09 articulations selected articulations in depth
DESCRIPTION
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: 09 Articulations Selected Articulations In Depth](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013003/5455ad33af7959664b8b5434/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ)
• Combination of a hinge and gliding joint
• Reinforced by 3 major extrinsic ligaments
• Only synovial joint in skull• Depression/elevation• Protraction/retraction• Lateral movements
![Page 2: 09 Articulations Selected Articulations In Depth](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013003/5455ad33af7959664b8b5434/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
![Page 3: 09 Articulations Selected Articulations In Depth](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013003/5455ad33af7959664b8b5434/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
The temporomandibular joint is formed by the mandibular condyle and the mandibular fossa of the temporal bone. It is supported by ligaments.
![Page 4: 09 Articulations Selected Articulations In Depth](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013003/5455ad33af7959664b8b5434/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
![Page 5: 09 Articulations Selected Articulations In Depth](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013003/5455ad33af7959664b8b5434/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
An articular disc separates the bones within the joint capsule. The movement of this disc may create clicking or popping sounds.
![Page 6: 09 Articulations Selected Articulations In Depth](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013003/5455ad33af7959664b8b5434/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
The TMJ allows depression/elevation, protraction/retraction, and lateral rotary movements.
![Page 7: 09 Articulations Selected Articulations In Depth](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013003/5455ad33af7959664b8b5434/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Mouth splints can prevent teeth grinding which can lead to TMJ syndrome
![Page 8: 09 Articulations Selected Articulations In Depth](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013003/5455ad33af7959664b8b5434/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Close-up of mouth splint used to prevent TMJ syndrome
![Page 9: 09 Articulations Selected Articulations In Depth](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013003/5455ad33af7959664b8b5434/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
ACCORDING TO THE CLINICAL VIEW IN YOUR TEXT, TMJ DISORDER CAN CAUSE WIDESPREAD DISTRIBUTION OF PAIN IN THE HEAD. WHY?
A SPREAD OF INFLAMMATORY CHEMICALS VIA THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
B AVASCULAR NECROSIS
C AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE
D PSYCHOSOMATIC PAIN FROM OCCIPITAL LOBE OF THE CEREBRUM
E IRRITATION OF THE TRIGEMINAL NERVE
![Page 10: 09 Articulations Selected Articulations In Depth](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013003/5455ad33af7959664b8b5434/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
The intervertebral discs form an amphiarthrotic symphysis between one vertebral body and the next.
The articulation between the articular processes form amphiarthotic synovial gliding (planar) joints.
![Page 11: 09 Articulations Selected Articulations In Depth](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013003/5455ad33af7959664b8b5434/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
The combined effect of slight movement between all the gliding joints is considerable movement of the spine.
![Page 12: 09 Articulations Selected Articulations In Depth](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013003/5455ad33af7959664b8b5434/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Palpation of the ligamentum nuchae
![Page 13: 09 Articulations Selected Articulations In Depth](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013003/5455ad33af7959664b8b5434/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
The sternoclavicular joint is formed where the clavicle articulates with the manubrium. Depending on the reference source it is a either a diarthrotic synovial gliding joint OR a diarthrotic synovial saddle joint.
![Page 14: 09 Articulations Selected Articulations In Depth](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013003/5455ad33af7959664b8b5434/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Sternoclavicular joint has an articular disc.
