizone Method

3500-Li LITHIUM

A. IntroductionB. Flame Emission Photometric Method

3500-Mg MAGNESIUM

A. IntroductionB. Calculation Method

3500-Mn MANGANESE

A. IntroductionB. Persulfate Method

3500-K POTASSIUM

A. IntroductionB. Flame Photometric MethodC. Potassium-Selective Electrode Method

3500-Se SELENIUM

A. IntroductionB. Sample PreparationC. Colorimetric MethodD. Determination of Volatile SeleniumE. Determination of Nonvolatile Organic Selenium Compounds

3500-Na SODIUM

A. IntroductionB. Flame Emission Photometric Method

3500-Sr STRONTIUM

A. IntroductionB. Flame Emission Photometric Method

3500-V VANADIUM

A. IntroductionB. Gallic Acid Method

3500-Zn ZINC

A. IntroductionB. Zincon Method

3500 OTHER METALS

3500-Sb Antimony3500-Ba Barium3500-Be Beryllium3500-Bi Bismuth3500-B Boron3500-Cd Cadmium3500-Cs Cesium3500-Co Cobalt3500-Ga Gallium3500-Ge Germanium3500-Au Gold

3500-In Indium3500-Ir Iridium3500-Hg Mercury3500-Mo Molybdenum3500-Ni Nickel3500-Os Osmium3500-Pd Palladium3500-Pt Platinum3500-Re Rhenium3500-Rh Rhodium3500-Ru Ruthenium3500-Ag Silver3500-Te Tellurium3500-Tl Thallium3500-Th Thorium3500-Sn Tin3500-Ti Titanium3500-U Uranium

Part 4000 INORGANIC NONMETALLIC CONSTITUENTS4010 INTRODUCTION

4020 QUALITY ASSURANCE/QUALITY CONTROL

A. IntroductionB. Quality Control Practices

4110 DETERMINATION OF ANIONS BY ION CHROMATOGRAPHY

A. IntroductionB. Ion Chromatography with Chemical Suppression of Eluent ConductivityC. Single-Column Ion Chromatography with Direct Conductivity DetectionD. Ion Chromatographic Determination of Oxyhalides and Bromide

4120 SEGMENTED CONTINUOUS FLOW ANALYSIS

A. IntroductionB. Segmented Flow Analysis Method

4130 INORGANIC NONMETALS BY FLOW INJECTION ANALYSIS

A. IntroductionB. Quality Control

4140 INORGANIC ANIONS BY CAPILLARY ION ELECTROPHORESIS

A. IntroductionB. Capillary Ion Electrophoresis with Indirect UV Detection

4500-B BORON

A. IntroductionB. Curcumin MethodC. Carmine Method

4500-Br‾ BROMIDE

A. IntroductionB. Phenol Red Colorimetric Method

C. (Reserved)D. Flow Injection Analysis

4500-CO2 CARBON DIOXIDE

A. IntroductionB. Nomographic Determination of Free Carbon Dioxide and the Three Forms of AlkalinityC. Titrimetric Method for Free Carbon DioxideD. Carbon Dioxide and Forms of Alkalinity by Calculation

4500-CN‾ CYANIDE

A. IntroductionB. Preliminary Treatment of SamplesC. Total Cyanide after DistillationD. Titrimetric MethodE. Colorimetric MethodF. Cyanide-Selective Electrode MethodG. Cyanides Amenable to Chlorination after DistillationH. Cyanides Amenable to Chlorination without Distillation (Short-Cut Method)

I. Weak Acid Dissociable ChlorideJ. Cyanogen Chloride

K. Spot Testing for Sample ScreeningL. CyanatesM. ThiocyanateN. Total Cyanide after Distillation, by Flow Injection AnalysisO. Total Cyanide and Weak Acid Dissociable Cyanide by Flow Injection Analysis

4500-ClCHLORINE (RESIDUAL)A. IntroductionB. Iodometric Method IC. Iodometric Method IID. Amperometric Titration MethodE. Low-Level Amperometric Titration MethodF. DPD Ferrous Titrimetric MethodG. DPD Colorimetric MethodH. Syringaldazine (FACTS) MethodI. Iodometric Electrode Technique

