1-1 copyright © 2009 pearson education, inc. publishing as pearson addison-wesley 1-1 what is...

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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 1-1

What is Ethics?

Ethics is our continuous search for an answer:

Is this behavior right or wrong?

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When Did This Search Start?

It all started when man moved into living within communities

(the beginning of civilization)

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Man moved from caves to built houses

Is it right to take a house some one else has built?

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If not !

Would it be right if I kill the man first then take the house?

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OK !I will not kill the man and will not take the house…

can I walk into the house and take the food they have inside it?

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OK !I will not kill the man and will not take the house and will not

take thefood…

can I walk into the house without the owner’s permission and just sit in

there?

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OK !I will not kill the man and will not take the house and will not

take thefood and will not walk into the house…

can I just stand at the window and look at the people inside the house?

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When will this Search End?

As long as there are new behaviors, the search for right and wrong behavior

will continue

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Why Ethics in IT?

IT brings new inventions like:

wwwEmails

FacebookCell phone

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Why Ethics in IT?

New inventions bring new behaviors:

Porn web sitesSpam Emails

Facebook privacyCell phone eavesdropping

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What are the Basis for Ethics?

This is a search for an ethical theory

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What are the Basis for Ethics?

Ethical theory Right / wrong ?

behavior

wrongright

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Where is the Problem?


behavior

wrongright

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Where is the Problem?


behavior

wrongright

Finding a universal ethical theory

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What is Ethics?

• Some years ago, sociologist Raymond Baumhart asked business people, "What does ethics mean to you?" Among their replies were the following:

"Ethics has to do with what my feelings tell me is right or wrong.”

Developed by Manuel Velasquez, Claire Andre, Thomas Shanks, S.J., and Michael J. Meyer

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What is Ethics?



"Ethics has to do with my religious beliefs.”


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What is Ethics?



"Ethics has to do with my religious beliefs.”"Being ethical is doing what the law requires.”


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What is Ethics?



"Ethics has to do with my religious beliefs.”"Being ethical is doing what the law requires.”"Ethics consists of the standards of behavior our society

accepts.”


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What is Ethics?



"Ethics has to do with my religious beliefs.”"Being ethical is doing what the law requires.”"Ethics consists of the standards of behavior our society

accepts.”"I don't know what the word means."


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Feelings about what is right & wrong

• But being ethical is clearly not a matter of following one's feelings. A person following his or her feelings may recoil from doing what is right. In fact, feelings frequently deviate from what is ethical.

• Should a Muslim girl cover her hair?


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Feelings about what is right & wrong

• But being ethical is clearly not a matter of following one's feelings. A person following his or her feelings may recoil from doing what is right. In fact, feelings frequently deviate from what is ethical.

• Should a Muslim girl cover her hair?• Should a Muslim girl cheat in an exam?


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Religious Beliefs

• Most religions, of course, advocate high ethical standards. Yet if ethics were confined to religion, then ethics would apply only to religious people.

• But ethics applies as much to the behavior of the atheist as to that of the saint. Religion can set high ethical standards and can provide intense motivations for ethical behavior.

• Ethics, however, cannot be confined to religion nor is it the same as religion.


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Following the Law

• Being ethical is also not the same as following the law. The law often incorporates ethical standards to which most citizens subscribe.

• But laws, like feelings, can deviate from what is ethical.

• America’s pre-Civil War slavery laws and the old apartheid laws of South Africa are obvious examples of laws that deviate from what is ethical.


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Acceptable to Society

• Finally, being ethical is not the same as doing "whatever society accepts." In any society, most people accept standards that are, in fact, ethical.

• But standards of behavior in society can deviate from what is ethical. An entire society can become ethically corrupt.

• Nazi Germany is a good example of a morally corrupt society.


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Why IT Students Study Ethics?

• The discipline of information technology is providing a continuous flow of innovations.

• With IT innovations come user utilization of the innovations (a new behavior).

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Are all of our behaviors while utilizing IT innovations ethical?

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How about e-business fraud?

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How about software copying?

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How about invasion of privacy?

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Organization of Chapter 1

• Dynamics between people and technology• Milestones in computing• Milestones in networking

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Technology and Socities

• Dynamics between people and technology– A society adopts a technological innovation– The innovation changes the society– The society drives the need for more innovations

IT Innovation

IT adoption

Societal Changes

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Controlling Innovation Rate

• People can influence innovation rate– Intellectual property laws– Tax structure– Research funds

IT Innovation

IT adoption

Societal Changes

time

innovation

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Controlling Adoption Rate

• People can influence adoption rate– Nuclear power freezes in Japan– Nuclear power advances in Jordan

IT adoption

Societal ChangesIT Innovation

time

adoption

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Effect on Society

IT Innovation

IT adoption

Societal Changes

time

adoption

time

innovation

Right utilization

wrong utilization

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Milestones in Computing

• Aids to manual calculating• Mechanical calculators• Cash register• Punched card tabulation• First commercial computers• Programming languages and time-sharing• Transistor and integrated circuit• Microprocessor• Personal computer

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Aids to Manual Calculating

• Tablet– Clay, wax tablets (ancient times)– Slates (late Middle Ages)– Paper tablets (19th century)

• Abacus– Rods or wires in rectangular frame– Lines drawn on a counting board

• Mathematical tables– Tables of logarithms (17th century)– Income tax tables (today)

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Abacus

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Logarithm Table

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Early Mechanical Calculators

• Calculators of Pascal and Leibniz (17th century)– Worked with whole numbers– Unreliable

• Arithmometer of de Colmar (19th century)– Took advantage of advances in machine tools– Adopted by insurance companies

• Printing calculator of Scheutzes (19th century)– Used method of differences pioneered by Babbage– Adopted by Dudley Observatory in New York– Completed astronomical calculations