![Page 15: 09 Articulations Selected Articulations In Depth](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013003/5455ad33af7959664b8b5434/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Mike Bond putting great stress on his sternoclavicular joints
![Page 16: 09 Articulations Selected Articulations In Depth](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013003/5455ad33af7959664b8b5434/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Dislocation of the sternoclavicular joint
![Page 17: 09 Articulations Selected Articulations In Depth](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013003/5455ad33af7959664b8b5434/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Partial dislocation of both sternoclavicular joints with bleeding
![Page 18: 09 Articulations Selected Articulations In Depth](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013003/5455ad33af7959664b8b5434/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
![Page 19: 09 Articulations Selected Articulations In Depth](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013003/5455ad33af7959664b8b5434/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
![Page 20: 09 Articulations Selected Articulations In Depth](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013003/5455ad33af7959664b8b5434/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
X ray of acromioclavicular separation
![Page 21: 09 Articulations Selected Articulations In Depth](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013003/5455ad33af7959664b8b5434/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Glenohumeral Joint
![Page 22: 09 Articulations Selected Articulations In Depth](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013003/5455ad33af7959664b8b5434/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
The glenohumeral joint is formed by the head of the humerus articulating with the glenoid cavity of the scapula
![Page 23: 09 Articulations Selected Articulations In Depth](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013003/5455ad33af7959664b8b5434/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Master Long preparing to dislocate an opponent’s glenohumeral joint
Read clinical view in the text
![Page 24: 09 Articulations Selected Articulations In Depth](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013003/5455ad33af7959664b8b5434/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
U. S. soldier learning how to dislocate opponent’s shoulder
Green arrow shows direction of force
![Page 25: 09 Articulations Selected Articulations In Depth](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013003/5455ad33af7959664b8b5434/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Dislocation (luxation) of the right shoulder (glenohumeral joint) with subsequent anterior displacement of the head of the humerus.
![Page 26: 09 Articulations Selected Articulations In Depth](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013003/5455ad33af7959664b8b5434/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Glenohumeral dislocation
![Page 27: 09 Articulations Selected Articulations In Depth](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013003/5455ad33af7959664b8b5434/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Doctor’s foot
![Page 28: 09 Articulations Selected Articulations In Depth](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013003/5455ad33af7959664b8b5434/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
The glenoid labrum deepens the concavity of the shoulder joint
![Page 29: 09 Articulations Selected Articulations In Depth](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013003/5455ad33af7959664b8b5434/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Lateral view of scapula
![Page 30: 09 Articulations Selected Articulations In Depth](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013003/5455ad33af7959664b8b5434/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Rotator cuff (musculotendinous cuff) is formed by tendons of the infraspinatus, subscapularis, supraspinatus, and teres major. It is weak inferiorly.
![Page 31: 09 Articulations Selected Articulations In Depth](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013003/5455ad33af7959664b8b5434/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
The coracohumeral ligament, glenohumeral ligaments, and the transverse humeral ligament all help stabilize the glenohumeral joint.
![Page 32: 09 Articulations Selected Articulations In Depth](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013003/5455ad33af7959664b8b5434/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
There are numerous bursae and tendon sheaths associated with the shoulder (glenohumeral) joint.
![Page 33: 09 Articulations Selected Articulations In Depth](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013003/5455ad33af7959664b8b5434/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING IS A CORRECT STATEMENT?
A GLENOHUMERAL DISLOCATIONS (LUXATIONS) INITIALLY OCCUR SUPERIORLY AND THEN THE HUMERAL HEAD SHIFTS POSTERIORLY.
B THE LIGAMENTUM NUCHAE CONNECTS TO THE VERTEBRA PROMINENS
C THE FIBROCARTILAGE PADS BETWEEN VERTEBRAL BODIES FORM SYNCHONDROSES
D THE ARTICULATION BETWEEN VERTEBRAL ARTICULAR PROCESSES ARE BIAXIAL SYMPHYSES
E. THE MUSCULOTENDINOUS CUFF IS FORMED BY INTEROSSEOUS MEMBRANE
![Page 34: 09 Articulations Selected Articulations In Depth](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013003/5455ad33af7959664b8b5434/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Elbow joint
![Page 35: 09 Articulations Selected Articulations In Depth](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013003/5455ad33af7959664b8b5434/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
The humeroulnar joint (between trochlea and trochlear notch) is a hinge joint. The humeroradial joint (between capitulum and radial head) is considered by some to be a gliding joint.
