1

All class material either is All class material either is or or

will be on will be on 1)1)the University’s website the University’s website

atat

www.senioruniv.orgwww.senioruniv.organd onand on

2) Our website at:2) Our website at:

www.vagabondgeologywww.vagabondgeology.com.com

NEW SENIOR UNIVERSITY WEBSITENEW SENIOR UNIVERSITY WEBSITE

2

Any questions or problems Any questions or problems accessing Senior accessing Senior

University files should be University files should be directed to:directed to:

KendraKendra at at512-819-7680

NEW SENIOR UNIVERSITY WEBSITENEW SENIOR UNIVERSITY WEBSITE

website: www.VagabondGeology.com

Week 1: beginning in East Africa

Ancient Pathways Ancient Peoples

website: www.VagabondGeology.com

Week 3: into EuropeWeek 4: into Asia

Week 2: into AfricaWeek 1: beginning in East Africa

Week 6: into Americas Week 5: across Beringia

SESSION 4SESSION 4

Into Asia

TODAY’S TOPICSTODAY’S TOPICS

Quick Quick ReviewReview

DNA DNA Migration & Migration &

TestingTesting

Banpo Banpo Village, Village, Xi’an,Xi’an,ChinaChina

SESSION 4: INTO ASIA

6

PREHISTORIC PERIODS OF HUMAN HISTORY

NeolithicNeolithic(New Stone Age)4k to 10k yrs- pottery- farming- livestockMiddle Middle

PaleolithicPaleolithic(Middle Stone

Age)50k to 300k yrs

- first art-early symbolism

Upper Upper PaleolithicPaleolithic

(Late Stone Age)10k to 50k yrs

-symbolic thought-Language-domesticated dogs

Lower Lower PaleolithicPaleolithic

(Early Stone Age)2.5million to 300k

- stone tools- fire

OLDER

YOUNGER

“STONE AGE”

Homo group sapiens

The Stone Age: 2.5 million to 4000 YBP (years before present)

2.5 MILLION

2 MILLION

Australopithecus

1.4 MILLION

Paranthropus

3.5m – footprin

ts

Week 1Week 1 (Tanzania)(Tanzania)- Laetoli- Laetoli- Oldupai Gorge- Oldupai Gorge

Week 2Week 2(South Africa)(South Africa)- Cradle of Civil’nCradle of Civil’n

300,000 YBP

EARLY STONE AGE – stone tools, fire

2.5m – ‘Little Foot’, ‘M

s Ples’

1.8m – ‘Zinj’1.9m – ‘H

andy Man’

Week 3Week 3

Homo group sapiens

2.5 MILLION

2 MILLION

Australopithecus

1.4 MILLION

Paranthropus

3.5m – footprin

ts

Week 1Week 1 (Tanzania)(Tanzania)- Laetoli- Laetoli- Oldupai Gorge- Oldupai Gorge

Week 2Week 2(South Africa)(South Africa)- Cradle of Civil’nCradle of Civil’n

300,000 YBP

EARLY STONE AGE – stone tools, fire

2.5m – ‘Little Foot’, ‘M

s Ples’

1.8m – ‘Zinj’1.9m – ‘H

andy Man’

Week 3Week 3

The Stone Age: 2.5 million to 4000 YBP (years before present)

20,000 YBP

30,000 YBP

40,000 YBP

50,000 YBP

(Late Stone Age)- symbolic thought- language- domesticated dogs

10,000 YBP

4000 YBP

(New Stone Age)- pottery- farming- livestock

Upper Paleolithic Neolithic

(France)(France) - Lascaux- Lascaux

Week 3Week 3

Now, our family tree . . . .Now, our family tree . . . .

this this weekweek (China)(China) - Banpo - Banpo People People

6,700 – Banpo

homo

STONE AGE

STONE AGE

Week 1Week 1 (Tanzania)(Tanzania)- Laetoli- Laetoli- Oldupai Gorge- Oldupai Gorge

Week 2Week 2(South Africa)(South Africa)- Cradle of Cradle of Civil’nCivil’n

Week 3Week 3 (France)(France) - Lascaux- Lascaux

this this weekweek (China)(China) - Banpo - Banpo PeoplePeople

The Stone Age: 2.5 million to 4000 YBP (years before present)

ParanthropusParanthropus

Homo

‘Zinj’ (boisei)

‘Little Foot’‘Ms Ples’(africanus)

Australopithecus

Homo sapiens

Cro-Magnon (sapiens)

6,700 YBP

Homo sapiens

How has DNA testing

How has DNA testing

Impacted Anthropology!

