1 3.1.1 describe the arrangement of elements in the periodic table in order of increasing atomic...
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3.1.1 Describe the arrangement of elements in the periodic table in order of increasing atomic
number.
Development of the Periodic Table
• Johan Dobereiner Grouped similar elements into groups of 3 (triads) such as chlorine, bromine, and iodine. (1817-1829).
• John Newlands
Found every eighth element (arranged by atomic weight) showed similar properties. Law of Octaves (1863).
• Dmitri Mendeleev Arranged elements by similar properties but left blanks for undiscovered elements (1869).
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Dmitri Mendeleev 1834 – 1907
• Russian chemist and teacher
• given the elements he knew about, he organized a “Periodic Table” based on increasing atomic mass (it’s now atomic #)
• he even left empty spaces to be filled in later
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At the time the elements gallium and germanium were not known. These are the blank spaces in his periodic table. He
predicted their discovery and estimated their properties.
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IB Topic 3: Periodicity 3.1: The periodic table
• 3.1.1 Describe the arrangement of elements in the periodic table in order of increasing atomic number.
• 3.1.2 Distinguish between the terms group and period.
• 3.1.3 Apply the relationship between the electron arrangement of elements and their position in the periodic table up to Z = 20.
• 3.1.4 Apply the relationship between the number of electrons in the highest occupied energy level for an element and its position in the periodic table.
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Henry Moseley 1887 – 1915
• arranged the elements in increasing atomic numbers (Z)– properties now
recurred periodically
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Design of the Table• Groups are the vertical columns.
– elements have similar, but not identical, properties• most important property is that
they have the same # of valence electrons
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• valence electrons- electrons in the highest occupied energy level
• all elements have 1,2,3,4,5,6,7, or 8 valence electrons
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IB prefers this one.
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3.1.1 Describe the arrangement of elements in the periodic table in order of increasing atomic number.3.1.2 Distinguish between the terms group and period.
Development of the Periodic Table
• Henry Mosley Arranged the elements by increasing atomic number instead of mass (1913)
• Glen Seaborg Discovered the transuranium elements (93-102) and added the actinide and lanthanide series (1945)
Elements arranged by increasing atomic number into • periods (rows) and • groups or families (columns),
which share similar characteristics
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3.1.1 Describe the arrangement of elements in the periodic table in order of increasing atomic
number.
Metals
• Left side of the periodic table (except hydrogen)
• Good conductors of heat and electricity
• Malleable: capable of being hammered into thin sheets
• Ductile: capable of being drawn into wires
• Have luster: are shiny• Typically lose electrons in
chemical reactions
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3.1.1 Describe the arrangement of elements in the periodic table in order of increasing atomic
number.
Metals
• Alkali metals: Group 1 (1A)• Alkaline earth metals: Group 2
(2A)• Transition metals: Group B,
lanthanide & actinide series
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3.1.1 Describe the arrangement of elements in the periodic table in order of increasing atomic
number.
Nonmetals
• Right side of the periodic table • Poor conductors of heat and
electricity• Non-lusterous• Typically gain electrons in
chemical reactions
• Halogens: Group 17 (7A)• Noble gases: Group 18 (0)
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3.1.1 Describe the arrangement of elements in the periodic table in order of increasing atomic
number.
Metalloids
• Between metals and non-metals, along the stair step (except aluminum)
• Have properties of metals and non-metals
• Some are semi-conductors
• Boron (B), Silicon (Si), Germanium (Ge), Arsenic (As), Antimony (Sb), Tellurium (Te), Astatine (At)
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ns1
ns2
ns2
np1
ns2
np2
ns2
np3
ns2
np4
ns2
np5
ns2
np6
d1
d5 d10
4f
5f
Ground State Electron Configurations of the Elements
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Electron ArrangementElectron Arrangement
Core Electrons: electrons that are in the inner energy levels
Valence Electrons: electrons that are in the outermost (highest) energy level
Group = Sum of electrons in the highest occupied energy level (s + p) = Number of valence electrons
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3.1.4 Apply the relationship between the number of electrons in the highest occupied energy level
for an element and its position in the periodic table.