4500-Cl‾ CHLORIDE

A. IntroductionB. Argentometric MethodC. Mercuric Nitrate MethodD. Potentiometric MethodE. Automated Ferricyanide MethodF. (Reserved)G. Mercuric Thiocyanate Flow Injection Analysis

4500-ClO2 CHLORINE DIOXIDE

A. IntroductionB. Iodometric MethodC. Amperometric Method ID. (Reserved)E. Amperometric Method II

4500-F‾ FLUORIDE

A. IntroductionB. Preliminary Distillation StepC. Ion-Selective Electrode MethodD. SPADNS MethodE. Complexone MethodF. (Reserved)G. Ion-Selective Electrode Flow Injection Analysis

4500-H+ PH VALUE

A. IntroductionB. Electrometric Method

4500-I IODINE

A. IntroductionB. Leuco Crystal Violet MethodC. Amperometric Titration Method

4500-I‾ IODIDE

A. IntroductionB. Leuco Crystal Violet MethodC. Catalytic Reduction MethodD. Voltammetric Method

4500-IO3‾ IODATE

A. IntroductionB. Polarographic Method

4500-N NITROGEN

A. IntroductionB. In-Line UV/Persulfate Digestion and Oxidation with Flow Injection AnalysisC. Persulfate MethodD. Conductimetric Determination of Inorganic Nitrogen

4500-NH3 NITROGEN (AMMONIA)A. IntroductionB. Preliminary Distillation StepC. Titrimetric MethodD. Ammonia-Selective Electrode MethodE. Ammonia-Selective Electrode Method Using Known AdditionF. Phenate MethodG. Automated Phenate MethodH. Flow Injection Analysis

4500-NO2‾ NITROGEN (NITRITE)A. IntroductionB. Colorimetric Method

4500-NO3‾ NITROGEN (NITRATE)A. IntroductionB. Ultraviolet Spectrophotometric Screening MethodC. Second-Derivative Ultraviolet Spectrophotometric Method (Proposed)D. Nitrate Electrode MethodE. Cadmium Reduction MethodF. Automated Cadmium Reduction Method

G. (Reserved)H. Automated Hydrazine Reduction MethodI. Cadmium Reduction Flow Injection Analysis

4500-Norg NITROGEN (ORGANIC)A. IntroductionB. Macro-Kjeldahl MethodC. Semi-Micro Kjeldahl MethodD. Block Digestion and Flow Injection Analysis

4500-O OXYGEN (DISSOLVED)A. IntroductionB. Iodometric MethodsC. Azide ModificationD. Permanganate ModificationE. Alum Flocculation ModificationF. Copper Sulfate-Sulfamic Acid Flocculation ModificationG. Membrane Electrode Method

4500-O3 OZONE (RESIDUAL)A. IntroductionB. Indigo Colorimetric Method

4500-PPHOSPHORUS

A. IntroductionB. Sample PreparationC. Vanadomolybdophosphoric Acid Colorimetric MethodD. Stannous Chloride MethodE. Ascorbic Acid MethodF. Automated Ascorbic Acid Reduction MethodG. Flow Injection Analysis for OrthophosphateH. Manual Digestion and Flow Injection Analysis for Total PhosphorusI. In-line UV/Persulfate Digestion and Flow Injection Analysis for Total PhosphorusJ. Persulfate Method for Simultaneous Determination of Total Nitrogen and Total

Phosphorus4500-KMnO4 POTASSIUM PERMANGANATE

A. IntroductionB. Spectrophotometric Method

4500-SiO2 SILICA

A. IntroductionB. (Reserved)C. Molybdosilicate MethodD. Heteropoly Blue MethodE. Automated Method for Molybdate-Reactive SilicaF. Flow Injection Analysis for Molybdate-Reactive Silica

4500-S2- SULFIDE

A. IntroductionB. Separation of Soluble and Insoluble SulfidesC. Sample Pretreatment to Remove Interfering Substances or to Concentrate the SulfideD. Methylene Blue MethodE. Gas Dialysis, Automated Methylene Blue Method

F. Iodometric MethodG. Ion-Selective Electrode MethodH. Calculation of Un-ionized Hydrogen SulfideI. Distillation, Methylene Blue Flow Injection AnalysisJ. Acid-Volatile Sulfide