Impacted Anthropology!

TODAY’S TOPICSTODAY’S TOPICS

Quick Quick ReviewReview

DNA DNA Migration & Migration &

TestingTesting

Banpo Banpo Village, Village, Xi’an,Xi’an,ChinaChina

SESSION 4: INTO ASIA

13

DNA TESTING

•Is a molecule, one called “Life's Instruction Manual”•This molecule is in every cell of your body

•It contains all the coded information needed to construct and operate a human body

What is DNA

•The codes are determined by different chemicals…there are only 4 chemicals involved

DNA TESTING

•These chemicals are called “A”, “T”, “G”, “C” and are “glued” in-between two sides like rungs of a ladder

•The order that the chemicals are arranged in the DNA determines

What is DNAA T

G CA TA T

A T

G C

G C how tall you are,your skin color,how long your fingers are, the color of your eye, Your susceptibility to disease, etc.DNA

SEQUENCING

DNA TESTING

•The codes are billions of characters long and sometimes an inadvertent change of characters happens…a

MUTATION•Sometimes these mutations don’t really make any difference

•Sometimes it makes a BIG difference…•Monkeys change to Apes•Apes change to Humans•Humans change to ???

What is DNA

G CA T

A T

G CA TA T

A T

G C

DNA

EVOLUTIONARY TREE OF LIFE

•Each Genus and each Species within a Genus is a result of a “MUTATION” that made it to the “top”

•This is the theory of “NATURAL SELECTION” proposed by Charles Darwin in 1859 and is still the best theory to date explaining our evolution

DNA TESTING

•We have a complete record of our genetic mutations over history in our DNA (Note that: Genetic Code is 99.9% the same between any two people on earth)

•People/cultures with different mutations have migrated and lived at different places on earth

•As a result of tracking these cultures/ mutations, you can now determine the origins of YOUR DNA

What is DNA

DNA TESTINGTracking Origins of YOUR DNA

•Several companies do DNA sequencing for a price…

•Order a kit, use tooth-type brush rub on inside of mouth, put in a test tube and send back

•Few weeks later, you get your own DNA analysis

•The analysis shows the likely past migration of your DNA around the world based on its mutations

DNA TESTING

Tracking Mutations Globally

L1

L2

L3N

R

IN1a, Nb, W, X

Z

CZ

M

M

N9, Y

M

Z

G

AB

D

B

B, F

C

A B DC

Plus many othersH

HV

H

L

DNA TESTINGIntroducing Mr. Bill Freitag

•L1-6, L2-6, L2,3,4,6 etc were meanderings within Africa

•All non-African DNA originated from L3

L3N

HHV

HR

L

DNA TESTING

One of the mutations lead us to Xi’an

L1

L2

L3N R

II, T, U

Z

CZ

M

M

N9, Y

M

Z

G

AB

D

B

B, F

C

A B DC

Plus many othersM

Banpo Peopleof China

TODAY’S TOPICSTODAY’S TOPICS

Quick Quick ReviewReview

DNA DNA Migration & Migration &

TestingTesting

Banpo Banpo Village, Village, Xi’an,Xi’an,ChinaChina

SESSION 4: INTO ASIA

24

homo

this this weekweek (China)(China) - Banpo - Banpo PeoplePeople

6,700 YBP

Let’s meet the Banpo!

Let’s meet the Banpo!

Homo sapiens

CHINA - Shaanxi ProvinceCHINA - Shaanxi Province

Let’s look at the topography . . .Let’s look at the topography . . .

