1. 2 interaction and interdependence the scientific study of interactions among organism and between...
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INTERACTION AND INTERDEPENDENCEINTERACTION AND INTERDEPENDENCE
The scientific study of interactions among organism and between organisms and their environment is ____________
1. The _____________ contains the combined portions of the planet in which all life exists.
2. The biosphere consists of ________, _________, and ______ or the atmosphere
3. Interactions within the biosphere produce a web of _____________ between organisms and the environment in which they live.
ECOLOGY
BIOSPHERE
dependence
LAND WATERAIR
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LEVELS OF ORGANIZATIONLEVELS OF ORGANIZATION
WHAT ARE THE SIX LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION THAT ECOLOGISTS STUDY?
1. Some ecologists study the interactions between a particular kind of organism and its _____________ contains the combined portions of the planet in which all life exists.
This type of study is at the _______ level. Species are organisms that can mate with each other and produce fertile offspring.
2. Other ecologists study ___________, or groups of __________ that belong to the same species.
surroundings.
species
populationsindividuals
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LEVELS OF ORGANIZATIONLEVELS OF ORGANIZATION
WHAT ARE THE SIX LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION THAT ECOLOGISTS STUDY?
3. At another level, ecologists study the _____________ or different populations that live together.
4. Some ecologists study a particular ecosystem. An _____________ is a collection of all the ______________ that live in a particular place, with their nonliving, or physical environment.
communities
ecosystemorganisms
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LEVELS OF ORGANIZATIONLEVELS OF ORGANIZATION
WHAT ARE THE SIX LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION THAT ECOLOGISTS STUDY?
5. When ecologists study larger ecosystems, with the same climate and similar communities they are studying a _______.
6. The highest level of organization that ecologists can study is the _________ (i. e., from the bottom of the ocean to the top of the atmosphere.
biome
biosphere
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ENERGY FLOW
At the core of every organism’s interaction with its environment is its need for _______ to power life’s processes.
PRODUCERS
With out a constant input of energy, living systems cannot function. ________ is the main energy source for life on earth.
some types of organisms rely on energy stored in inorganic ____________________. (Ex: mineral water that flows underground or boils out of hot springs and undersea vents is loaded with chemical energy.
energy
sunlight
chemical compounds
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ENERGY FLOW
PRODUCERS
Only plants, some algae and certain bacteria can capture energy from sunlight or chemicals and use that energy to produce food. These organisms are called ___________ (producers).
The best known __________ are those who harness solar energy through a process known as _______________.
During photosynthesis, these autotrophs use light energy to power chemical reactions that convert _____________ and water into oxygen and energy-rich carbohydrates such as ________.
autotrophs
autotrophs
photosynthesis
carbon dioxide
glucose
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ENERGY FLOW
Life without Light
When organisms use chemical energy to produce carbohydrates, the process is called ______________.
This process is performed by several types of bacteria ( i. e., which live in volcanic vents on the ocean floor, or hot springs in Yellow Stone Park).
chemosynthesis
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ENERGY FLOW
CONSUMERS
_____________ and many bacteria cannot harness energy directly from the physical environment as autotrophs do.
Organisms that rely on other organisms for their energy and food supply are called ____________.
Heterotrophs are called __________.
Animals, fungi
heterotrophs
consumers
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ENERGY FLOW
PRODUCERS
There are many different types of heterotrophs.
• ____________ = plant eaters (cows and caterpillars)
• ____________ = animal eaters (snakes or owls)
• ____________ = plant and animal eaters (human and bears)
• ____________ = feed on plants and animal remains (mites and earth worms)
• _______________ = break down organic matter.
herbivores
carnivores
omnivores
detrivores
decomposers
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ENERGY FLOW
FEEDING RELATIONSHIPS
What happens to energy in an eco system when one organism eats another?
Energy flows through an ___________ in one direction, from the sun or inorganic compounds to __________ and then to various ____________.
ecosystem
autotrophs heterotrophs
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ENERGY FLOW
FOOD CHAINS
The _______ stored by producers can be passed through an ecosystem along the __________, a series of steps in which organisms transfer energy by eating and being eaten.
FOOD WEBS
When the _______ relationships among the various organisms in an eco system form a network full of complex interactions, ecologists describe these relationships as a ________.
energyfood chain
feeding
food web
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ENERGY FLOW
TROPHIC LEVELS
Each step in a food chain or food web is called a _______ level.
_________ make up the first level.
__________ make up the second, third or higher trophic levels.
Each consumer depends on the trophic level _____ it for energy.
trophic
producers
consumers
below
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ENERGY FLOW
ECOLOGICAL PYRAMIDS
The amount of energy or matter in an ecosystem can be represented by an _________________.
An ecological pyramid is a diagram that shows the relative amounts of ________________ contained within each trophic level in a food chain or food web.
There are three different kinds of pyramids:
_________________
____________________
_____________________
ecological pyramid
energy or matter
Energy Pyramid
Biomass Pyramid
Pyramid of Numbers
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ENERGY FLOW
ENERGY PYRAMID
There is no limit ot the number of trophic levels that a food chain can support, but only one part of the energy that is stored is passed on to the next level. This is because organisms use as much energy as they consume for life processes (Example: respiration and movement).
Only about ______ of the energy available within one trophic level is transferred to organisms at the next level.
10 %
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ENERGY FLOW
BIOMASS PYRAMID
The total amount of ___________ within a given trophic level is called _________.