4500-SO32- SULFITE

A. IntroductionB. Iodometric MethodC. Phenanthroline Method

4500-SO42- SULFATE

A. IntroductionB. (Reserved)C. Gravimetric Method with Ignition of ResidueD. Gravimetric Method with Drying of ResidueE. Turbidimetric MethodF. Automated Methylthymol Blue MethodG. Methylthymol Blue Flow Injection Analysis

Part 5000 AGGREGATE ORGANIC CONSTITUENTS5010 INTRODUCTION

A. General DiscussionB. Sample Collection and Preservation

5020 QUALITY ASSURANCE/QUALITY CONTROL

A. IntroductionB. Quality Control Practices

5210 BIOCHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND (BOD)A. IntroductionB. 5-Day BOD TestC. Ultimate BOD TestD. Respirometric Method

5220 CHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND (COD)A. IntroductionB. Open Reflux MethodC. Closed Reflux, Titrimetric MethodD. Closed Reflux, Colorimetric Method

5310 TOTAL ORGANIC CARBON (TOC)A. IntroductionB. High-Temperature Combustion MethodC. Persulfate-Ultraviolet or Heated-Persulfate Oxidation Method

D. Wet Oxidation Method5320 DISSOLVED ORGANIC HALOGEN

A. IntroductionB. Adsorption-Pyrolysis-Titrimetric Method

5510 AQUATIC HUMIC SUBSTANCES

A. IntroductionB. Diethylaminoethyl (DEAE) Method

C. XAD Method5520 OIL AND GREASE

A. IntroductionB. Liquid-Liquid, Partition-Gravimetric MethodC. Partition-Infrared MethodD. Soxhlet Extraction MethodE. Extraction Method for Sludge SamplesF. HydrocarbonsG. Solid-Phase, Partition-Gravimetric Method

5530 PHENOLS

A. IntroductionB. Cleanup ProcedureC. Chloroform Extraction MethodD. Direct Photometric Method

5540 SURFACTANTS

A. IntroductionB. Surfactant Separation by SublationC. Anionic Surfactants as MBASD. Nonionic Surfactants as CTAS

5550 TANNIN AND LIGNIN

A. IntroductionB. Colorimetric Method

5560 ORGANIC AND VOLATILE ACIDS

A. IntroductionB. Chromatographic Separation Method for Organic AcidsC. Distillation MethodD. Gas Chromatographic Method

5710 FORMATION OF TRIHALOMETHANES AND OTHER DISINFECTION BY-PRODUCTS

A. IntroductionB. Trihalomethane Formation Potential (THMFP)C. Simulated Distribution System Trihalomethanes (SDS-THM)D. Formation of Other Disinfection By-Products (DBPs)

5910 UV-ABSORBING ORGANIC CONSTITUENTS

A. IntroductionB. Ultraviolet Absorption Method

Part 6000 INDIVIDUAL ORGANIC COMPOUNDS6010 INTRODUCTION

A. General DiscussionB. Sample Collection and PreservationC. Analytical Methods

6020 QUALITY ASSURANCE/QUALITY CONTROL

A. IntroductionB. Quality Control Practices

6040 CONSTITUENT CONCENTRATION BY GAS EXTRACTION

A. Introduction

B. Closed-Loop Stripping, Gas Chromatographic/Mass Spectrometric AnalysisC. Purge and Trap TechniqueD. Solid-Phase Microextraction (SPME)E. Solid-Phase Microextracion (SPME) with CI GC/MS/MS

6200 VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

A. IntroductionB. Purge and Trap Capillary-Column Gas Chromatographic/Mass Spectrometric

MethodC. Purge and Trap Capillary-Column Gas Chromatographic Method

6211 METHANE

A. IntroductionB. Combustible-Gas Indicator MethodC. Volumetric Method

6231 1,2-DIBROMOETHANE (EDB) AND 1,2-DIBROMO-3-CHLOROPROPANE (DBCP)A. IntroductionB. Liquid-Liquid Extraction Gas Chromatographic MethodC. Purge and Trap Gas Chromatographic/Mass Spectrometric MethodD. Purge and Trap Gas Chromatographic Method

