1 4th primary booklets 2015
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A l K a r m a L a n g u a g e S c h o o lA c a d e m i c y e a r : 2 0 1 4 / 2 0 1 5
P r imary 4
Sc ience Shee ts
F i r s t Te rm
• S t uden t Name : ______________________
• C l ass : _ ____________________
2
Unit one
Unit two
1- Measuring Tools
2- States of Matter
3- Elements around us
4- Physical and Chemical Changes
4-
1-Stars and Planets
2- Motion of Sun and Earth
3- Motion of Moon
4- Atmosphere and weather
3
Unit OneUnit One
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There are many different things around us like:
Bag Ball Glass Stone Apple
All of these objects differ in:
Shape, size and mass, but all of these objects are known as matter.
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Lesson : Measuring tools 1
Matter: Everything that has mass and volume:
Study well
Mass: The amount of matter in an object.
Volume: The space occupied by the matter.
• When you buy cloth, the seller asks about the length.
• When you buy vegetables, fruits or meat he asks about the mass.
• When you buy milk or oil, he asks you about the volume.
1)-The centimeter (cm)
5
Measuring ruler
Measuring tape
Centimeter
Metre
kilometer
Examples
Measuring tools Measuring units
1 meter= 100centimeter
Length Length
Used for measuring small lengths
(Such as the length of your pen or your book)
2)-The meter (m)
For measuring big lengths
(Such as the dimensions of your classroom)
3 )-The kilometer (Km)
For measuring very big lengths (such as the distance between Cairo and Alexandria)
1 Kilometer (Km) = 1000 meters (m)
6
Sensitive balance for gold & chemicals
Common balance for fruits & vegetables
Gram
Kilogram
Ton
1kilogram=1000 gram
1Ton=1000 kilogram
1)- The gram (gm):
For measuring small masses such as jewelry and chemical substances.
2)- The kilogram (Kg):
For measuring large masses such as fruits & vegetables.
3 )- The ton: For very big objects
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Mass Mass
Volume Volume
Graduated cylinder
(Liquids – irregular shaped solids)
Graduate ruler
(solid regular shape)
Liquid volumes:
milliliter
liter
Solid volumes:
cubic centimeter cm3
cubic meter m3
Measuring tools Measuring units
Measuring tools Measuring units
1Liter =1000 milliter= 1000 cm3
1-Calculating the volume of a regular solid object:
By using the ruler to measure its dimension then calculate its volume
Volume = Length x Width x Height =--- cm3
Width
Height
Length
Find the volume of a brick, knowing that its length = 7cm, its width= 5cm and its height = 1cm
Volume = length x width x height
= 7 x 5 x 1 = 35 cm3
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Estimating volumes of irregular shaped solid and insoluble in water
Use a graduated cylinder contains a quantity of watera- Record the level of water in cylinder v1b- Put a piece of stone then record the level =v2The volume of stone =v2-v1
ProblemProblem
Solution
When a piece of stone is put in a jar containing 30cm3 of water, the water level rises to 50 cm3 what is the volume of the stone?
Volume of stone = V2 – V1 = 50 – 30 = 20 cm3
How to read the volume of liquids?
Look horizontally at the lowest (bottom) point of the water level
Activity: Masses of equals volumes to different materials:
Put iron cube on a common balance and put a wooden cube on the other
Observation: the balance shows that the iron is heavier than wood cube
Conclusion: Equal volumes of different materials have different mass
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ProblemProblem
Solution
Note:
Explanation
When an object is submerged in a measuring cylinder contains water rises up with volume equals the volume of the object.
When the body is submerged completely in a cylinder full of a liquid, the liquid is spilled out of the cylinder, So.: the volume of the body= the volume of the spilled water.
There are three states of matter:
1. Solid state: Examples: [wood – iron – gold – pen – disk – door – spoon ]
2. Liquid state: Examples: [water – milk – juices – tea – coffee]
3. Gaseous state: Examples: [oxygen – carbon dioxide – air – water vapour]
• Matter exists only in one state at room temperature.