Arrangement of the Periodic Table
• Valence Electrons: electrons in the outermost (highest) energy level– Group 1 elements have 1 v.e.s – Group 2 elements have 2 v.e.s– Group 3 elements have 3 v.e.s – So on and so forth– Group 8 have 8 v.e. (except
for helium, which has 2)
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Lewis Dot-Diagrams/Structures
• valence electrons are represented as dots around the chemical symbol for the element
Na
Cl
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3.1.4 Apply the relationship between the number of electrons in the highest occupied energy level
for an element and its position in the periodic table.
Electron dot diagrams
Group 1A: 1 dot X Group 5A: 5 dots X
Group 2A: 2 dots X Group 6A: 6 dots X
Group 3A: 3 dots X Group 7A: 7 dots X
Group 4A: 4 dots X Group 0: 8 dots (except He) X
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Look, they are following my
rule!
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Electron Dot Diagram Using the symbol for the element, place dots around the symbol
correspondingto the outer energy level s & p electrons (valence electrons). Will
have fromone to eight dots in the dot diagram.
Draw electron dot diagrams for the following atoms
H Be O Al Ca Zr
H Be O
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Electron Dot Diagram Using the symbol for the element, place dots around the symbol
correspondingto the outer energy level s & p electrons. Will have from one to eight
dots inthe dot diagram.
Draw electron dot diagrams for the following atoms
Al Ca Zr
Al Ca Zr
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2.3.4 Deduce the electron arrangement 2.3.4 Deduce the electron arrangement for atoms and ions.for atoms and ions.
Write electron configuration, orbital filling diagrams, and electron dot
diagrams.
Kr
Tb 26
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• B is 1s2 2s2 2p1;– 2 is the outermost energy level – it contains 3 valence electrons, 2
in the 2s and 1 in the 2p• Br is [Ar] 4s2 3d10 4p5
How many valence electrons are present?
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• Periods are the horizontal rows– do NOT have similar properties– however, there is a pattern to their properties
as you move across the table that is visible when they react with other elements
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3.1.3 Apply the relationship between the electron arrangement of elements and their position in the
periodic table.
Arrangement of the Periodic Table
• Period = The highest occupied energy level = number of energy levels
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3.1.3 Apply the relationship between the electron arrangement of elements and their position in the
periodic table.
Arrangement of the Periodic Table
• Na = 1s22s22p63s1
• Sodium is in the 3rd period because it has 3 energy levels The highest occupied energy level is 3
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IB Topic 3: Periodicity 3.2: Physical properties
• 3.2.1 Define the terms first ionization energy and electronegativity.
• 3.2.2 Describe and explain the trends in atomic radii, ionic radii, first ionization energies, electronegativities and melting points for the alkali metals (Li Cs) and the halogens (F I).
• 3.2.3 Describe and explain the trends in atomic radii, ionic radii, first ionization energies and electronegativities for elements across period 3.
• 3.2.4 Compare the relative electronegativity values of two or more elements based on their positions in the periodic table.
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Periodic Trend Definitions
• Atomic Radius: half the internuclear distance between two atoms of the same element (pm)
• Ionic radius: the radius of an ion in the crystalline form of a compound (pm)
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Periodic Trend Definitions
• First ionization energy: The energy required to remove one electron from each atom in one mole of gaseous atoms under standard thermodynamic conditions (kJ mol-1)
• Electron Affinity: The energy released when one electron is added to each atom in one mole of gaseous atoms under standard thermodynamic conditions (kJ mol-1)
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Periodic Trend Definitions
• Electronegativity: a measure of the tendency of an atom in a molecule to attract a pair of shared electrons towards itself
• Melting Point: the temperature at which a solid becomes a liquid at a fixed pressure (degrees Kelvin)
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Trends in the table IB loves the alkali metals and
the halogens
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• many trends are easier to understand if you comprehend the following
• the ability of an atom to “hang on to” or attract its valence electrons is the result of two opposing forces – the attraction between the electron and
the nucleus– the repulsions between the electron in
question and all the other electrons in the atom (often referred to the shielding effect)
– the net resulting force of these two is referred to effective nuclear charge
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This is a simple, yet very good picture. Do you understand it?