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Pascal Calculator

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Leibniz Calculator

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Arithmometer of de Colmar

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Printing calculator of Scheutzes

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Late 19th century America (Gilded Age)

• Brought huge social change– Rapid industrialization– Economic expansion– Concentration of corporate power

• New, larger corporations– Multiple layers of management– Multiple locations– Needed up-to-date, comprehensive, reliable, and

affordable information

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Social Change Market for Calculators

Gilded ageMarket for calculator

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Calculator Adoptions

• Fierce competition in calculator market– Continuous improvements in size, speed,

ease of use– Sales increased rapidly

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Calculator Adoptions

calculator adoption

Societal Changes

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Calculator Adoptions Social Change

“Deskilling” and feminization of bookkeeping– People of average ability quite productive– Calculators 6 faster than adding by hand– Wages dropped– Women replaced men

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Cash Register

• Store owners of late 1800s faced problems– Keeping accurate sales records for department stores– Preventing steeling (by workers)

• Response to problem: invention of cash register

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Cash Register

• invention of cash register– Created printed, itemized receipts– Maintained printed log of transactions– Rang bell every time drawer was opened

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Data-processing Systems

• Data-processing system– Receives input data– Performs one or more calculations– Produces output data

• Punched cards– Stored input data and intermediate results– Stored output– Stored programs on most complicated systems

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First Commercial Computers

• Remington-Rand– Completed UNIVAC in 1951– Delivered to U.S. Bureau of the Census

• IBM– Larger base of customers– Far superior sales and marketing organization– Greater investment in research and development– Dominated mainframe market by mid-1960s

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Programming Languages

• Assembly language– Symbolic representations of machine instructions– Programs just as long as machine language programs

• FORTRAN– First higher-level language (shorter programs)– Designed for scientific applications

• COBOL– U.S. Department of Defense standard– Designed for business applications

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Time-Sharing Systems and BASIC

• Time-Sharing Systems– Divide computer time among multiple users– Users connect to computer via terminals– Cost of ownership spread among more people– Gave many more people access to computers

• BASIC– Developed at Dartmouth College– Simple, easy-to-learn programming language– Popular language for teaching programming

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Transistor

• Replacement for vacuum tube• Invented at Bell Labs (1948)• Semiconductor

– Faster– Cheaper– More reliable– More energy-efficient

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Integrated Circuit

• Semiconductor containing transistors, capacitors, and resistors

• Invented at Fairchild Semiconductor and Texas Instruments

• Advantages over parts they replaced– Smaller– Faster– More reliable– Less expensive

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Microprocessor

• Computer inside a single semiconductor chip

• Invented in 1970 at Intel• Made personal computers practical

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Personal Computer

• Altair 8800– Gates and Allen created BASIC interpreter– Interpreter pirated at Homebrew Computer Club meeting

• Personal computers become popular– Apple Computer: Apple II– Tandy Corporation: TRS 80

• Developments draw businesses to personal computers– Computer spreadsheet program: VisiCalc– IBM launches IBM PC

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Milestones in Networking

• Discoveries in electromagnetism (early 1800s)

• Telegraph (1844)• Telephone (1876)• Typewriter and teletype (1873, 1908)• Radio (1895)• Television (1927)

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Milestones in Networking (1/2)

• Remote computing (1940)• ARPANET (1969)• Email (1972)• Internet (1983)• NSFNET• Broadband

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Electricity and Electromagnetism

• Volta invents battery (1799)• Oersted shows electricity creates magnetic

field (1820)• Sturgeon constructs electromagnet (1825)• Henry uses electromagnetism to

communicate (1830)

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Telegraph (1844)

• U.S. government funded first line– 40 miles from Washington, D.C. to Baltimore– Built by Samuel Morse in 1843-1844

• Private networks flourished– 12,000 miles of lines in 1850– Transcontinental line in 1861 put Pony Express out of

business– 200,000 miles of lines by 1877

• Technology proved versatile– Fire alarm boxes– Police call boxes

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Telephone (1876)

• Alexander Graham Bell (1847-1922)– Constructed harmonic telegraph– Leveraged concept into first telephone

• Social impact of telephone– Blurred public life / private life boundary– Eroded traditional social hierarchies– Reduced privacy– Enabled first “online” communities

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Typewriter and Teletype

• Typewriter (1873)– Individual production of “type set” documents– Common in offices by 1890s

• Teletype (1908)– Typewriter connected to telegraph line– Popular uses

• Transmitting news stories• Sending records of stock transactions

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Radio (1895)

• Pioneers– Hertz creates electromagnetic waves– Marconi invents radio

• First used in business– Wireless telegraph– Transmit voices

• Entertainment uses– Suggested by Sarnoff– Important entertainment medium by 1930s

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Television (1927)

• Became popular in 1950s– Price fell dramatically– Number of stations increased

• Social effects– Worldwide audiences– Networks strive to be first to deliver news– Impact of incorrect information; e.g., 2000

presidential election

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ARPANET (1969)

• DoD creates ARPA in late 1950s• Decentralized design to improve

survivability• Packet-switching replaces circuit switching

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Email (1972)

• Creation– Tomlinson at BBN writes software to send,

receive email messages– Roberts creates email utility

• Current status– One of world’s most important communication

technologies– Billions of messages sent in U.S. every day

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Internet (1983)

• Kahn conceives of open architecture networking

• Cerf and Kahn design TCP/IP protocol• Internet: network of networks

communicating using TCP/IP

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Gutenberg’s Printing Press

• Based on movable metal type• Church principal customer of early publishers• Powerful mass communication tool• Printing press’s impact on Reformation

– More than 300,000 copies of Luther’s publications– Protestants out-published Catholics by

10-to-1 in the middle 16th century

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