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Lesson Matter states and changes2
1. Properties of the three states of matter:
• Solid shape and volume:
Experiment Observation Conclusion• Bring a stone and put
it in a jar then transfer it in a dish.
The shape of solid does not change.The volume of stone does not change
Solids have definite shape and definite volume.
• Liquid shape and volume:
Experiment Observation Conclusion• Place 100cm3 of
water in each of the following pots.
The water takes the shape of its container.The volume of water does not change
Liquid has definite volume and indefinite shape.
• Gases shape and volume:
Experiment Observation ConclusionBlow a balloon and tie it with a thread then press upon it by your hand
The shape of balloon changes.The volume of balloon changes
Gases have indefinite shape and indefinite volume.
Changes of Matter
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Activities
Melting: Change of matter from solid into liquid by heating
12
States of matterStates of matter
SolidSolid LiquidLiquidGasGas
Freezing
Melting
Condensation
Evaporation
Freezing: Change of matter from liquid to solid by cooling
Condensation: Change of matter from gas to liquid by cooling
Evaporation: Change of matter from liquid to gas by heating
Its properties Its properties Its properties
Examples
Examples Examples
GasLiquidsSolids
Shape changes according to the container (no definite shape).
Shape changes according to the container (no definite shape).
Definite shape
Shape
Volume changes according to the container (no definite volume).
Definite volumeDefinite volume
Volume
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Definite shape and definite volume
Definite shape and definite volume
Definite volume and indefinite shape. The shape changes according to the shape of the container
Definite volume and indefinite shape. The shape changes according to the shape of the container
The volume and shape change according to the shape of the container
The volume and shape change according to the shape of the container
IronIronAirAir
WaterWater
Lesson Elements around us3
ElementsElementsIs the simplest form of matter that cannot be
decomposed into 2 substances or more
Is the simplest form of matter that cannot be
decomposed into 2 substances or more
Their properties Their properties
Examples Examples
• The Economic importance of Elements (metals & non – metals
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MetalsMetalsNon metalsNon metals
1-Have luster (shiny) Have no luster (not shiny)
2-Good conductor of electricity Bad conductor except carbon
3-Good conductor of heat Bad conductor of heat
4-High melting point Low melting point
5-Malleable (can be bent) Not malleable (can’t be bent)
6-All are solid except mercury solid, liquid and gases which is liquid
1-Have luster (shiny) Have no luster (not shiny)
2-Good conductor of electricity Bad conductor except carbon
3-Good conductor of heat Bad conductor of heat
4-High melting point Low melting point
5-Malleable (can be bent) Not malleable (can’t be bent)
6-All are solid except mercury solid, liquid and gases which is liquid
Iron- copper- aluminum- gold- silver and zinc
Solid as Carbon,sulphur and phosphorus, liquid as bromine
Uses of metals and non metals
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Metals Non - metals
1- Iron is used in bridges, car
frames, doors and lamp posts.
1-Carbon (graphite) as positive
poles in dry batteries. Why?
2- Aluminum is used in making
(manufacturing) cooking pots and
foil paper.
3- Gold & Silver are used in jewelers. 2-Diamond used in jewels.
4- Copper is used in making some
statues, metal coins & electric
wires.
1- Electric wires are covered with a layer of plastic.Because plastic is a bad conductor of electricity.
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Give reasons:
2- Although metals are solids at room temperature, Mercury is used in thermometers.
Because Mercury is the only liquid metal.
3- Although carbon is a non-metal, it is used to make the positive poles of dry cells.
Because carbon is a good conductor of electricity.
4- Car chassis (frames) & bridges are made of some metals.
Because metals can be hammered, bent and they are ductile.
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Lesson Physical and chemical change 4
Types of changes that occur to matter
Types of changes that occur to matter
Physical change
It is the change in the appearance of matter without a change in its structure
Examples:
a- Dissolving of sugar & table salt
b- Malleability, ductility and bending of elements
C- Melting of wax & ice
d- Paper recycling.
Physical change
It is the change in the appearance of matter without a change in its structure
Examples:
a- Dissolving of sugar & table salt
b- Malleability, ductility and bending of elements
C- Melting of wax & ice
d- Paper recycling.
