11

ADOLESCENCE AND ADOLESCENCE AND ERIKSONERIKSON

22

AdolescenceAdolescence Primary Sex CharacteristicsPrimary Sex Characteristics

body structures that make sexual body structures that make sexual reproduction possiblereproduction possible

Secondary Sex CharacteristicsSecondary Sex Characteristics nonreproductive sexual characteristicsnonreproductive sexual characteristics

female- breast and hipsfemale- breast and hips male- voice quality and body hairmale- voice quality and body hair

33

AdolescenceAdolescence Throughout Throughout

childhood, boys childhood, boys and girls are and girls are similar in similar in height. At height. At puberty, girls puberty, girls surge ahead surge ahead briefly, but then briefly, but then boys overtake boys overtake them at about them at about age 14.age 14.

Height in centimeters

190

170

150

130

110

90

70

50

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18Age in years

Boys Girls

44

Body Changes at Body Changes at PubertyPuberty

55

Adolescence- Social Adolescence- Social DevelopmentDevelopment

The changing parent-child relationshipThe changing parent-child relationship

100%

80

60

40

20

0 2 to 4 5 to 8 9 to 11 Ages of child in years

Percent withpositive, warm

interactionwith parents

66

Erikson’s TheoryErikson’s Theory

Biological in belief that there are Biological in belief that there are innate drives to develop social innate drives to develop social relationships and that these relationships and that these promote survival (Darwinism)promote survival (Darwinism)

Drive to resolve conflictDrive to resolve conflict

77

Stage 1 (birth - 1)Stage 1 (birth - 1)Trust vs. Mistrust Trust vs. Mistrust

Infants must rely on others for Infants must rely on others for carecare

Consistent and dependable Consistent and dependable caregiving =sense of trustcaregiving =sense of trust

Infants who are not well Infants who are not well cared= mistrustcared= mistrust

88

Stage 2 (1-3 years) Stage 2 (1-3 years) Autonomy vs. Shame and Autonomy vs. Shame and

DoubtDoubt

Child that experiences Child that experiences independence will gain a sense independence will gain a sense of autonomyof autonomy

Children that are overly Children that are overly restrained/ punished harshly will restrained/ punished harshly will develop shame and doubtdevelop shame and doubt

99

Stage 3 (3-5 years)Stage 3 (3-5 years)Initiative vs. GuiltInitiative vs. Guilt

Children are exposed to the wider Children are exposed to the wider social world and given greater social world and given greater responsibilityresponsibility

Sense of accomplishment leads to Sense of accomplishment leads to initiative, whereas feelings of guilt initiative, whereas feelings of guilt can emerge if the child is made to can emerge if the child is made to feel too anxious or irresponsiblefeel too anxious or irresponsible

1010

Stage 4 (5-12 years) Stage 4 (5-12 years) Industry vs. InferiorityIndustry vs. Inferiority

Stage of life surrounding Stage of life surrounding mastery of knowledge and mastery of knowledge and intellectual skillsintellectual skills

competence and achievement competence and achievement = industry= industry

Feeling incompetent and Feeling incompetent and unproductive =inferiorityunproductive =inferiority

1111

Stage 5 (adolescence)Stage 5 (adolescence)Identity vs. ConfusionIdentity vs. Confusion

Developing a sense of who one Developing a sense of who one is and where s/he is going in lifeis and where s/he is going in life

Successful resolution =positive Successful resolution =positive identityidentity

Unsuccessful resolution Unsuccessful resolution =identity confusion=identity confusion

1212

Stage 6 (young adulthood)Stage 6 (young adulthood)Intimacy vs. IsolationIntimacy vs. Isolation

Time for sharing oneself with Time for sharing oneself with another personanother person

Capacity to hold Capacity to hold commitments =intimacycommitments =intimacy

Failure to establish Failure to establish commitments = isolationcommitments = isolation

1313

Stage 7 (middle Stage 7 (middle adulthood)adulthood)

Generativity vs. Generativity vs. StagnationStagnationCaring for others in family, Caring for others in family,

friends and work leads to sense friends and work leads to sense of contribution to later of contribution to later generationsgenerations

Stagnation comes from a sense Stagnation comes from a sense of boredom and of boredom and meaninglessnessmeaninglessness

1414

Adulthood- Physical Adulthood- Physical DevelopmentDevelopment

The Aging SensesThe Aging Senses

10 30 50 70 900

0.25

0.50

0.75

1.00

Proportion of normal (20/20) vision when identifying letters on an eye chart

Age in years

1515

Adulthood- Physical Adulthood- Physical DevelopmentDevelopment

The Aging SensesThe Aging Senses

10 30 50 70 9050

70

90

Percent correct whenidentifying spokenwords

Age in years

1616

1717

Adulthood- Physical Adulthood- Physical DevelopmentDevelopment

Slowing Slowing reactions reactions contribute contribute to increased to increased accident accident risks among risks among those 75 those 75 and olderand older

12

10

8

6

4

2

016 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 and

over

Fatal accident rate

Age

Fatal accidentsper 10,000 drivers

Fatal accidentsper 100 million miles

1818

Adulthood- Social Adulthood- Social ChangesChanges

Multinational Multinational surveys show surveys show that age that age differences in differences in life life satisfaction satisfaction are trivial are trivial (Inglehart, (Inglehart, 1990)1990)

0

20

40

60

80

15 25 35 45 55 65+

Percentage “satisfied”with lifeas a whole

Age group

1919

Adulthood- Social Adulthood- Social DevelopmentDevelopment

Early-forties midlife crisis?Early-forties midlife crisis?

Females

Males

No early 40semotional crisis

33 36 39 42 45 48 51 54 Age in Years

24%

16

8

0

Emotionalinstability

2020

Adulthood- Social Adulthood- Social ChangesChanges

Social ClockSocial Clock the culturally preferred the culturally preferred

timing of social eventstiming of social eventsmarriagemarriageparenthoodparenthood retirementretirement

2121

Adulthood- Cognitive Adulthood- Cognitive DevelopmentDevelopment

Crystallized IntelligenceCrystallized Intelligence one’s accumulated knowledge and one’s accumulated knowledge and

verbal skillsverbal skills tends to increase with agetends to increase with age

Fluid IntelligenceFluid Intelligence ones ability to reason speedily and ones ability to reason speedily and

abstractlyabstractly tends to decrease during late tends to decrease during late

adulthoodadulthood

2222

Stage 8 (late adulthood to death)Stage 8 (late adulthood to death)Integrity vs. Despair Integrity vs. Despair

Successful resolutions =integrity Successful resolutions =integrity and the ability to see broad truths and the ability to see broad truths and advise those in earlier stagesand advise those in earlier stages

Despair arises from feelings of Despair arises from feelings of helplessness and the bitter sense helplessness and the bitter sense that life has been incompletethat life has been incomplete

2323

Bronfenbrenner’s Bronfenbrenner’s Social Ecology TheorySocial Ecology Theory

Network of Network of interactions interactions and and interdependencieinterdependencies s among people, among people, institutions and institutions and cultural context cultural context