6232 TRIHALOMETHANES AND CHLORINATED ORGANIC SOLVENTS A. IntroductionB. Liquid-Liquid Extraction Gas Chromatographic MethodC. Purge and Trap Gas Chromatographic/Mass Spectrometric MethodD. Purge and Trap Gas Chromatographic Method

6251 DISINFECTION BY-PRODUCTS: HALOACETIC ACIDS AND TRICHLOROPHENOL

A. IntroductionB. Micro Liquid-Liquid Extraction Gas Chromatographic Method

6252 DISINFECTION BY-PRODUCTS: ALDEHYDES

A. IntroductionB. PFBHA Liquid-Liquid Extraction Gas Chromatographic Method

6410 EXTRACTABLE BASE/NEUTRALS AND ACIDS

A. IntroductionB. Liquid-Liquid Extraction Gas Chromatographic/Mass Spectrometric Method

6420 PHENOLS

A. IntroductionB. Liquid-Liquid Extraction Gas Chromatographic MethodC. Liquid-Liquid Extraction Gas Chromatographic/Mass Spectrometric Method

6431 POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS (PCBS)A. IntroductionB. Liquid-Liquid Extraction Gas Chromatographic MethodC. Liquid-Liquid Extraction Gas Chromatographic/Mass Spectrometric Method

6440 POLYNUCLEAR AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS

A. IntroductionB. Liquid-Liquid Extraction Chromatographic MethodC. Liquid-Liquid Extraction Gas Chromatographic/Mass Spectrometric Method

6450 NITROSAMINES

A. Introduction

B. Carbonaceous-Resin Solid-Phase Extraction GC/MS MethodC. Micro Liquid-Liquid Extraction GC/MS Method

6610 CARBAMATE PESTICIDES

A. IntroductionB. High-Performance Liquid Chromatographic Method

6630 ORGANOCHLORINE PESTICIDES

A. IntroductionB. Liquid-Liquid Extraction Gas Chromatographic Method I

Appendix—Standardization of Magnesia-Silica Gel Column by Weight Adjustment Based on Adsorption of Lauric Acid

C. Liquid-Liquid Extraction Gas Chromatographic Method IID. Liquid-Liquid Extraction Gas Chromatographic/Mass Spectrometric Method

6640 ACIDIC HERBICIDE COMPOUNDS

A. IntroductionB. Micro Liquid-Liquid Extraction Gas Chromatographic Method

6651 GLYPHOSATE HERBICIDE

A. IntroductionB. Liquid Chromatographic Post-Column Fluorescence Method

6710 TRIBUTYL TIN

A. IntroductionB. Gas Chromatographic/Mass Spectrometric MethodC. Gas Chromatographic/Flame Photometric Detector Method

Part 7000 RADIOACTIVITY7010 INTRODUCTION

A. General DiscussionB. Sample Collection and Preservation

7020 QUALITY SYSTEM

A. Quality Systems/Quality Assurance/Quality Control ProgramB. Quality Control for Wastewater SamplesC. StatisticsD. Calculation and Expression of Results

7030 COUNTING INSTRUMENTS

A. IntroductionB. Description and Operation of Instruments

7040 FACILITIES

A. Counting RoomB. Radiochemistry LaboratoryC. Laboratory SafetyD. Pollution PreventionE. Waste Management

7110 GROSS ALPHA AND GROSS BETA RADIOACTIVITY (TOTAL, SUSPENDED, AND DISSOLVED)

A. IntroductionB. Evaporation Method for Gross Alpha-BetaC. Coprecipitation Method for Gross Alpha Radioactivity in Drinking Water

7120 GAMMA-EMITTING RADIONUCLIDES

A. IntroductionB. Gamma Spectroscopic Method

7500-Cs RADIOACTIVE CESIUM

A. IntroductionB. Precipitation Method

7500-I RADIOACTIVE IODINE

A. IntroductionB. Precipitation MethodC. Ion-Exchange MethodD. Distillation Method

7500-Ra RADIUM

A. IntroductionB. Precipitation MethodC. Emanation MethodD. Sequential Precipitation MethodE. Gamma Spectroscopy Method

7500-Rn RADON

A. IntroductionB. Liquid Scintillation Method

7500-Sr TOTAL RADIOACTIVE STRONTIUM AND STRONTIUM-90A. IntroductionB. Precipitation Method