Anterior view
![Page 36: 09 Articulations Selected Articulations In Depth](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013003/5455ad33af7959664b8b5434/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Elbow joint
![Page 37: 09 Articulations Selected Articulations In Depth](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013003/5455ad33af7959664b8b5434/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
![Page 38: 09 Articulations Selected Articulations In Depth](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013003/5455ad33af7959664b8b5434/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
The elbow joint is supported by its articular capsule and by multiple strong ligaments: the radial (lateral) collateral ligament, the ulnar (medial) collateral ligament, and the annular ligament.
![Page 39: 09 Articulations Selected Articulations In Depth](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013003/5455ad33af7959664b8b5434/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Elbow joint: note radial (lateral) collateral ligament and anular ligament
![Page 40: 09 Articulations Selected Articulations In Depth](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013003/5455ad33af7959664b8b5434/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Elbow joint: note the ulnar (medial) collateral ligament and the anular ligament.
![Page 41: 09 Articulations Selected Articulations In Depth](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013003/5455ad33af7959664b8b5434/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Read clinical view about subluxation of the head of the radius in your text
![Page 42: 09 Articulations Selected Articulations In Depth](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013003/5455ad33af7959664b8b5434/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Subluxation of the head of the radius
![Page 43: 09 Articulations Selected Articulations In Depth](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013003/5455ad33af7959664b8b5434/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Dislocation (luxation) of the elbow can damage the associated ligaments
![Page 44: 09 Articulations Selected Articulations In Depth](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013003/5455ad33af7959664b8b5434/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
The radiocarpal (wrist) articulation does NOT include the distal end of the ulna because the ulna is separated from the carpal bones by an articular disc.
![Page 45: 09 Articulations Selected Articulations In Depth](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013003/5455ad33af7959664b8b5434/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Metacarpophalangeal and interphalangeal joints
![Page 46: 09 Articulations Selected Articulations In Depth](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013003/5455ad33af7959664b8b5434/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Hinge joints
Condyloid joint
No ligamentous support posteriorly!
![Page 47: 09 Articulations Selected Articulations In Depth](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013003/5455ad33af7959664b8b5434/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Posterior dislocation of interphalangeal joint
![Page 48: 09 Articulations Selected Articulations In Depth](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013003/5455ad33af7959664b8b5434/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Open dislocation of interphalangeal joint of finger #1
![Page 49: 09 Articulations Selected Articulations In Depth](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013003/5455ad33af7959664b8b5434/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
![Page 50: 09 Articulations Selected Articulations In Depth](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013003/5455ad33af7959664b8b5434/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Coxal (hip, acetabulofemoral) joints
![Page 51: 09 Articulations Selected Articulations In Depth](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013003/5455ad33af7959664b8b5434/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
A fibrocartilage acetabular labrum deepens the concavity of the acetabulum and helps stabilize the coxal (acetabulofemoral) joint
![Page 52: 09 Articulations Selected Articulations In Depth](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013003/5455ad33af7959664b8b5434/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Strong ligaments, a strong joint capsule, and powerful muscles help to stabilize the acetabulofemoral joint
![Page 53: 09 Articulations Selected Articulations In Depth](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013003/5455ad33af7959664b8b5434/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
The retinacular fibers support the joint capsule and contain arteries that supply most of the blood to the neck and head of the femur
The ligament of the head of the femur (ligamentum teres) contains a small artery that supplies some of the blood to the head of the femur.
![Page 54: 09 Articulations Selected Articulations In Depth](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013003/5455ad33af7959664b8b5434/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Fracture of the neck of the femur
Read about fracture of the femoral neck in the clinical view in the text
![Page 55: 09 Articulations Selected Articulations In Depth](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013003/5455ad33af7959664b8b5434/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
![Page 56: 09 Articulations Selected Articulations In Depth](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013003/5455ad33af7959664b8b5434/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
The knee joint is composed of two separate articulations: the tibiofemoral joint and the patellofemoral joint.