Chemical change:
It is the change of the structure of a substance producing new substance with new properties
Examples:
a- Burning of (candle- wood-sugar)
b- Iron rust
C-Fermentation of food
d- Production of yoghurt from milk.
Chemical change:
It is the change of the structure of a substance producing new substance with new properties
Examples:
a- Burning of (candle- wood-sugar)
b- Iron rust
C-Fermentation of food
d- Production of yoghurt from milk.
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1-They are lighting bodies with different shapes in the space
2-They seems very small because they are very far from us
a- It is the center of solar system
b- It is a shining star
c- It radiates (emits) light and heat
d- It is the nearest star to us
-They are dark bodies revolve around the sun in fixed orbits
-There are 8 planets, these planets are arranged from the nearest to the farthest from the sun as:
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Lesson 1: Stars and planets
StarsStars
Solar systemSolar system
Sun Planets Moons Celestial bodies
Asteroids Comets Meteors Meteoroids
Sun
PlanetsPlanets
Mercury- Venus- Earth- Mars- Jupiter- Saturn- Uranus and Neptune
The planets of the solar system:
Because of its small size whereas its size is less than one fifth of the earth’s size.
a- Dark bodies, reflects the light of the sun so it seems shiny
b-Revolves around the planets
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MoonsMoons
G.R/scientists do not classify Pluto as a planet
Lesson The rotation of the sun and earth
Activity
Use suitable colors:
The number of moons revolving around the planets:Mercury Venus Earth Mars Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune
- - 1 2 62 60 27 13
Star Planet Moon
1-It is a shiny body.
2-It emits heat and light.
3-It rotates in the space.
(apparent rotation)
Ex: The sun
1-It is a dark body.
2-It doesn't emit heat or light.
3- It rotates in space around the sun.
Ex: The Earth
1-It is a dark body.
2-It reflects sunlight falling on it.
3- It rotates in space around planets.
Ex: The Moon
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2
Compare between Star, planet & moon
Celestial bodies: The stars, planets and moons are travelling in a continuous rotation
The sun is a star but it seems larger than the other because it is the nearest one to us
The apparent rotation of the sun
-The sun seems moving from the east to west because the earth rotates around its axis and not due to the rotation of the sun
-Movement of the shadow of a fixed objectis as a result to the apparent rotation of the sun
-The sun takes different apparent orbits from east to west
-A summer day is longer than the winter day because the apparent orbit of the sun in summer is longer than the apparent orbit in winter
- In spring and autumn, the number of hours of the day is nearly equal to the number of hours of the night.
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1- The rotation of the sun
2- Rotation of the earth
a- Revolution of the earth around the sun
b- Rotation of the earth around its axis
Sequence of seasons Sequence of day and night
G.R
G.R
Lesson Motion of the moon
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3
Rotation of the moon
-The earth rotates around its axis once every 24 hours causing day and night
-The hours of day is not equal to the hours of night because the axis of the earth is inclined
-The earth revolves around the sun once every 365 and quarters a day causing the sequence of the seasons
How to determine the length of day and night?
1- Read of sunset= Time of sunset [12: 00] t 12 hours [12: 00]
2- The length of day = Read of sunset [hour: min] – Read of sunrise [hour : min]
3- The length of night = 24 hours [24: 00] – length of day [hour: min]
1- Read of sunset= Time of sunset [12: 00] t 12 hours [12: 00]
2- The length of day = Read of sunset [hour: min] – Read of sunrise [hour : min]
3- The length of night = 24 hours [24: 00] – length of day [hour: min]
a-The moon rotates around its axis and around the earth
b-The moon rotates around the earth once every 28 days as the result of its rotation around the earth the size of the area reflecting the sun light
on the moon changes and that’s why we see it shining
Phases of the moon
It begins in the form of a crescent then half of the moon becomes shining and then it becomes full moon then changes into a crescent
New moon First Crescent first quadrature (half moon) first gibbous
At the beginning of the lunar month
Second crescent second quadrature (half moon) second gibbous
full moon
At the end of lunar month
Attraction among celestial bodies
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Around its axis Around the earth
Phases of the moon
2 days4 days 3 days
2nd days 7th days 11thdays
21th days 17th days 14th days
-There are attraction forces among the celestial bodies
-There is an attraction force between the earth and the sun and between the earth and the moon
Phenomena resulted from the attraction of both the sun and the moon to the earth
Why the tide and ebb happens?
