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1.What Pervasive Computing Is All About

1.1 Times Are Changing

• Industrial Revolution (19th)

• The engine and machine were concentrated at those location where energy was produced.

• Werner von Siemens invented the dynamo in 1866.

• Thomas A. Edison took the first power station into operation in New York.

• In 1982, Rudolf Diesel published his patent of the internal combustion engine.

• Both combustion engine and electric motor changes our world significantly and introduced the second phase of industrialization.

• Engines and machines were now decentralized.

• During the second half of the 20th century the era of industrialization was followed by another era: computer started their impact on the economy.

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• The mainframe era

• Central management of equipment, applications, and user interfaces was key to increase overall productivity.

• Tightly controlled data exchange interfaces or satellite systems were the only interfaces to the outside world.

• Decentralizing computing power: The personal computing era

• Computing became an intrinsic part of today’s telecommunication,entertainment, commerce, finance, and industry.

• Internet - a worldwide network for everyone

• The Internet connects a global community of billions of private and professional users, exchanging information, sharing applications, and providing content and services to each other.

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1.2 Decentralization Continues• Beyond the era of personal computing, the era of Pervasive Computing begin

s: A new class of devices make information access and processing easily available for everyone from everywhere at any time.

• Users get enabled and retrieve information they need quickly, efficiently, and effortlessly, regardless of their physical location.

• Pervasive devices

• Lightweight PC: handheld computers

• Smart cards

• Cellular phones

• Set-top-boxes, interactive TV, and game consoles

• Intelligence appliance in networked home

• Industrial controllers or network switches

• Embedded systems

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• Evolution from Mainframe to Pervasive Computing

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1.3 Applied Pervasive Computing

• Pervasive Computings 환경

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• Traditional telecommunication companies and phone manufactures

• Mobile Commerce

• Entertainment industry

• Industry

1.4 Pervasive Computing Principles

• 4 가지 특징

• Connected Devices: 모든 컴퓨터는 서로 연결되어야 한다 .

• Invisible: 사용자에게 보이지 않아야 한다 .

• Computing Everywhere: 언제 어디서든 사용이 가능해야 한다 .

• Calm Technology: 현실세계의 사물과 환경 속으로 스며들어 일상생활에 통합되어야 한다 .

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• Four fundamental paradigms

• Decentralization

• Diversification

• Connectivity

• Simplicity

1.4.1 Decentralization

• Pervasive Computing goes one step further and distribute the responsibilities between a variety of small devices, each of which take over specific tasks and functionality.

• The ability to use application and information on mobile devices and synchronize any updates with network based systems or other devices is a new task arising from that decentralization.

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- Decentralization makes it necessary for service providers to administer their deployed software and deliver updates to the customer's devices from remote.

1.4.2 Diversification

- Those new gadgets appearing in these days in association with Pervasive Computing, such as WAP phones, screen-phones, or handheld computers, offer only a highly customized functionality for a particular application context.

- All four Internet access devices (Internet screen phone, wireless connected handheld computer, WAP phone) are complementary and the capabilities of each of them are optimized for a very specific application context.

- How to manage the different capabilities of those manifold devices

  Ex) user interface, data input mechanism

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1.4.3 Connectivity

- Manifold devices are seamlessly integrated in an IT world without boundaries.

- One approach for achieving connectivity and interoperability is to base the applications on common standards.

- Java is one approach for achieving platform independence of applications.

- For the purpose of data exchange, XML is the upcoming de facto standard for platform independent representation of information and context.

1.4.4 Simplicity

- Convenient, intuitive, self-evident

- Speech recognition, intuitive usage, one-handled operations, instant on/off or touch screen are just a few feature of mature human computer interfaces.

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1.5 Pervasive Information Technology

- Pervasive Computing aims at the "Convergence of Computers, Communications, Consumer Electronics, Content and Services".

- A generic view of pervasive information technology