![Page 57: 09 Articulations Selected Articulations In Depth](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013003/5455ad33af7959664b8b5434/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
Patellofemoral joint of left knee
of femur
![Page 58: 09 Articulations Selected Articulations In Depth](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013003/5455ad33af7959664b8b5434/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
The quadriceps femoris tendon inserts onto the patella, which is embedded in this tendon
The patellar ligament extends inferiorly from the patella and attaches to the tibial tuberosity
![Page 59: 09 Articulations Selected Articulations In Depth](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013003/5455ad33af7959664b8b5434/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
The tibiofemoral joint is stabilized by the lateral (fibular) collateral ligament and by the medial (tibial) collateral ligament. The LCL is NOT attached to the meniscus.
Right knee, anterior view
![Page 60: 09 Articulations Selected Articulations In Depth](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013003/5455ad33af7959664b8b5434/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
In varus displacement of the knee (hyperadduction of the lower leg), the distal segment (lower leg) is abnormally deviated medially. This is normally prevented by the lateral (fibular) collateral ligament.
![Page 61: 09 Articulations Selected Articulations In Depth](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013003/5455ad33af7959664b8b5434/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
The tibiofemoral joint is stabilized by the lateral (fibular) collateral ligament and by the medial (tibial) collateral ligament.
Right knee, anterior view
![Page 62: 09 Articulations Selected Articulations In Depth](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013003/5455ad33af7959664b8b5434/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
In valgus displacement of the knee (hyperabduction of the lower leg), the knee is driven medially while the lower leg is deviated laterally. This is normally prevented by the medial (tibial) collateral ligament.
![Page 63: 09 Articulations Selected Articulations In Depth](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013003/5455ad33af7959664b8b5434/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
attached
The medial collateral ligament is attached to the medial meniscus. This means if the MCL tears the medical meniscus also tears.
Right knee, anterior view
![Page 64: 09 Articulations Selected Articulations In Depth](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013003/5455ad33af7959664b8b5434/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
The medial meniscus and the lateral meniscus are made of fibrocartilage and help stabilize the knee and act as cushions. Note the MCL is attached to the medial meniscus.
attached
Right knee, anterior view
![Page 65: 09 Articulations Selected Articulations In Depth](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013003/5455ad33af7959664b8b5434/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
The menisci help to pad and stabilize the knee
![Page 66: 09 Articulations Selected Articulations In Depth](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013003/5455ad33af7959664b8b5434/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
More deeply the tibiofemoral joint is stabilized by the posterior cruciate ligament and by the anterior cruciate ligament.
![Page 67: 09 Articulations Selected Articulations In Depth](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013003/5455ad33af7959664b8b5434/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
Note that the posterior cruciate ligament is tight (taut) when the tibiofemoral joint is flexed while the anterior cruciate ligament is tight (taut) when the tibiofemoral joint is extended. Most knee injuries occur when the knee is extended (anterior cruciate ligament is tight) so it is commonly ruptured (ruptured ACL) by hyperextension or lateral displacement when leg is extended.
ACL tight PCL tight
![Page 68: 09 Articulations Selected Articulations In Depth](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013003/5455ad33af7959664b8b5434/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
Humans are bipedal animals. An important aspect in walking and standing is the ability to “lock” the knees. This is possible because at full extension the tibia rotates laterally so as to tighten the ACL and squeeze the meniscus between the tibia and femur. This mechanism permits a person to stand for long periods without using or tiring the muscles of the leg.
![Page 69: 09 Articulations Selected Articulations In Depth](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013003/5455ad33af7959664b8b5434/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
The tibiofemoral joint (knee) is very vulnerable to injury. Read the clinical view in the text.
![Page 70: 09 Articulations Selected Articulations In Depth](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013003/5455ad33af7959664b8b5434/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
Valgus deviation of the knee (hyperabduction of lower leg))
![Page 71: 09 Articulations Selected Articulations In Depth](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013003/5455ad33af7959664b8b5434/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
Valgus stress to the knee (hyperabduction of the lower leg) can rupture the MCL, the medial meniscus, and, if enough displacement occurs, the ACL and the PCL.
