1 an e-book by gary parker st. anthony falls laboratory, mississippi river at 3 rd avenue se...

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An e-book byGary Parker

St. Anthony Falls Laboratory, Mississippi River at 3rd Avenue SEMinneapolis MN 55414 USA

St. Anthony Falls Laboratory is a part of the University of Minnesota

Copper Creek Fan, Death Valley, USA

Image courtesy Roger HookeNile Delta, EgyptNASA Image from Internet

ID SEDIMENT TRANSPORT MORPHODYNAMICSwith applications to

RIVERS AND TURBIDITY CURRENTS© Gary Parker November, 2004

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Notes on the Use of this e-book

This e-book is a work in progress. • The basic lectures on morphodynamics are presented in PowerPoint files.• The lectures are illustrated with many Excel files, most of which illustrate the

principles of morphodynamics in terms of code in Visual Basic forApplications (VBA). The code is embedded in Excel and is made freely

available to the user.• Several Word files allow for extended explanation of the principles behind the

code in the Excel files.• Video clips are used to illustrate various aspects of morphodynamics.

The PowerPoint, Excel and Word files, as well as the video clips (mpegs) are gradually being uploaded to the following site: http://www.ce.umn.edu/~parker , where they are being made available for free.

The video clips must be downloaded to the same directory containing the PowerPoint presentations if they are to run without relinking. In order to run the code in VBA, it is necessary to set the Macro security level to no higher than “medium” (from Excel, “Tools”, “Macro”, “Security…”; set to “medium”).

1D SEDIMENT TRANSPORT MORPHODYNAMICSwith applications to


http://www.ce.umn.edu/~parker

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Dedication

This e-book is dedicated to Mohammed Akram Gill, an outstanding morphodynamicist who was forced to flee his university position in Africa due to racial intolerance. Although the United States offered him and his family refuge and a livelihood, it did not offer him a chance to continue employment at a university or research institution.

Gill, M.A. 1988 Hyperbolic model for aggrading channels. Journal of Engineering Mechanics 114(7): 1246-1255.



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Introduction

This e-book is about the morphodynamics of rivers and turbidity currents. In particular, it is concerned with the application of the principles of hydraulics and sediment transport to one-dimensional (1D) numerical modeling of the morphodynamic evolution of such features as a) river deltas, b) incising bedrock streams and c) evolution of submarine fans.

This e-book represents an attempt to write a “different” kind of technical book. The basic material is presented in chapters written in PowerPoint. These chapters then quote Excel files, which contain working software written in Visual Basic for Applications. Some documentation for this software is provided in Word files. Finally, several video clips are incorporated into the e-book.

This e-book has evolved from two courses that the author taught while on sabbatical leave in 2002. “1D and Quasi-2D Numerical Modeling of Sediment Morphodynamics,” was taught in the Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Science at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. “Fundamentals of Sediment Transport and Morphodynamics with Applications To SedimentationOn Fluvial Fans And Fan-deltas,” was taught at Tokyo Institute of Technology.



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Acknowledgements

This e-book represents a contribution to the research efforts of the National Center for Earth-surface Dynamics, based at St. Anthony Falls Laboratory, University of Minnesota, http://www.nced.umn.edu. NCED participants Bill Dietrich, David Mohrig and Vaughan Voller contributed in various ways to the formulation and writing of the e-book.

The following people contributed in a substantial way to this e-book.• Syunsuke Ikeda, with whom the author has exchanged numerous ideas concerning river morphodynamics, and who invited the author to the Tokyo Institute of Technology to teach the course “Fundamentals of Sediment Transport and Morphodynamics with Applications To Sedimentation On Fluvial Fans And Fan-deltas.” • Chris Paola, whose numerical modeling of the stratigraphy of subsiding basins helped motivate the author’s interest in fluvial fans and fan-deltas.• Waraporn Parker, my wife, who insisted that I should actually finish this book.• Kelin Whipple, who worked together with the author on fan morphodynamics, and who invited the author to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology under a Crosby Lectureship to teach the course “1D and Quasi-2D Numerical Modeling of Sediment Morphodynamics.”

