1-4 agamuthu waste management and recycling ......• to reduce energy usage, • to reduce air...
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A G A M U T H U P .I N S T I T U T E O F B I O L O G I C A L S C I E N C E S ,
U N I V E R S I T Y O F M A L A Y A , 5 0 6 0 3 K U A L A L U M P U R , M A L A Y S I A
E M A I L : A G A M U T H U @ U M . E D U . M Y
WASTE MANAGEMENT AND RECYCLING PERFORMANCE
INDICATORS: PRIORITIES AND CHALLENGES
CONTENT
• Introduction • Objectives of recycling• Recycling performance indicators • General characteristics of recycling indicators • Environmental indicator• Economic indicator• Case studies• The challenges• Conclusions
INTRODUCTION
• Recycling has become an important aspect in waste management.
• Recycling is a part of life in many developed nations• Japan• Singapore• Denmark
• Necessary to enable sustainable development (waste and resource management)
• Recycling Indicators have become an important tool for evaluation of performance & to make decisions.
WASTE SEGREGATION BY LOCAL KAMIKATSU RESIDENTS
WASTE ARE SEGREGATED INTO 34 CATEGORIES AT THE ZERO-WASTE
CENTRE IN KAMIKATSU.
RECYCLING OBJECTIVES=INDICATORS
• To prevent waste of potentially useful materials, • To reduce the consumption of fresh raw materials, • To reduce energy usage, • To reduce air pollution (from incineration) and
water pollution (from landfilling) by reducing the need for waste disposal,
• To reduce greenhouse gas emissions as compared to virgin production.
RECYCLING OF E-WASTE IS COMMONLY PRACTICE IN EUROPE
E-WASTE RECYCLING
• No such thing as value-free objective indicators.• An indicator is good if
• It supports the purpose of the analysis carried out and
• It gives the desired information for decision making
• Indicators could involve:• Environmental• Economical, or • Social issues.
RECYCLING PERFORMANCE INDICATORS 1
DEPOSIT-REFUND SCHEME FOR DRINKING BOTTLES AND CANS REDUCE LITTERING AND
INCREASE RECYCLING IN EU AND UK
RECYCLING PERFORMANCE INDICATORS 2
• Indicators covers various aspects, namely economic, political, and social conditions • necessary for recycling success
• public understanding’s effect on recycling performance • behavioural change
• -increase participation in recycling collection and reducing contamination
• households’ participation• attitudes of people in recycling programs
• public’s perception of a local authority recycling scheme • strategy planning for drop-off centres • waste stream diversion success via kerbside, buyback and
drop-off recycling programs. • also on the efficiency of recycling program (e.g. benefit to
cost ratio or net cost per ton)
GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF RECYCLING INDICATORS
• It should reflect the industrial ecology ambition of closing material and energy loops,
• It should reflect the function and the performance of the system,• It should be based on the most important environmental and
economic impacts (eco-efficient) in the whole life-cycle of the recycle chain,
• It should reflect global environmental concern or business value,• It should be relevant, understandable, meaningful and useful for
decision-makers,• Should support system-oriented decision makers (local, national,
regional authorities, pro-active firms, “materials companies”), and
• Definitions, data and methods for measurement must be established and accepted globally as scientifically valid.
ZERO-WASTE STRATEGY PROMOTES RECYCLING IN SINGAPORE
SUMMARY OF ECO-EFFICIENCY INDICATORS FOR RECYCLING SYSTEM
ENVIRONMENTAL INDICATORS
NET ENERGY CONSUMPTION
• An important parameter • large amount of energy often is involved in
processes • transport, • Sorting, and • recycling.
• A large amount of energy can be saved • when the recycled material from the defined system
substitute alternative use of virgin material (in other systems), • less energy demand for the extraction of virgin materials.
MATERIAL CONSUMPTION
• Usage of raw materials • Less dependency on virgin materials is a positive
indicator • Can be based on the end-of-life fraction of the raw
material to be converted into a new product. • The aim is to use as much as possible of the end-of-
life fraction, • Recorded as the % Recycled indicator.
CHIPS FROM PLASTIC BOTTLE-CAPS AT THE END OF THE RECYCLING PROCESS
OTHER ENVIRONMENTAL INDICATORS
• Water consumption
• Ozone depleting substances (ODS)
• Greenhouse gas (GHG) emission
• Pollution generation- toxicity effects
ECONOMIC INDICTORS OF RECYCLING
CRITERIA FOR CONSIDERATION
• Quantity of product/ service sold• Net sales• Net cost in the system• Cost Criterion - Capital &
Operational/Maintenance expenses, • Social Criteria - Job creation, accessibility & public
acceptance• Government Support – Policy, Funding & Political
Will
STRATEGIES FOR EVALUATION
STRATEGY 1EDUCATION
BillboardAdvertisement
Carnival,exhibition,
briefing, workshopPrinted matters
Electronicmedia
Formaleducation(Schools, Uni)
STRATEGY 2INFRASTRUCTURE
Recycling bin Silverbox Recycling Lorry Recycling VanRecycling/
collectioncentre
STRATEGY 3ECONOMIC
Tax ReliefPay As You Throw
(PAYT)Penalty
Incentives onRecycledProducts
STRATEGY 4ENVIRONMENT
GreenEconomy
PublicProcurement
Green ProductLabelling
STRATEGY 5ENFORCEMENT/REGULATION (MANDATORY)
SourceSeparation
Use ofrecycled product
Product withminimumrecycled
content
Products with3Rsindication label
Wastemanagementoption (e.g.composting
STRATEGY 6PRIVATE SECTORPARTICIPATION(VOLUNTARY)
SourceSeparation
Use ofrecycled product
Product withMinimumrecycled
content
Products with3Rsindication label
Wastemanagementoption (e.g.composting
CASE STUDY 1
• INDICATORS IN SCOTLAND
• Cleanliness (based on 100)• Waste management (composted/ landfilled etc.)• Recycling date (% recycled)• Waste diversion rate
CASE STUDY 2: WASTE GENERATION IN UK
• Waste generation in UK has a declining trend from 2004 to 2008
• In 2004 total waste generated was 325.3 MT and in 2008 is 288.6MT
• The decrease is 11.3% in 2008 and 6.0% in 2006 as compared to 2004
• In 2008, from a total 288.6MT of waste, • 48% was deposited to landfill, • 45% recovered, • 5% underwent treatment and • 2% incinerated.