(medial)
![Page 72: 09 Articulations Selected Articulations In Depth](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013003/5455ad33af7959664b8b5434/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
![Page 73: 09 Articulations Selected Articulations In Depth](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013003/5455ad33af7959664b8b5434/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
![Page 74: 09 Articulations Selected Articulations In Depth](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013003/5455ad33af7959664b8b5434/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
An allograft replacement of the ACL uses materials from another person (cadaver)
![Page 75: 09 Articulations Selected Articulations In Depth](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013003/5455ad33af7959664b8b5434/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
An autograft replacement uses your own tissues, such as the middle portion of the patellar ligament
![Page 76: 09 Articulations Selected Articulations In Depth](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013003/5455ad33af7959664b8b5434/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
An autograft replacement can also use a portion of your hamstring tendons. They are removed, braided, and used to replace the ACL.
![Page 77: 09 Articulations Selected Articulations In Depth](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013003/5455ad33af7959664b8b5434/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
![Page 78: 09 Articulations Selected Articulations In Depth](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013003/5455ad33af7959664b8b5434/html5/thumbnails/78.jpg)
![Page 79: 09 Articulations Selected Articulations In Depth](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013003/5455ad33af7959664b8b5434/html5/thumbnails/79.jpg)
There are numerous bursae associated with the knee. Two of them are shown here.
![Page 80: 09 Articulations Selected Articulations In Depth](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013003/5455ad33af7959664b8b5434/html5/thumbnails/80.jpg)
WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING WOULD BE INJURED IN THE KNEE BY HYPERABDUCTION OF THE LOWER LEG (VALGUS DEVIATION)?
A MENISCUS
B LATERAL COLLATERAL LIGAMENT
C PATELLAR LIGAMENT
D RUPTURED RETINACULAR FIBERS
E ALL OF THE ABOVE
![Page 81: 09 Articulations Selected Articulations In Depth](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013003/5455ad33af7959664b8b5434/html5/thumbnails/81.jpg)
![Page 82: 09 Articulations Selected Articulations In Depth](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013003/5455ad33af7959664b8b5434/html5/thumbnails/82.jpg)
The talocrural (ankle) joint is a hinge joint formed by the medial and lateral malleoli and the talus
![Page 83: 09 Articulations Selected Articulations In Depth](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013003/5455ad33af7959664b8b5434/html5/thumbnails/83.jpg)
The talocrural (ankle) joint is surrounded by an articular capsule
![Page 84: 09 Articulations Selected Articulations In Depth](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013003/5455ad33af7959664b8b5434/html5/thumbnails/84.jpg)
Medial view
Lateral view
![Page 85: 09 Articulations Selected Articulations In Depth](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013003/5455ad33af7959664b8b5434/html5/thumbnails/85.jpg)
The most common sprain of the ankle is excessive inversion that ruptures the anterior talofibular ligament and the calcaneofibular ligament
![Page 86: 09 Articulations Selected Articulations In Depth](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013003/5455ad33af7959664b8b5434/html5/thumbnails/86.jpg)
Excessive inversion of the ankle in rugby
![Page 87: 09 Articulations Selected Articulations In Depth](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013003/5455ad33af7959664b8b5434/html5/thumbnails/87.jpg)
![Page 88: 09 Articulations Selected Articulations In Depth](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013003/5455ad33af7959664b8b5434/html5/thumbnails/88.jpg)
![Page 89: 09 Articulations Selected Articulations In Depth](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013003/5455ad33af7959664b8b5434/html5/thumbnails/89.jpg)
Dislocated right ankle
![Page 90: 09 Articulations Selected Articulations In Depth](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013003/5455ad33af7959664b8b5434/html5/thumbnails/90.jpg)
Dislocated ankle joint
![Page 91: 09 Articulations Selected Articulations In Depth](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013003/5455ad33af7959664b8b5434/html5/thumbnails/91.jpg)
![Page 92: 09 Articulations Selected Articulations In Depth](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013003/5455ad33af7959664b8b5434/html5/thumbnails/92.jpg)
![Page 93: 09 Articulations Selected Articulations In Depth](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013003/5455ad33af7959664b8b5434/html5/thumbnails/93.jpg)
Excessive eversion, which is less common, can damage the deltoid ligament on the medial side of the ankle
![Page 94: 09 Articulations Selected Articulations In Depth](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013003/5455ad33af7959664b8b5434/html5/thumbnails/94.jpg)
High top athletic shoes have been statistically shown to reduce the incidence of ankle sprains, most likely by making the person more aware of the position of the ankle when leaping or jumping.