Biomass is usually expressed in terms of _______ of organic matter per unit area.
A biomass pyramid represents the amount of _____________ available for each trophic level in an ecosystem.
living tissuebiomass
grams
potential food
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ENERGY FLOW
PYRAMID OF NUMBERS
Ecological pyramids can also be based on the _________ of individual organisms at each trophic level. numbers
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CHAPTER 3-1 WHAT IS ECOLOGY
1.At the core of every organism’s interaction with its environment is its
__________________________________
2.This determines a system’s capacity to . ____________.
3.__________ is the main energy source for life on earth.
4. _____________ of sunlight is actually used by living things.
need for energy to power life’s processes
sustain life
Sunlight
Less than 1 %
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Interaction and InterdependenceInteraction and Interdependence
The scientific study of interactions among organism and between organisms and their environment is ____________
1. The _____________ contains the combined portions of the planet in which all life exists.
2. The biosphere consists of ________, _________, and ______ or the atmosphere
3. Interactions within the biosphere produce a web of _____________ between organisms and the environment in which they live.
ECOLOGY
BIOSPHERE
dependence
LAND WATERAIR
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Biological systems pass the same molecules around again and again within the biosphere
4.During the water cycle, water molecules enters the atmosphere as _____________, a gas.
Warm moist air rises. Eventually it cools and __________ into tiny __________ that form __________.
When water droplets become large enough, the water returns to the earth as ______________.
water vapor
condenses dropletsclouds
precipitation
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On land, water _______ along the surface of the land until it reaches rivers, streams lakes, etc.
Water also ______ into the soil, where it enters _______ through the ______.
runs
seepsplants roots
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5. The food you eat provides energy and chemicals to keep you alive. All the chemical substances that an organism needs to sustain life are its _____________.
6._________ is a key ingredient in living tissues. It forms animal skeletons; is an important component of the atmosphere, and is taken up by plants in photosynthesis.
In the atmosphere, carbon is present as _________________________. Carbon dioxide is released into the air by ___________activity, burning of _______________________ and by _______________ of organic matter.
nutrients
Carbon dioxide gas (CO2)
Carbon
volcanicforests and fossil
fuelsdecomposistion
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Animals release carbon dioxide as a waste product of ___________________.
Plants use carbon dioxide in photosynthesis to build ______________.
Carbohydrates are passed along food webs to consumers. ________________ of waste and dead organisms return carbon dioxide to the atmosphere.
In the oceans carbon is found in the from of ___________________, Which breaks down and returns carbon dioxide to the atmosphere.
cellular respiration
Decomposition
carbohydrates
calcium carbonate
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5.Some type of organisms rely on __________________________________
6. ____________ and _______________ are loaded with chemical energy.
7.Autotrophs use energy from the ____________to fuel the ___________________________________________________________
8.____________ make their own food and are called __________.
energy stored in inorganic chemical compounds
Mineral water undersea vents
environment
assembly of simple inorganic compounds into complexorganic compounds
Autotrophsproducers
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9.Describe the process of Photosynthesis __________________________________
10.Photosynthesis is responsible for adding _________ to and removing _____________ from Earth’s atmosphere.
11.On land, ______ are the main autotrophs. In water, _____ are the main autotrophs.
___________________________________
are important autotrophs in tidal flats and salt marshes
CO2 + H2O Light Energy Carbohydrates + H20
oxygen carbon dioxide
plantsalgae
Photosynthetic bacteria (cyanobacteria)
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12.Describe the process of Chemosynthesis __________________________________
13.Where do most Chemotophs live? __________________________________________.
H2S + O2 Chemical Energy Carbohydrates
Volcanic vents, hot springs, tidal marshes
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NOTES ON POPULATION BIOLOGY
1.The important characteristics of a population are _____________________, ________, and ___________
2.Three factors that affect population size:
___________________
______________________________
__________________________________________________________________
geographic distribution densitygrowth rate
Number of births
Number of deaths
Number of individuals that enter or leave the population
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NOTES ON POPULATION BIOLOGY
3.The movement of a species into an area is ____________
4.The movement of a species out of an area is
___________________
immigration
emigration
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NOTES ON POPULATION BIOLOGY
5. If a population has ________________________, and _____________________________________,
then organisms in that population will __________ and the population size will _________
6.When populations reproduce at a constant rate,
_____________ growth occurs. This occurs when there are ______________________________ and the absence of
________________________________
abundant space and foodIs protected from predators and disease
multiply
increase
exponential
unlimited resources
predation and disease
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NOTES ON POPULATION BIOLOGY
7.Look on page 121. In the space below, draw the shape of an exponential growth curve
8.The growth of a population slows down or stops as ________________________________.
9. This slowing down or stopping of a population’s growth following a period of exponential growth is called _______________.
resources becomes less available
logistic growth
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NOTES ON POPULATION BIOLOGY
10.What might cause growth a population to slow down or stop?
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
______________________________________
11.Look on page 122. In the space below, draw the graph showing logistic growth of a yeast population.
when the birth rate decreases
when the death rate increaseswhen the rate of immigration decreases
when the rate of emigration increases
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NOTES ON POPULATION BIOLOGY
12.The largest number of individuals that a given environment can support is called the ________________.
13.Natural populations of familiar plant and animal species usually follow a __________________________________.
In the natural world, there are many factors that limit population growth.
carrying capacity
logistic growth curve.