7500-3H TRITIUM

A. IntroductionB. Liquid Scintillation Spectrometric Method

7500-U URANIUM

A. IntroductionB. Radiochemical MethodC. Isotopic Method

Part 8000 TOXICITY8010 INTRODUCTION

A. General DiscussionB. TerminologyC. Basic RequirementsD. Conducting Toxicity TestsE. Preparing Organisms for Toxicity TestsF. Toxicity Test Systems, Materials, and ProceduresG. Calculating, Analyzing, and Reporting Results of Toxicity TestsH. Interpreting and Applying Results of Toxicity TestsI. Selected Toxicological Literature

8020 QUALITY ASSURANCE AND QUALITY CONTROL IN LABORATORY TOXICITY TESTS

A. General DiscussionB. Elements of QA/QC

8030 MUTAGENESIS

A. IntroductionB. Salmonella Microsomal Mutagenicity Test

8050 BACTERIAL BIOLUMINESCENCE

A. IntroductionB. Bacterial Bioluminescence Test

8070 P450 REPORTER GENE RESPONSE TO DIOXIN-LIKE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

A. IntroductionB. The P450 RGS Test

8071 COMET/SINGLE-CELL GEL ELECTROPHORESIS ASSAY FOR DETECTION OF DNA DAMAGE

A. IntroductionB. Comet/Single-Cell Gel Electrophoresis Assay

8080 SEDIMENT POREWATER TESTING

A. IntroductionB. Sediment Collection and StorageC. Extraction of Sediment Pore WaterD. Toxicity Testing Procedures

8110 ALGAE

8111 BIOSTIMULATION (ALGAL PRODUCTIVITY)A. General PrinciplesB. Planning and Evaluating Algal AssaysC. ApparatusD. Sample HandlingE. Synthetic Algal Culture MediumF. InoculumG. Test Conditions and ProceduresH. Effect of AdditionsI. Data Analysis and Interpretation

8112 PHYTOPLANKTON

A. IntroductionB. InoculumC. Test Conditions and Procedures

8113 MARINE MACROALGAE

A. IntroductionB. Selecting and Preparing Macrocystis pyrifera SporophyllsC. Toxicity Test ProceduresD. Data Evaluation

8200 AQUATIC FLOWERING PLANTS

8211 DUCKWEED

A. IntroductionB. Selecting and Preparing Test OrganismsC. Toxicity Test Procedure

8220 AQUATIC EMERGENT PLANTS

A. IntroductionB. Selecting and Preparing Test OrganismsC. Toxicity Test Procedure

8310 CILIATED PROTOZOA

A. IntroductionB. Growth Inhibition Test with Freshwater Ciliate Colpidium campylumC. Chemotactic Test with Freshwater Ciliate Tetrahymena ThermophilaD. Growth Inhibition Test with the Soil Ciliate Colpoda inflata

8420 ROTIFERS

A. IntroductionB. Selecting and Preparing Testing OrganismsC. Aquatic Toxicity Test Procedures

8510 ANNELIDS

A. IntroductionB. Selecting and Preparing Test OrganismsC. Toxicity Test ProceduresD. Sediment Test Procedures Using the Marine Polychaete Neanthes

arenaceodentataE. Sediment Test Procedures using the Marine Polychaete Polydora cornutaF. Sediment Test Procedures Using the Freshwater and Marine Oligochaetes

Pristina leidyi, Tubifex tubifex, and Lumbriculus variegatusG. Data Evaluation

8610 MOLLUSKS

A. IntroductionB. Selecting and Preparing Test OrganismsC. Short-Term Test Procedures Using Marine Mollusk LarvaeD. Sediment Test Procedures Using Marine BivalvesE. Field Test Procedures Using Freshwater and Marine Bivalves