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3.2.2 Describe and explain the trends in atomic radii, ionic radii, first ionization
energies, electronegativities and melting points
Group 1A: Alkali Metals• Have 1 valence electron• Shiny, silvery, soft metals• React with water & halogens• Oxidize easily (lose electrons)• Reactivity increases down the
group
Group 7A: Halogens • Have 7 valence electrons• Colored gas (F2, Cl2); liquid (Br2);
Solid (I2)
• Oxidizer (gain electrons)• Reactivity decreases down the
group
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3.2.2 Describe and explain the trends in atomic radii, ionic radii, first ionization
energies, electronegativities and melting points
Atomic Radii• The radius of an atom, measured in pm
(picometers)
• Periodic trend (Period 3 Trend)– Atomic size decreases as you move across a period.– The increase in nuclear charge increases the attraction to
the outer shell so the outer energy level progressively becomes closer to the nucleus
• Group trend for Alkali metals & Halogens– Atomic size increases as you move down a group of the
periodic table.– Adding higher energy levels
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Atomic Radii
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3.2.2 Describe and explain the trends in atomic radii, ionic radii, first ionization
energies, electronegativities and melting points
Ionic RadiiThe radius of the ion form of atoms
(cations and anions)
• Positive ions are smaller than their atoms.– Fewer electrons so nucleus attracts remaining electrons more strongly– One fewer energy level since valence electrons removed.
• Negative ions are larger than their atoms– More electrons so nucleus has less attraction for them– Greater electron-electron repulsion
• Periodic trend (Period 3 Trend)– Decrease as you move across a period, then spike and decrease again – This increase in nuclear charge increases the attraction to the outer shell so the
outer energy level progressively becomes closer to the nucleus
• Group trend for Alkali metals & Halogens– Ions get larger down a group– More energy levels are added
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3.2.2 Describe and explain the trends in atomic radii, ionic radii, first ionization
energies, electronegativities and melting points
First Ionization EnergiesThe energy required to remove the first electron from a
gaseous atom.Second ionization removes the second electron and so on.
Can be used to predict ionic charges.
• Periodic Trend (Period 3 Trend)– Increases as you move from left to right across a period.– Effect of increasing nuclear charge makes it harder to remove an
electron.
• Group trend for Alkali metals & Halogens– Generally decreases as you move down a group in the periodic table – Since size increases down a group, the outermost electron is farther
away from the nucleus and is easier to remove.
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Filled n=1 shell
Filled n=2 shell
Filled n=3 shellFilled n=4 shell
Filled n=5 shell
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3.2.2 Describe and explain the trends in atomic radii, ionic radii, first ionization
energies, electronegativities and melting points
ElectronegativityTendency for the atoms of the element to attract
electrons when theyare chemically combined with atoms of another
element.Helps predict the type of bonding (ionic/covalent).
• Periodic Trend (Period 3 Trend)– Increases as you move from left to right across a period.– Nonmetals have a greater attraction for electrons than metals &
there is a greater nuclear charge that can attract electrons
• Group trend for Alkali metals & Halogens– Generally decreases as you move down a group in the periodic
table.– For metals, the lower the number the more reactive.– For nonmetals, the higher the number the more reactive.
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ElectronegativityElectronegativity
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3.2.2 Describe and explain the trends in atomic radii, ionic radii, first ionization
energies, electronegativities and melting points
ReactivityThe relative capacity of an atom, molecule or radical to
undergo a chemical reaction with another atom, molecule or radical.
• Don’t worry about the periodic trend!!!
• Group trend for Alkali metals– Increases as you move down group 1 in the periodic table – Since alkali metals are more likely to lose an electron, the ones
with the lowest 1st ionization energy are the most reactive since they require the least amount of energy to lose a valence electron.
• Group trend for Halogens– Decreases as you move down group 7 in the periodic table – Since halogens are more likely to gain an electron, the ones with
the greatest electronegativity are the most reactive since they are most effective at gaining a valence electron.
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3.2.2 Describe and explain the trends in atomic radii, ionic radii, first ionization
energies, electronegativities and melting points
Melting PointsThe temperature at which a crystalline melts depends on the strength of the attractive forces and on the way the particles are packed in the
solid state
• Don’t worry about the periodic trend!!!
