09 product architecture
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Faizul 2012 KMEM 2218 Product Design and Development 1
KMEM 2218Product Design and Development
Product Architecture
Faizul 2012 KMEM 2218 Product Design and Development 2
Planning
Product Development Process
Concept
Development
System-Level
Design
Detail
Design
Testing and
Refinement
Production
Ramp-Up
Product architecture is determined early in the development process.
Platformdecision
Conceptdecision
Decompositiondecision
Definition of Product Architecture
Product architecture is the scheme by which the functionalelements of the product are arranged into physical chunks
and by which the chunks interact
This definition links architecture to system-level design andthe principles of system engineering
Architecture also has profound implications for how theproduct is designed, made, sold, used, repaired, etc
Architecture makes its influence felt during assembly
Faizul 2012 KMEM 2218 Product Design and Development 3 Faizul 2012 KMEM 2218 Product Design and Development 4
Product Architecture: Definition
The arrangement of functional elements into physicalchunks which become the building blocks for theproduct or family of products.
Product
module
module
module
module
module
module
module
module
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Product Architecture Example:Hewlett-Packard LaserJet Printer
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Faizul 2012 KMEM 2218 Product Design and Development 7 Faizul 2012 KMEM 2218 Product Design and Development 8
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Trailer Example:Modular Architecture
box
hitch
fairing
bed
springs
wheels
protect cargofrom weather
connect tovehicle
minimizeair drag
supportcargo loads
suspendtrailer structure
transfer loadsto road
Faizul 2012 KMEM 2218 Product Design and Development 10
Trailer Example:Integral Architecture
upper half
lower half
nose piece
cargo hangingstraps
spring slotcovers
wheels
protect cargofrom weather
connect tovehicle
minimizeair drag
supportcargo loads
suspendtrailer structure
transfer loadsto road
Faizul 2012 KMEM 2218 Product Design and Development 11
What is this?
Faizul 2012 KMEM 2218 Product Design and Development 12
Nail Clippers?
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Modular Product Architectures
Chunks implement one or a few functions entirely.
Interactions between chunks are well defined.
Modular architecture has advantages in simplicity andreusability for a product family or platform.
Swiss Army Knife Sony Walkman
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Platform Architecture ofthe Sony Walkman
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Integral Product Architectures
Functional elements are implemented by multiple chunks, or achunk may implement many functions.
Interactions between chunks are poorly defined.
Integral architecture generally increases performance and reducescosts for any specific product model.
Compact CameraFaizul 2012 KMEM 2218 Product Design and Development 16
Choosing the Product Architecture
Architecture decisions relate to product planning and concept
development decisions:
Product Change (copier toner, camera lenses)
Upgrade Add-ons Adaptation Etc.
Product Variety (computers, automobiles)
Standardization (motors, bearings, fasteners)
Performance (racing bikes, fighter planes)
Manufacturing Cost (disk drives, razors)
Project Management (team capacity, skills)
System Engineering (decomposition, integration)
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Ford TaurusIntegrated Control Panel
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Modular or Integral Architecture?
RollerbladeIn-Line Skates
FordExplorer
AppleiBook
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The concepts of integral and modular apply atseveral levels:
system
sub-system component
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Product Architecture = Decomposition +Interactions
Interactions within
chunks
Interactions across
chunks
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Establishing the Architecture
To establish a modular architecture, create a
schematic of the product, and cluster the elementsof the schematic to achieve the types of productvariety desired.
Faizul 2012 KMEM 2218 Product Design and Development 22
DeskJet Printer Schematic
Flow of forces or energy
Flow of material
Flow of signals or data
StoreOutput
StoreBlankPaper
EnclosePrinter
ProvideStructuralSupport
PrintCartridge
PositionCartridgeIn X-Axis
PositionPaper
In Y-Axis
SupplyDC
PowerPickPaper
ControlPrinter
CommandPrinter
Connectto
Host
CommunicatewithHost
DisplayStatus
AcceptUser
Inputs
Functionalor PhysicalElements
Faizul 2012 KMEM 2218 Product Design and Development 23
Cluster Elements into Chunks
StoreOutput
StoreBlankPaper
EnclosePrinter
ProvideStructuralSupport
PrintCartridge
Position
CartridgeIn X-Axis
PositionPaper
In Y-Axis
SupplyDC
PowerPickPaper
ControlPrinter
CommandPrinter
Connectto
Host
CommunicatewithHost
Display
Status
AcceptUser
Inputs
Paper Tray PrintMechanism
Logic Board
Chassis
Enclosure
User Interface Board
Host DriverSoftware
Power Cordand Brick
Functionalor PhysicalElements
Chunks
Faizul 2012 KMEM 2218 Product Design and Development 24
Geometric Layout
printmechanism
paper tray
user interface board
printcartridge
logicboard
chassis
chassis
paper
roller
print cartridge
paper tray
enclosure
logic board
height
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Incidental Interactions
Enclosure
Paper Tray
Chassis
PrintMechanism
User InterfaceBoard
LogicBoard
Power Cord
and Brick
Host DriverSoftware
Styling
Vibration
ThermalDistortion
ThermalDistortion
RFInterferenceRF
Shielding
Product Model Lifetime
From Sanderson and Uzumeri,
The Innovation Imperative, Irwin 1997.
0 1 2 3 4 5Survival Time (years)
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
Fract ion
Surviving Sony
AIWA
ToshibaPanasonic
Sony1.9 7 yr
Others1 .1 8 yr
Average Life
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Faizul 2012 KMEM 2218 Product Design and Development 27
Types of Modularity
Swapping Modularity Sharing Modularity
Sectional Modularity Bus Modularity
Fabricate-to-Fit Modularity Mix Modularity
AdaptedfromK.
Ulrich,
TheRoleof
ProductArchitecture
intheManufacturingFirm,ResearchPolicy,
1995.
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Fundamental Decisions
Integral vs. modular architecture?
What type of modularity?
How to assign functions to chunks? How to assign chunks to teams?
Which chunks to outsource?
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Practical Concerns
Planning is essential to achieve the desired variety and
product change capability.Coordination is difficult, particularly across teams,
companies, or great distances.
Special attention must be paid to handle complexinteractions between chunks (system engineeringmethods).
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Product Architecture: Conclusions
Architecture choices define the sub-systems andmodules of the product platform or family.
Architecture determines:
ease of production variety
feasibility of customer modification
system-level production costs
Key Concepts:
modular vs. integral architecture
clustering into chunks
planning product families
Faizul 2012 KMEM 2218 Product Design and Development 31
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