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AFRICAN AMERICANS FACED MANY HARDSHIPSAFRICAN AMERICANS FACED MANY HARDSHIPS

THE MAJORITY WERE POOR

THEY LIVED FOR THE MOST PART IN THE SOUTHERN STATES

THEY WORKED AS TENANT FARMERS AND HIRED HANDS ON SOMEONE ELSE'S LAND

JIM CROW LAWS SEVERELY RESTRICTED THEIR FREEDOM

DE JURE SEGREGATION WAS IN FORCE

PLESSEY V FERGUSON (“ SEPARATE BUT EQUAL”) WAS THE RULE

BLACK SCHOOLS WERE INFERIOR TO WHITE SCHOOLS

BLACKS HAD NO CONTROL OVER LOCAL POLITICS EVEN WHERE THEY WERE THE MAJORITY

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Restaurants: It shall be unlawful to conduct a restaurant or other place for the serving of food in the city, at which white and colored people are served in the same room, unless such white and colored persons are effectively separated by a solid partition extending from the floor upward to a distance of seven feet or higher, and unless a separate entrance from the street is provided for each compartment.

Intermarriage: All marriages between a white person and a Negro person or between a white person and a person of Negro descent to the fourth generation inclusive, are hereby forever prohibited. (Florida)

Education: The schools for white children and the schools for Negro children shall be conducted separately. (Florida)

Textbooks: Books shall not be interchangeable between the white and colored schools, but shall be continued to be used by the race first using them. (North Carolina

Burial: The officer in charge shall not bury, or allow to be buried, any colored persons upon ground set apart or used for the burial of white persons. (Georgia

Parks: It shall be unlawful for colored people to frequent any park owned or maintained by the city for the benefit, use and enjoyment of white persons. and unlawful for nay white person to frequent any park owned or maintained by the city for the use and benefit of colored persons. (Georgia)

The Blind: The board of trustees shall. maintain a separate building. on separate ground for the admission, care, instruction, and support of all blind persons of the colored or black race. (Louisiana)

Lunch Counters: No persons, firms, or corporations, who or which furnish meals to passengers at station restaurants or station eating houses, in times limited by common carriers of said passengers, shall furnish said meals to white and colored passengers in the same room, or at the same table , or at the same counter. (South Carolina)

EXAMPLES OF JIM CROW LAWS

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FREDERICK DOUGLAS WAS WIDELY REGARDED AS THE LEADER AND SPOKESMAN FOR THE BLACK COMMUNITY UNTIL HIS DEATH IN 1895. BOOKER T. WASHINGTON ASSUMED DOUGLAS’S ROLE BUT WAS CHALLENGED BY W.E.B. DuBOIS. THE TWO HAD DIFFERING IDEAS ON HOW BLACK AMERICANS SHOULD DEAL WITH THE RACISM AND LACK OF OPPORTUNITY.

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AFRO-AMERICAN LEADERS

BOOKER T. WASHINGTON W.E.B. DuBOIS

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WASHINGTON’S “ATLANTA COMPROMISE” MESSAGE OF 1895 PROPELLED HIM INTO THE STATUS OF A BLACK LEADER

“Cast Down Your Bucket Where You Are”:

“Cast it down among the eight millions of Negroes whose habits you know, whose fidelity and love you have tested in days when to have proved treacherous meant the ruin of your fireside. Cast down your bucket among these people who have without strikes and labor wars tilled your fields, cleared your forests, builded your railroads and cities, brought forth treasures from the bowels of the earth, just to make possible this magnificent representation of the progress of the South.”

WASHINGTON’S VOICE

LETTER FROM DuBOIS CONGRATULATING HIM ON THE SPEECH

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ORIGINAL COPY OF WASHINGTON’S “ATLANTA COMPROMISE “SPEECH

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BOOKER T. WASHINGTON'S MESSAGE WAS POPULAR WITH MANY WHITES AND THEODORE ROOSEVELT INVITED HIM TO THE WHITE HOUSE FOR DINNER IN 1901 WHICH SHOCKED SOME WHITE SOUTHERNERS.

Washington and TR Washington, Taft and Carnegie

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HARVARD UNIVERSITY EDUCATED W.E.B. DuBOIS BROKE WITH BOOKER T. WASHINGTON OVER THE TACTIC OF TEMPORARILY FORGOING EQUALITY . HE WAS INSTRUMENTAL IN HELPING FORM THE NATIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF COLORED PEOPLE IN 1909. THIS GROUP OF BLACKS AND WHITE LIBERALS WORKED FOR FULL CITIZENSHIP AND EQUAL OPPORTUNITY FOR BLACK AMERICANS.

W.E.B. DuBOIS

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IN 1915, THE NAACP UNDERTOOK A CAMPAIGN AGAINST THE IMMENSELY POPULAR D.W. GRIFFITH MOVIE BIRTH OF A NATION WHICH GLORIFIED THE KU KLUX KLAN.