WASTE STATISTICS IN UK
EVOLUTION OF WASTE MANAGEMENT TOWARDS RECYCLING IN UK
• Venn diagram shows position of different countries in waste management
• The first goal is to reach the left corner with 100% waste recycled• The evolution is from landfilling to incineration and finally to recycling
CASE STUDY IN LONDON
• Total MSW generation in 2008-2009 = 4 million metric tons • 23% incinerated and • 25% was recycled.
• Landfilling decreased from 72% to 49% • Increased in recycling from 8% to 25% from
2000 to 2009 • Waste management practice is giving priority
to waste prevention .
Defra – Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs
CASE STUDY 3: WASTE TREATMENT IN EU - 2006
Eurostat, Energy Transport and Environment Indicators 2008
High levels of recovery
Significant levels of energy recovery
Incineration as the primary disposal route
Primary reliance on landfilling
IMPROVED RECYCLING RATE IN EU IS RESULTING FROM:
• EU Landfill Directive• Landfill taxes• Landfill diversion targets• Recycling targets (55% by 2008)• Extended Producer Responsibility• EU Packaging Directive• End of Waste Criteria
TRENDS IN THE EU
EPR IMPACT ON WASTE REDUCTION OF PACKAGING WASTE 1997-2007
EPR AS A FUNDAMENTAL DRIVER FOR RECYCLABILITY IN EUROPE CAN
BE USED AS INDICATOR• Improved environmental performance of
products subject to EPR law (46 to 60%) • Decline in hazardous material reduction (48 to
26%)• Increased rate of recycling and recyclability (6
to 14%)• Experience with EPR around the world shows
that EPR can be very effective in enhancing separate collection and recycling
EPR TREND IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
• EPR growth rate – increases over the years in developing countries from 45% in 2003 to about 68% in 2009
• This shows that the recycling rate targets are met, with new higher targets being set as part of the EPR program planning process
• In August 2009 , a new and higher 70 percent target was set by the governments and was required to be met by the end of 2011
‘RETURN-DEPOSIT’ MACHINES ENCOURAGE RECYCLING OF
RECYCLABLE ITEMS###
CHALLENGES OF RECYCLING PROGRAM IN DEVELOPING NATIONS
• Most MSW are• highly commingled. • high moisture content soiled the recyclables namely paper
and plastic reduced its quality significantly.
• Waste sorting at transfer station is not feasible• high cost and impractical.
• The contributing factors:• the lack of source separation. • low public participation• recycling is an inconvenient practice
WASTE GENERATION TRENDS IN SELECTED COUNTRIES IN THE ASIA
PACIFIC REGION
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
2000 2006 2008
Year
Tonnes p
er capita p
er year
India
Malaysia
Indonesia
China
Japan
Korea
Nepal
Singapore
WASTE COMPOSITION GENERATED BY SELECTED COUNTRIES IN THE ASIA PACIFIC REGION
0 20 40 60 80 100
Japan
India
Indonesia
Bangladesh
Cambodia
Malaysia
Nepal
Vietnam
Cook Island
Fiji
Solomon
Samoa
Percentages (%)
OrganicPaperGlassMetalPlastic
HETEROGENOUS WASTES GENERATION
ISSUES OF RECYCLING IN DEVELOPING NATIONS
• Absence of stringent policy and regulation.• A livelihood for the urban poor community in India,
Bangladesh and Indonesia.• Plastic recycling in India and Bangladesh reaches
approximately 47% and 51%, respectively.• The trend will change with the improvement in the
standard of living Recycling not worth practicingRecycling rate will reduceObserved in many rapidly developing countries like
Malaysia and Thailand
PLASTIC COLLECTED
FOR RECYCLING
IN CHINA
ALUMINIUM CANS READY FOR SHIPPING (INDIA)
RECYCLING ACTIVITIES IN INDIA
RECYCLING OF COMPUTER PARTS IN BANGLADESH
RECYCLING ISSUES IN PACIFIC ISLANDS
• The implementation of recycling program into the existing waste management system have been a real struggle• lack of public participation,• low awareness and • indifferent attitude of the community
• traditional waste management system discourages effective recycling practice • improper waste storage • Inefficient waste collection equipment, and • lack of appropriate waste recycling facilities
• Only selective components which depend of the demand and market price are efficiently recycled
CONCLUSIONS
• Recycling Indicators are very important tools in achieving sustainable development
• It is necessary to monitor the efficiency & effectiveness of recycling implementation via appropriate recycling performance indicators.
• Various challenges still exist in many parts of the developing world which inhibit successful recycling programs.
• Identifying appropriate indicators would enhance results’ accuracy and yield higher recycling success. Decision making will become relevant.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
• Dr Fauziah, Ms Siva Shangari, and Dr Santha, University of Malaya
• Rachael Williams, • International Solid Waste
Association (ISWA)
THANK YOU