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1 1 Near-Earth objects – a threat for Earth? Or: NEOs for engineers and physicists Lecture 6 –Risk and Decisions Prof. Dr. E. Igenbergs (LRT) Dr. D. Koschny (ESA) e: © David A. Hardy/www.astroart.org'

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Page 1: 1 1 Near-Earth objects – a threat for Earth? Or: NEOs for engineers and physicists Lecture 6 –Risk and Decisions Prof. Dr. E. Igenbergs (LRT) Dr. D. Koschny

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Near-Earth objects – a threat for Earth?Or: NEOs for engineers and physicists

Lecture 6 –Risk and Decisions

Prof. Dr. E. Igenbergs (LRT)Dr. D. Koschny (ESA)

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Page 2: 1 1 Near-Earth objects – a threat for Earth? Or: NEOs for engineers and physicists Lecture 6 –Risk and Decisions Prof. Dr. E. Igenbergs (LRT) Dr. D. Koschny

04.12.2009Prof. Dr.- Ing. E. Igenbergs Dr. rer. nat. M. Brandstätter

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The Congress declares that the general welfare and security of the United States require that the unique competence of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration be directed to detecting, tracking, cataloguing, and characterizing near-Earth asteroids and comets to provide warning and mitigation of the potential hazard of such near-Earth objects to the Earth.

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04.12.2009Prof. Dr.- Ing. E. Igenbergs Dr. rer. nat. M. Brandstätter

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The Administrator shall plan, develop, and implement a Near-Earth Object Survey program to detect, track, catalogue, and characterize the physical characteristics of near-Earth objects equal to or greater than 140 meters in diameter to assess the threat of such near-Earth objects to the Earth. It shall be the goal of the Survey program to achieve 90 percent completion of its near-Earth object catalogue (based on statistically predicted populations of near-Earth objects) within 15 years after thedate of enactment of this Act.

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Deflection Alternatives Trade Space

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Figure 3. Deflection Alternatives Trade Tree

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04.12.2009Prof. Dr.- Ing. E. Igenbergs Dr. rer. nat. M. Brandstätter

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04.12.2009Prof. Dr.- Ing. E. Igenbergs Dr. rer. nat. M. Brandstätter

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04.12.2009Prof. Dr.- Ing. E. Igenbergs Dr. rer. nat. M. Brandstätter

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Systemtechnisches Vorgehen

Die erste Aufgabe ist also für das Problem ein systemtechnisches Modell zu erzeugen. Dieses Modell muss geeignet sein

Alternativen, also Vorschläge zur Lösung, und Ziele, also Kriterien für die Lösung,

abzubilden, damit diese dann verglichen werden können.

Das im Folgenden dargestellte Vorgehen bei der Erzeugung eines Modells für eine Aufgabenstellung ist aus der Literatur als „House of Quality“ bekannt. Es ist eine grafische Anleitung zu dem Vorgehen, also zu einem Prozess.

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04.12.2009Prof. Dr.- Ing. E. Igenbergs Dr. rer. nat. M. Brandstätter

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Problemformulierung

Einteilung in zwei Fragen:

Was (what) soll erreicht werden (Ziel) ?

Wie (how) soll das erreicht werden (Weg) ?

Diese bilden die Koordinaten einer Matrix, die die Wechselwirkung von Ziel und Weg darstellt.

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04.12.2009Prof. Dr.- Ing. E. Igenbergs Dr. rer. nat. M. Brandstätter

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Problemformulierung

Zur Formulierung (bildhafte oder mathematische Abbildung) des Problems dient die geeignete Abbildung, die ein Vorgehen darstellt.

Dieses ist als “Quality Function Deployment“ bekannt.

Diese Abbildung ist aus dem Buch Engineering Design von George Dieter entnommen.

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04.12.2009Prof. Dr.- Ing. E. Igenbergs Dr. rer. nat. M. Brandstätter

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Systemtechnisches Vorgehen

In der vorherigen Abbildung von George Dieter wird in der vorliegenden Anwendung aus

Whats das Ziel (die Ziele) Hows der Weg (die Wege)

und diese Matrix kann zunächst binär gefüllt werden, dann mit Daten.

Dazu müssen die Ziele und die Wege so formuliert werden, dass eine Wechselwirkung beschrieben werden kann.

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04.12.2009Prof. Dr.- Ing. E. Igenbergs Dr. rer. nat. M. Brandstätter

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Problemformulierung

1. Das Ziel

1.1 Sammlungen von Zielvorstellungen

1.2 Ordnen der Zielvorstellungen Zielbaum Zielhierarchie

1.3 Darstellung Zielvektor

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Problemformulierung

2. Der Weg

2.1 Sammlung der Aktivitäten/ Phasen

2.2 Darstellung der Aktivitäten

2.3 Ordnen der Aktivitäten/ Phasen

2.4 Darstellung in einem Wegvektor

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Problemformulierung

3. Bildung der Ziel/ Weg – Matrix

3.1 Matrix ohne Bewertung

3.2 Matrix mit Bewertung

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Problemformulierung

Erste Beispielrechnungen

Schutz des Planeten Erde (Ziel)

Sammlung der Ziele

Liste:1.Wissen wo und wann2.Was passiert3.Was kann man tun4.Wie geht das

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Problemformulierung

Sammlung der Wege

Liste:1.Beobachten und Rechnen2.Untersuchen 3.Einschläge berechnen4.Ablenken5.Zerstören6.Technik

Also eine 4x5 Matrix!

Page 32: 1 1 Near-Earth objects – a threat for Earth? Or: NEOs for engineers and physicists Lecture 6 –Risk and Decisions Prof. Dr. E. Igenbergs (LRT) Dr. D. Koschny

04.12.2009Prof. Dr.- Ing. E. Igenbergs Dr. rer. nat. M. Brandstätter

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Problemformulierung

Wo, WannWAS

Tun

Wie

Beob.

Unte

rs.Ei

nsc

hlä

ge Able

nke

n

Zers

töre

n Tech

ni

k

x

x x x

x x x

x x x

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ProblemformulierungBeispiel für das Vorgehen:

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Verwendete und/oder interessante Links:

http://sm4.gsfc.nasa.gov/technology/sm4_stis.phphttp://apod.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/archivepix.html NASA Archiv von Bildernhttp://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbfind.cgi JPL NEO Toolhttp://neo.jpl.nasa.gov/orbits/ Umlaufbahnenhttp://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/ Solar Systems Dynamicshttp://search.nasa.gov/search/search.jsp?nasaInclude=NEO+Deflection NASA Neo Deflection http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/txt/aprx_pos_planets.pdf Formeln für Planetenbahnenhttp://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/?ss_inner Inneres Planetensystemhttp://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/?ss_outer Äußeres Planetensystemhttp://impact.arc.nasa.gov/programs_office.cfm NASA NEO Program Officehttp://neo.jpl.nasa.gov/welcome.html NEO Program Office 1999 gegründethttp://neo.jpl.nasa.gov/neo/report.html Aus NASA Earth Research Program

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Survey Alternatives Analyzed

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Figure 1. Complete Survey Alternatives Trade Tree

In der großen Matrix verwendetIn einer Submatrix verwendet

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Object Characterization Trade Space

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Figure 2. Complete Characterization Trade Tree

In der großen Matrix verwendetIn einer Submatrix verwendet

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Deflection Alternatives Trade Space

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Figure 3. Deflection Alternatives Trade Tree

In der großen Matrix verwendetIn einer Submatrix verwendet