CHINA – SHAANXI PROVINCE

Topography of China

Yellow River on eastern border - rich river deposits

mountains to west – protection & mineralslevel, low elevations - agricultural potential

CHINA – SHAANXI PROVINCE

Yellow River on eastern border - rich river deposits

mountains to west – protection & mineralslevel, low elevations - agricultural potential

Topography of China

CHINA – SHAANXI PROVINCE

XI’AN

6700-5600 YBP Banpo stone age culture6700-5600 YBP Banpo stone age culture

CHINA – SHAANXI PROVINCE

Neolithic village & cemetery Neolithic village & cemetery 6700-5600 YBP6700-5600 YBP

CHINA – SHAANXI PROVINCE

XI’AN

BANPO

BANPO VILLAGE

• Located in the east of Xi'an and excavated in 1953

• Xi'an Banpo Museum was built on the site in 1958; was China's first museum erected on an archeological site

• Banpo was believed to be a matriarchal clan society

• Type-site associated with Yangshao Culture of the Neolithic Age

BANPO VILLAGE

Total area of about 12 acres; excavated area covers about 2.5 acres

Banpo site was nestled up against the nearby mountains providing protection, fresh water, sedimentary soils for their crops

BANPO VILLAGE From Trip Advisor

From Trip Advisor

Site is composed of three areas: dwelling area, pottery making area and burial area

BANPO VILLAGE

One of the few Neolithic sites to have a MOAT built around the site; probably to keep animals out!

BANPO VILLAGE

Escavated to date: 46 house ruins 2 stock pens

174 adult tombs 73 burial jar coffins for

children 6 pottery making

kilns

BANPO POTTERY

• By far the most important items found at the site are its POTTERY

• Banpo is a reference-location for Yangshao Painted Pottery

BANPO POTTERY

• Using primitive kilns and techniques, the Banpo People were able to produce remarkable pottery WITHOUT a potter’s wheel!

BANPO POTTERY

BANPO POTTERY

BANPO PEOPLE• Ground stone tools were

commonly used by the primitive residents of Banpo

• They had domesticated chickens, ducks, pigs, etc.

• However, their staple food was millet and meats were primarily from hunting and fishing

• Because it was matriarchal, there were no permanent couples© Marilyn Shea, 2005

ON THAT NOTE, WE SAY GOODBYE TO BANPO VILLAGE,

XI’AN, CHINA

A FINAL THOUGHT“No matter how the calculation is done, the big points still holds:

•Humans and chimpanzees are more closely related to one another than either is to gorillas or any other primate

•HUMANS ARE NOT ONLY RELATED TO THE GREAT APES – WE ARE ONE”Monkeys and Apes split

about 25 million years ago

Chimps and Humans split about 7 million years ago

Smithsonian Institute

NEXT WEEK . . .

Week 2: across AfricaWeek 1: beginning in East Africa

Week 3: into EuropeWeek 4: into Asia

Visit ‘On-Your-Knees’ CaveVisit ‘On-Your-Knees’ CaveWeek 5: across Beringia

REMEMBER…REMEMBER…

GEOLOGY ROCKSGEOLOGY ROCKS

45

Ancient Pathways, Ancient PeopleAncient Pathways, Ancient People- Into Asia-- Into Asia-

THANK YOU!

THANK YOU!

THANK YOU!

THANK YOU!

ANY QUESTIONS??46

All class material either is or All class material either is or will be on will be on

1)1)the University’s websitethe University’s website

www.senioruniv.orgwww.senioruniv.organd onand on

2) Our website at:2) Our website at:

www.vagabondgeologwww.vagabondgeology.comy.com

Ancient Pathways, Ancient PeopleAncient Pathways, Ancient People- Into Asia-- Into Asia-

http://humanorigins.si.edu/evidence/human-family-tree http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_China http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:China-Historic_macro_areas.svg https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ch.htmlhttp://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/riversofworld.html • http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/middle_east_and_asia/china rel01.pdfhttp://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1200/is_22_164/ai_111503539/‘BBC Knowledge’ magazine December 2009http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banpohttp://i632.photobucket.com/albums/uu45/Yungsiyebu/banpo_yangshaoculture.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banpo http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BanpoSkull.jpg http://bpmuseum.com/Channel.aspx?ChId=4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banpo http://www.chinatouristmaps.com/travel/shaanxi.html http://www.chinatouronline.com/china-travel/xian/xian-attractions/banpo-neolithic-village(banpo-bowuguan)_4.html