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THE NAACP WORKED HARD TO BRING THE HORRORS OF LYNCHING TO THE AMERICAN PUBLIC

NAACP MAGAZINE: THE CRISISANTI-LYNCHING EXPOSE

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TWO DIFFERENT PHILOSOPHIES AS TO WHAT BLACK PEOPLE SHOULD DO TO SECURE THEIR RIGHTS

WASHINGTON DuBOIS

BLACKS SHOULD WAIT FOR SOCIAL EQUALITY AND WORK FOR SOCIAL RIGHTS THROUGH ECONOMIC PROGRESS

BLACKS WILL MAKE NO REAL PROGRESS AS LONG AS THEY WERE DENIED EQUAL RIGHTS NO MATTER HOW DOCILE THEY ACTED

SEGREGATION AND 2ND-CLASS CITIZENSHIP WERE TO BE ACCEPTED HOPING THEY WOULD BE ACCEPTED

BLACKS SHOULD WORK FOR EQUALITY AND SOCIAL JUSTICE NOW AND NOT ACCEPT 2ND CLASS CITIZENSHIP

CIVIL RIGHTS WOULD COME FROM WHITES WHEN BLACKS PROVED THEMSELVES READY

BLACK PEOPLE SHOULD NOT WAIT FOR WHITES TO ACCEPT THEM FOR THEY WERE AMERICANS LIKE EVERYONE ELSE

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THERE WAS A GROWING BLACK MIDDLE CLASS DURING THE PROGRESSIVE ERA

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RADICALISM: SOCIALISM, SYNDICALISM, COMMUNISM

WHILE MOST PROGRESSIVES BELIEVED IN REFORMING ABUSES WITHIN THE AMERICAN ECONOMIC SYSTEM, RADICALS WANTED TO CHANGE THE SYSTEM ITSELF.

EUGENE V. DEBS AND SOCIALISM

EMMA GOLDMAN AND ANARCHISM

THE INDUSTRIAL WORKERS OF THE WORLD (IWW)

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Socialist Eugene V. Debs was a major force in American politics during the progressive period. He made five attempts to gain the presidency as the

Socialist Party candidate in 1900, 1904, 1908, 1912 and 1920. He conducted his last campaign from behind the bars of a federal prison due to his opposition to u.s. entry into WW I.

Socialists believe the means of production should be owned by the workers rather than by a rich minority of capitalists. Such a system of ownership is both collective and individual in nature. The means of production comprise everything, except labor, that is used in production, namely, factories, plant, equipment, offices, shops, raw materials, fuel and components

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Considered by some as “the most dangerous woman in America”,Emma Goldman (1869-1940) was a controversial crusader for the rights of women and workers.Believing that women’s suffrage would not solve all women's problems, she strongly advocated sexual independence and was jailed for distributing birth control literature and later deported due to her anti-war activities.

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THE INDUSTRIAL WORKERS (IWW) OF THE WORLD OR WOBBLIESThe Industrial Workers of the World differed from conventional unions. The IWW was fighting for more than just better working conditions, they were working to build "the structure of the new society within the shell of the old". The IWW aimed to unite workers around the world, lock arms, and walk off their jobs in a mass general strike, rendering factory owners powerless, effectively overthrowing capitalism. In its place would be the new society based on industrial unionism, in which workers controlled their own destinies and the fruits of labor could be enjoyed by all. They had several successful strikes but were deemed a danger to the nation due to their anti-capitalist pro-anarchist politics. They were targeted for destruction by the business and political leaders. IWW organizers were thrown into prison on trumped-up charges (or no charges at all). IWW union halls were raided, sabotaged and destroyed. Key organizers were beaten, lynched, castrated and killed and anti-IWW propaganda campaigns by employers were widespread and effective.

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“It is the historic mission of the working class to do away with capitalism. The army of production must be organized, not only for everyday struggle with capitalists, but also to carry on production when capitalism shall have been overthrown. By organizing industrially we are forming the structure of the new society within the shell of the old.”

IWW PREAMBLE

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ACCOMPLISHMENTS OF THE PROGRESSIVE ERA

CITY REFORMS:

1. CITY COMMISSIONER PLAN

2. CITY MANAGER PLAN

STATE REFORMS:

1. SECRET BALLOT

2. INITIATIVE

3. REFERENDUM

4. RECALL

5. DIRECT PRIMARY

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FEDERAL LEGISLATION AND AMENDMENTS

1. NEWLANDS RECLAMATION ACT

2. ELKINS ACT

3. PURE FOOD AND DRUG ACT

4. MEAT INSPECTION ACT

5. HEPBURN ACT

6. FEDERAL RESERVE ACT

7. CLAYTON ANTITRUST ACT

8. FEDERAL TRADE ACT

9. 16TH AMENDMENT

10. 17TH AMENDMENT

11. 18TH AMENDMENT

12. 19TH AMENDMENT

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United States history series:

Colonization to Reconstruction: Early U.S. Review

Colonial Era

American Revolution

The New Nation: Washington to J.Q. Adams

Slavery

Westward Movement

Expansion and Reform: 1820-1860

Causes of the Civil War

Civil War

Reconstruction

Rise of Industrial America

Response to Industrialism

Immigration and Urbanization

America becomes a world power: Imperialism

The Progressive Era

The U.S. and World War One

1920’s

Great Depression and New Deal: 1930’s

Causes of World War Two

World War Two

1950’s

1960’s

Civil Rights Movement

Cold War: Truman to Kennedy

Cold War: Johnson to the fall of the Berlin Wall

Vietnam

Late History Overview: 1970s, 1980s, 1990s

World History titles:

Kingdoms and Empires in the Fertile Crescent: Sumer to Persia

Ancient Egypt: Neolithic to Roman Conquest

Aegean Civilizations

India, and Southeast Asia

History of Africa

Mesoamerican and Andean Civilizations

Islamic Civilization

China: Ancient Civilization to the Communist Revolution

Ancient Rome

The Conquest of Mexico

Black Death and other great pandemics

European Imperialism 1800-1914

French Revolution

Nationalism in Europe 1830-1914

Please visit our website as we continually publish new titles: www.multimedialearning.org

HMS Historical Media, a division of Multimedia Learning, LLC, has 26 classroom ready historical simulation games available on various topics.

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ORIGINS OF THE PROGRESSIVE MOVEMENT

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PROGRESSIVISMPROGRESSIVISM

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MUNICIPAL CORRUPTION