![Page 95: 09 Articulations Selected Articulations In Depth](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013003/5455ad33af7959664b8b5434/html5/thumbnails/95.jpg)
Results: The high-top shoes were more effective in reducing the amount and rate of inversion than the low-top shoes
![Page 96: 09 Articulations Selected Articulations In Depth](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013003/5455ad33af7959664b8b5434/html5/thumbnails/96.jpg)
Sprains are often accompanied by bleeding and inflammation of the joint capsule (synovitis). Read about ankle sprains and Pott fractures in the clinical view in the text.
![Page 97: 09 Articulations Selected Articulations In Depth](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013003/5455ad33af7959664b8b5434/html5/thumbnails/97.jpg)
Intertarsal joints (and tarsometatarsal joints) are planar (gliding) joints
Metatarsophalangeal joints are condyloid joints
Interphalangeal joints are hinge joints
![Page 98: 09 Articulations Selected Articulations In Depth](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013003/5455ad33af7959664b8b5434/html5/thumbnails/98.jpg)
Active joints develop larger and thicker capsules and the supporting ligaments increase in size.
![Page 99: 09 Articulations Selected Articulations In Depth](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013003/5455ad33af7959664b8b5434/html5/thumbnails/99.jpg)
Moderate exercise is good for the joints and all parts of the human body.
![Page 100: 09 Articulations Selected Articulations In Depth](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013003/5455ad33af7959664b8b5434/html5/thumbnails/100.jpg)
Dorothy Hamill, an Olympic figure skater now suffers from osteoarthritis.
![Page 101: 09 Articulations Selected Articulations In Depth](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013003/5455ad33af7959664b8b5434/html5/thumbnails/101.jpg)
Modern fiberoptic arthroscopy
![Page 102: 09 Articulations Selected Articulations In Depth](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013003/5455ad33af7959664b8b5434/html5/thumbnails/102.jpg)
![Page 103: 09 Articulations Selected Articulations In Depth](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013003/5455ad33af7959664b8b5434/html5/thumbnails/103.jpg)
Knee replacement
![Page 104: 09 Articulations Selected Articulations In Depth](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013003/5455ad33af7959664b8b5434/html5/thumbnails/104.jpg)
Hip replacement
![Page 105: 09 Articulations Selected Articulations In Depth](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013003/5455ad33af7959664b8b5434/html5/thumbnails/105.jpg)
Read about the different types of arthritis in the clinical view in your text.
![Page 106: 09 Articulations Selected Articulations In Depth](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013003/5455ad33af7959664b8b5434/html5/thumbnails/106.jpg)
WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING IS ASSOCIATED WITH RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS?
A SUPPRESSION BY DIFFERENT HLA PROTEINS
B URIC ACID CRYSTALS ACCUMULATING IN SYNOVIAL FLUID
C OVEREXERCISE OR ADVANCING AGE
D MOST COMMON TYPE OF ARTHRITIS
E COMMONLY TREATED WITH SYNGENETIC GRAFTS OR XENOGRAFTS
![Page 107: 09 Articulations Selected Articulations In Depth](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013003/5455ad33af7959664b8b5434/html5/thumbnails/107.jpg)