8710 ARTHROPODS

8711 DAPHNIA

A. IntroductionB. Selecting and Preparing Test OrganismsC. Toxicity Test Procedures

8712 CERIODAPHNIA

A. IntroductionB. Selecting and Preparing Test OrganismsC. Toxicity Test Procedures

8714 MYSIDS

A. IntroductionB. Selecting and Preparing Test OrganismsC. Toxicity Test Procedures

8740 DECAPODS

A. IntroductionB. Selecting and Preparing Test OrganismsC. Toxicity Test ProceduresD. Data Evaluation

8750 AQUATIC INSECTS

A. IntroductionC B. Selecting and Preparing Test Organisms

C. Toxicity Test Procedures

D D. Data Evaluation8810 ECHINODERM FERTILIZATION AND DEVELOPMENT

A. IntroductionB. Selecting and Preparing Test OrganismsC. Echinoderm Fertilization TestD. Echinoderm Embryo Development Test

8910 FISH

A. IntroductionB. Fish Selection and Culture ProceduresC. Toxicity Test Procedures

8921 FATHEAD MINNOW

A. IntroductionB. Culture and Maintenance of Test OrganismsC. Toxicity Test Procedures

8930 AMPHIBIANS (PROPOSED)A. IntroductionB. Culture and Maintenance of Test OrganismsC. Toxicity Test Procedures

Part 9000 MICROBIOLOGICAL EXAMINATION9010 INTRODUCTION

9020 QUALITY ASSURANCE/QUALITY CONTROL

A. IntroductionB. Intralaboratory Quality Control GuidelinesC. Interlaboratory Quality Control

9030 LABORATORY APPARATUS

A. IntroductionB. Equipment Specifications

9040 WASHING AND STERILIZATION

9050 PREPARATION OF CULTURE MEDIA

A. General ProceduresB. WaterC. Media Specifications

9060 SAMPLES

A. CollectionB. Preservation and Storage

9211 RAPID DETECTION METHODS

A. IntroductionB. Seven-Hour Fecal Coliform TestC. Special Techniques

9212 STRESSED MICROORGANISMS

A. IntroductionB. Recovery Enhancement

9213 RECREATIONAL WATERS

A. IntroductionB. Swimming Pools

C. WhirlpoolsD. Natural Bathing BeachesE. Membrane Filter Technique for Pseudomonas aeruginosaF. Multiple-Tube Technique for Pseudomonas aeruginosa

9215 HETEROTROPHIC PLATE COUNT

A. IntroductionB. Pour Plate MethodC. Spread Plate MethodD. Membrane Filter MethodE. Enzyme Substrate Method

9216 DIRECT TOTAL MICROBIAL COUNT

A. IntroductionB. Epifluorescence Microscopic Method Using Acridine Orange

9217 ASSIMILABLE ORGANIC CARBON

A. IntroductionB. Pseudomonas fluorescens Strain P-17, Spirillum Strain NOX Method

9218 AEROBIC ENDOSPORES

A. IntroductionB. Membrane Filter Method

9221 MULTIPLE-TUBE FERMENTATION TECHNIQUE FOR MEMBERS OF THE COLIFORM GROUP

A. IntroductionB. Standard Total Coliform Fermentation TechniqueC. Estimation of Bacterial DensityD. Presence–Absence (P–A) Coliform TestE. Fecal Coliform ProcedureF. Escherichia coli Procedure Using Fluorogenic SubstrateG. Other Escherichia coli Procedures (PROPOSED)

9222 MEMBRANE FILTER TECHNIQUE FOR MEMBERS OF THE COLIFORM GROUP

A. IntroductionB. Standard Total Coliform Membrane Filter ProcedureC. Delayed-Incubation Total Coliform ProcedureD. Thermotolerant (Fecal) Coliform Membrane Filter ProcedureE. Delayed-Incubation Thermotolerant (Fecal) Coliform ProcedureF. Klebsiella Membrane Filter ProcedureG. MF Partition ProceduresH. Simultaneous Detection of Total Coliform and E. coli by Dual-Chromogen

Membrane Filter Procedure (PROPOSED)I. Simultaneous Detection of Total Coliform and E. coli by

Fluorogen/Chromogen Membrane Filter Procedure (PROPOSED)9223 ENZYME SUBSTRATE COLIFORM TEST