• Alkali Metals: Melting point decreases down the group– Li (181 oC) to Cs (29 oC)– As the atoms get larger the forces of attraction between them
decrease due to the type of bonding (metallic)
• Halogens: Melting point increases down the group– F2 (-220 0C) to I2 (114 oC)– Weak attractive forces increase as the molecules get larger
due to the type of bonding (non-polar covalent)
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IB Topic 3: Periodicity 3.3: Chemical properties
• Discuss the similarities and differences in the chemical properties of elements in the same group.
• Discuss the changes in nature, from ionic to covalent and from basic to acidic, of the oxides across period 3.
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3.3.1 Discuss the similarities and differences in the chemical
properties of elements in the same group.
Alkali Metals
React with water &react with many
substances because…
They have the same number of
valence electrons
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3.3.1 Discuss the similarities and differences in the chemical
properties of elements in the same group.
Alkali Metals
2Na(s) + 2H2O(l) 2NaOH (aq) + H2(g)
In the reaction of alkali metals and water, all will:
• move around the surface of the water,
• give off hydrogen gas, • create a basic
solution.
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3.3.1 Discuss the similarities and differences in the chemical
properties of elements in the same group.
Alkali Metals
In the reaction of alkali metals and water, the reactivity will
increase down the group because they get better at getting rid of their valence
electron (the 1st ionization energy
decreases)
So, alkali metals lower down will:
• React more vigorously• React faster
• Give off a flame
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3.3.1 Discuss the similarities and differences in the chemical
properties of elements in the same group.
Alkali Metals
Reaction with halogens
2M(s) + X2 (g) 2MX(s)
where M represents Li,Na,K,Rb, or Cs
Where X represents F,Cl,Br, or I
2Na(s) + Cl2(g) 2NaCl(s)
Reactivity decreases down the group
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3.3.1 Discuss the similarities and differences in the chemical
properties of elements in the same group.Halogens
Halogens are diatomic as gases (two atoms bond together) and called halides when they form ions… These are BrINClHOF
Halogens want to get one electron to fill its outer shell.
Reactivity decreases down the group because electronegativity decreases
Cl2 reacts with Br- and I- Cl2(aq) + 2Br-(aq) 2Cl-(aq) + Br2(l)
Cl2(aq) + 2I-(aq) 2Cl-(aq) + I2(s)
Br2 reacts with I-Br2(aq) + 2I-(aq) 2Br-(aq) + I2(s)
I2 non-reactive with halide ions
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Reactivity of Elements… in action
Alkali Metals: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m55kgyApYrY
Halogens:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tk5xwS5bZMA&feature=related
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3.3.2 Discuss the changes in nature, from ionic to covalent and from
basic to acidic, of the oxides across period 3.
Metallic Oxides in Period 3Sodium oxide: Na2O ionic
Magnesium oxide: MgO ionicAluminum oxide: Al2O3 ionic
Metalloid oxide in Period 3Silicon dioxide: SiO2 covalent
Nonmetallic oxides in Period 3Tetraphosphorus decoxide: P4O10 covalent
Sulfur trioxide: SO3 covalent
Dichlorine heptoxide: Cl2O7 covalent
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3.3.2 Discuss the changes in nature, from ionic to covalent and from
basic to acidic, of the oxides across period 3.
Acidic/Basic
Metallic oxides in Period 3 are basicSodium oxide: Na2O + H2O 2 NaOH basicMagnesium oxide: MgO + H2O Mg(OH)2 basicAluminum oxide: Al2O3 + H2O 2 Al(OH)3 amphoteric
Metalloid oxide in Period 3 is acidicSilicon dioxide: SiO2 + H2O H2SiO3 acidic
Nonmetallic oxides in Period 3 are acidicTetraphosphorus decoxide: P4O10 + 6H2O 4H3PO4 acidicSulfur trioxide: SO3 + H2O H2SO4 acidicDichlorine heptoxide: Cl2O7 + H2O 2HClO4 acidicArgon does not form an oxide
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Terms to Know
• Group
• Period
• Alkali metals
• Halogens
• Ionic radius
• Electronegativity
• First ionization energy
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Periodic Table of Video
• http://www.periodicvideos.com/