It is due to the attraction between the earth and the moon and the attraction happens between
The earth and the sun as well but the moon is considered the main reason for tide and ebb because it is nearer to the earth than the sun
Water falling effect
Activity-put a plastic fan under a water tap and let the water fall
25
Tide
Is the rising of water level to extend that water covers the seashores the maximum of the rising is when the moon is full
Ebb
It is when the water returns back to its
normal level after the tide
Observation: The rushing of the tap water rotates the fan this is the idea of the turbines
-The turbines are rotated by the falling of water or by air pushing to produce electricity
The benefits of tide and ebb:
1-Generating electricity: the flowing of water during the tide and its retraction during the ebb makes the turbines rotate and produce
electricity
2-Cleaning the coast: water carries the wastes from the coast to the sea
3-Ships and boats: access to the shallow water paths
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Lesson The atmosphere and the weather 4
Atmosphere components
1- Oxygen gas:
It represents about 1/5of air volume.
The main source of oxygen on Earth is the photosynthesis process in green plants.
2- Carbon dioxide:
Lime water is used to test carbon dioxide.
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Gas Oxygen Nitrogen Carbon dioxide other gases Water vapour
Ratios 21% 78% 0.03% 0.79% changing
Importance of
3- Nitrogen gas:
It is the most abundant gas in the air as it represents 4/5 of the volume of the atmosphere.
4- Water vapour:
The humidity of air depends on the amount of water vapour that presents in air so the humidity increases in coastal regions.
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Oxygen Carbon dioxide Nitrogen
1- Necessary for respiration of living organisms.
1- Green plants use it to make photosynthesis process.
1- Decrease the effect of oxygen in combustion.
2- Helps in burning of fuel.
2- Use to make soda water.
2- Used in making ammonia and nitrogenous fertilizers
3- Divers use oxygen cylinder to help them breath under water
3- Helps in fire extinguisher (put off) because it doesn’t burn.
4- It is used with acetylene in cutting and welding metals.
Weather WeatherIs the expected conditions of the
atmosphere in an area during a short period of time not exceeding one week
Clouds & rains
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The weather factors
Temperature
Atmospheric pressure
Winds
Temperature
1
Maximum temperature
The expected temperature during the day time
Minimum temperature
The expected temperature during the night time
Measured by
Mercury thermometer or digital thermometer
Atmospheric pressure 2
Measured by Barometer
Activity
The cup of water and atmospheric pressure
-Fill a cup with water completely then cover it with white paper, then turn the cup upside down
Observation: Water does not fall from the cup
Conclusion: the atmospheric pressure equals to water pressure in the cup
- There are places with high atmospheric pressure and others with low atmospheric pressure
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Wind
3
Is the movement of air from high pressure areas toward lower pressure
areas
*The speed of wind causes the rising of waves of the sea
Measured by
Anemometer measures wind speed
Vane determines the direction of the wind
a
Clouds and rains 4
Formation of clouds
The sun rays evaporate the water
changing it into water vapour then it rises in the sky ,
cooled and condensed forming clouds
Formation of clouds
The sun rays evaporate the water
changing it into water vapour then it rises in the sky ,
cooled and condensed forming clouds
Falling of rains
Winds move the clouds then it
changes into drops of water air cannot carry it so it falls
as rains
Falling of rains
Winds move the clouds then it
changes into drops of water air cannot carry it so it falls
as rains
People follow the weather forecast in T.V in order to face some conditions as:
1-If predicting a lower temperature people should wear heavy clothes
2-Predicting strong wind below, sea wavesrises up, fishing boats are advised not to sail
3-Predicting a foggy morning car drivers should slow down ,to avoid accidents
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The importance of weather prediction