A. IntroductionB. Enzyme Substrate Test

9224 DETECTION OF COLIPHAGES

A. IntroductionB. Somatic Coliphage AssayC. Male-Specific Coliphage Assay Using Escherichia coli Famp

D. Male-Specific Coliphage Assay Using Salmonella typhimurium WG49E. Single-Agar-Layer MethodF. Membrane Filter Method

9225 DIFFERENTIATION OF COLIFORM BACTERIA

A. IntroductionB. Culture PurificationC. IdentificationD. Media, Reagents, and ProceduresE. Reporting Results

9230 FECAL STREPTOCOCCUS/STREPTOCOCCUS GROUPS

A. IntroductionB. Multiple-Tube TechniqueC. Membrane Filter TechniquesD. Fluorogenic Substrate Enterococcus Test

9240 IRON AND SULFUR BACTERIA

A. IntroductionB. Iron BacteriaC. Sulfur BacteriaD. Enumerating, Enriching, and Isolating Iron and Sulfur BacteriaE. Bacteria Living in Acidic Environments

9245 NITRIFYING BACTERIA

A. IntroductionB. Multiple-Tube Method

9250 DETECTION OF ACTINOMYCETES

A. IntroductionB. Actinomycete Plate Count

9260 DETECTION OF PATHOGENIC BACTERIA

A. IntroductionB. SalmonellaC. (Reserved)D. (Reserved)A. ShigellaE. Diarrheagenic Escherichia coliB. CampylobacterC. VibrioD. LeptospiraE. LegionellaF. Yersinia enterocoliticaF. AeromonasG. Mycobacterium

9510 DETECTION OF ENTERIC VIRUSES

A. IntroductionB. Virus Concentration from Small Sample Volumes by Adsorption to and

Elution from Microporous FiltersC. Virus Concentration from Large Sample Volumes by Adsorption to and

Elution from Microporous FiltersD. Virus Concentration by Aluminum Hydroxide Adsorption-Precipitation

E. Hydroextraction-Dialysis with Polyethylene GlycolF. Recovery of Viruses from Suspended Solids in Water and WastewaterG. Assay and Identification of Viruses in Sample Concentrates

9610 DETECTION OF FUNGI

A. IntroductionB. Pour Plate TechniqueC. Spread Plate TechniqueD. Membrane Filter TechniqueE. Technique for YeastsF. Zoosporic FungiG. Aquatic HyphomycetesH. Fungi Pathogenic to Humans

9711 PATHOGENIC PROTOZOA

A. IntroductionB. Detection of Giardia and Cryptosporidium in WaterC. Detection of Giardia and Cryptosporidium in WastewaterD. Infectivity of Cryptosporidium in Cell Culture

Part 10000 BIOLOGICAL EXAMINATION10010 INTRODUCTION

10200 PLANKTON

A. IntroductionB. Sample CollectionC. Concentration TechniquesD. Preparing Slide MountsE. Microscopes and CalibrationsF. Phytoplankton Counting TechniquesG. Zooplankton Counting TechniquesH. ChlorophyllI. Determination of Biomass (Standing Crop)J. Metabolic Rate Measurements

10300 PERIPHYTON

A. IntroductionB. Sample CollectionC. Sample AnalysisD. Primary ProductivityE. Interpreting and Reporting Results

10400 MACROPHYTES

A. IntroductionB. Preliminary SurveyC. Vegetation Mapping MethodsD. Population EstimatesE. Productivity

10500 BENTHIC MACROINVERTEBRATES

A. IntroductionB. Sample Collection

C. Sample Processing and AnalysisD. Data Evaluation, Presentation, and Conclusions

10600 FISHES

A. IntroductionB. Data AcquisitionC. Sample PreservationD. Analysis of CollectionsE. Investigation of Fish Kills

10700 BENTHIC MEIOFAUNA

10750 NEMATOLOGICAL EXAMINATION

A. IntroductionB. Collection and Processing Techniques for NematodesC. Illustrated Key to Freshwater Nematodes

10900 IDENTIFICATION OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS

A. Procedure in IdentificationB. Key to Major Groups of Aquatic Organisms (Plates 1–35)

AcknowledgementsC. Key for Identification of Freshwater Algae Common in Water Supplies and

Polluted Waters (Plates 1A, 1B, 28–35)D. Index to IllustrationsE. Selected Taxonomic References