http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/111803/China/71612/Early-humans http://hua.umf.maine.edu/China/Xian/pages/085_Xian_Banpo_Neolithic.html http://archaeology.about.com/od/bterms/g/banpo.htm http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yangshao_culture http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow_River_Valley http://humanorigins.si.edu/evidence/geneticshttp://education.technyou.edu.au/view/91/155/what-does-dna-look http://humanorigins.si.edu/evidence/genetics/one-species-living-worldwide http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_G-M201_(Y-DNA) http://www.wired.co.uk/news/archive/2012-11/30/dna-double-helix-first-direct-image http://www.thetech.org/exhibits/online/genome/overview.html http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/organic/gencode.html#c1 http://hhtesting.tripod.com/topography.jpg http://www.bradshawfoundation.com/journey/ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yangshao_culture http://history.cultural-china.com/en/51H617H3088.html http://media-cdn.tripadvisor.com/media/daodao/photo-s/02/91/34/f9/c-fakepath-051920121329.jpg

ANCIENT PATHWAYS, ANCIENT PEOPLESANCIENT PATHWAYS, ANCIENT PEOPLES- References-- References-

TRAVEL INFORMATIONTRAVEL INFORMATIONOUR TRAVEL WEBSITES WORLDWIDE HOUSING

www.VRBO.com (individual owners within site)www.homeaway.com (individual owners within site)

AFRICA Housing:

www.villa-st-leon.co.za/ (private home - owner: Babel Schumacher)www.christinesbeachcottage.com (private home - owner: Dan & Christine Carter)

http://www.sa-venues.com (individual owners within site) Safari Travel:

www.Africa-Adventure.com (US based safari company – excellent small group tours)http://www.classicafricansafaris.com/ (Kenya: Hamish Grant -private safari guide) http://www.arptravelgroup.com/arp/(Tanzania: Ranger Ltd- private and group safaris) www.CCAfrica.com (up-scale safaris w/conservation focus)www.sanparks.org (direct booking for South Africa National Parks)

CHINA www.cits.net (China International Travel Service)Guilin: http://en.guilincits.com (agents: Christine, Shelley)

FRANCEHousing: http://www.rentapart.com (agent: Annebelle) http://www.parisattitude.com (agent: Sylvain Guilemin)

Houseboat rental: http://alpha-croisiere.com Language Classes: OISE Paris website: www.paris.oise.com , phone: 30(0)1-42-22-01-98 SPAIN Spanish Paradors (hotels) websites: www.parador.es, http://www.paradores-spain.com

central reservations: +34 91-516 6666, PORTUGAL parryoun@pomarv.jazznet.pt Portugal private house rental: Carole & Kenneth Parr http://www.pousadas.pt Portuguese Posadas (hotels) : phone: +351 218 442 001

http://www.pousadasofportugal.com/ phone:351-258-82-7151 Language Classes: Cambridge School website: www.cambridge.pt, phone: 351-213-124-600

Travel is fatal to prejudice, bigotry, Travel is fatal to prejudice, bigotry, and narrow-mindedness… and narrow-mindedness…

Broad, wholesome, charitable views of Broad, wholesome, charitable views of men and things cannot be acquired by men and things cannot be acquired by

vegetating in one little corner of the vegetating in one little corner of the earth all one's lifetime. earth all one's lifetime.

~Mark Twain~Mark Twain

““Twenty years from now Twenty years from now you will be more disappointed by the you will be more disappointed by the things you didn’t do than by the ones things you didn’t do than by the ones you did do. So throw off the bowlines, you did do. So throw off the bowlines, sail away from the safe harbor. Catch sail away from the safe harbor. Catch

the trade winds in your sails. the trade winds in your sails. Explore. Dream. Discover.” Explore. Dream. Discover.”

– – Mark TwainMark Twain