In addition, the following of my (mostly former) graduate students and postdoctoral fellows contributed to the work presented in this book: Yoshihisa Akamatsu, Alessandro Cantelli, Yantao Cui, Phairot Chatanantavet, Jasim Imran, Norihiro Izumi, Svetlana Kostic, J.Wesley Lauer, Sun Tao, Horacio Toniolo, Miguel Wong.



http://www.nced.umn.edu/

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Table of Contents

Part 1: 1D Sediment Transport

1. Felix M. Exner and the Origins of River Morphodynamics2. Characterization of Sediment and Grain Size Distributions3. Bankfull Characteristics of Rivers4. Relations for the Conservation of Bed Sediment5. Review of 1D Open-Channel Hydraulics6. Threshold of Motion and Suspension7. Relations for 1D Bedload Transport 8. Fluvial Bedforms 9. Relations for Hydraulic Resistance in Rivers10. Relations for the Entrainment and 1D Transport of Suspended Sediment11. Sample Calculation for Bed Load, Suspended Load and Total Load12. Bulk Relations for Transport of Total Bed Material Load13. The Quasi-Steady Approximation



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Table of Contents

Part 2: Morphodynamics of Rivers

14. 1D Aggradation and Degradation of Rivers: Normal Flow Assumption15. Extension of 1D Model to Include Bank Erosion and Floodplain Deposition16. Morphodynamics of Bedrock-Alluvial Transitions17. Aggradation and Degradation of Rivers Transporting Gravel Mixtures18. Mobile and Static Armor in Gravel-bed Streams19. Effect of the Hydrograph on Morphology of Gravel-bed Streams20. Aggradation and Degradation of Rivers: Backwater Formulation21. Response of a Sand-bed River to a Dredge Slot22. Morphodynamics of Recirculating and Sediment-Feed Flumes23. Transportational Cyclic Steps24. Approximate Formulation for Slope and Bankfull Geometry of Rivers25. Long Profiles of Rivers, with an Application on the Effect of Base Level Rise on

Long Profiles 26. Rivers Flowing into Subsiding Basins: Upward Concavity of Long Profiles and

Downstream Fining 27. Morphodynamics of Gravel-Sand Transitions



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Table of Contents

Part 2: Morphodynamics of Rivers (contd.)

28. Tracers in Gravel-bed Streams29. Knickpoint Migration in Bedrock Streams30. Bedrock Incision due to Wear (Abrasion)31. Erosional Narrowing and Widening of a Channel After Dam Removal



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Table of Contents

Part 3: Fluvial Fans and Fan-deltas

32. Introduction to Fluvial Fans and Fan-deltas33. Modeling of Fluvial Fans and Bajadas in Subsiding Basins34. Morphodynamics of Rivers Ending In 1D Deltas35. Rivers Ending in 1D Deltas Carrying Sediment Size Mixtures36. Modeling of Rivers On 2D in Fan-deltas: Fixed-width Channel(s)37. Modeling of Rivers On 2D in Fan-deltas: Self-formed Channel(s)38. Response of Rivers with Deltas to Rising Base Level: The Muto Delta39. Response of Rivers with Deltas to Rising Base Level: Field Application40. Effect of Main-Stem Base Level Rise on a Tributary41. Cellular Modeling of 2D Fan-deltas with Self-formed Channel(s)



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Table of Contents

Part 4: Morphodynamics of Subaqueous Fans and Fan-deltas Deposited by Turbidity Currents, and Co-evolving Fluvial/Turbidity Current Fan-deltas

42. Introduction to Sublacustrine and Submarine Fans and Canyons43. Dynamics of 1D Turbidity Currents44. Plunging of Turbidity Currents45. Modeling of Purely Depositional 1D and 2D Subaqueous Fans46. Fluvial Deltas and Fan-deltas with Co-evolving Fluvial Topset, Avalanching

Foreset and Bottomset Deposited from Turbidity Currents47. Deposition in Diapiric Minibasins48. Reservoir Sedimentation49. Long Profile of Net-depositional Submarine Channels50. Ignitive Turbidity Currents51. Genesis of Submarine Canyons52. Notes in ClosingAppendix I: ReferencesAppendix II: Notation



1 an e-book by gary parker st. anthony falls laboratory, mississippi river at 3 rd avenue se...

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