1

Analyze the nature of the relationships Analyze the nature of the relationships between structures and functions in living between structures and functions in living

cells.cells.

1. Explain the role of cell organelles for both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

-All living things -All living things are made of are made of

small structures small structures called cells.called cells.-Cell is the -Cell is the

smallest unit of smallest unit of life.life.

2

HISTORY HISTORY OF THEOF THE CELLCELL

One of the first people to see cells.

Looked at Cork CellsCork Cells. First to use the word cells-

named them for the places that monks sleep in the monastery.

3

cork

English scientist1665

Theodor SchwannConcluded

that all animals are made up of cells

5 1839

Concluded that all Plants are made up of cells

6

Clip

1839Matthias Schleiden

All living things are All living things are made up of made up of cellscells

Cells are the basic Cells are the basic unit of structure and unit of structure and function in living function in living thingsthings

All cells come from All cells come from pre-existingpre-existing cells cells

7

Cells are ~90% Cells are ~90% water. water.

7

Of the dry weight: 50% protein 15% carbohydrate

15% nucleic acid 10% lipid 10% miscellaneous

Approximate composition by element:

60% H 25% O 12% C 5% N

8

8

DO HAVEDO HAVE Cell membrane Ribosomes DNA

DO NOT HAVEDO NOT HAVE Organelles Nucleus

•Are all singled celled Are all singled celled organisms--organisms--ex: Bacteriaex: Bacteria

•Thought of as more ancient life Thought of as more ancient life forms…they came first.forms…they came first.

•They still carry out all of life’s They still carry out all of life’s functions!functions!

9

HaveHave organelles. organelles.Believed to have Believed to have evolved from evolved from prokaryotic cellsprokaryotic cells (Theory of Endosymbiosis).

Can be singled-Can be singled-celled or multi-celled or multi-cellular cellular organisms. organisms. ◦ ex: plants, animals, fungi,

protista

10

11

Animation

“Function dictates form”

Humans have ~200 cell types

All cells do not look alike◦Ex: Nerve cells

long and spindly◦Cells that store

fat are rounded &large

◦Structural cells are square

11 Size differences:Pro: .1-10 μmEu: 10-100 μm

•Cells come in many Cells come in many different shapes & different shapes & sizes.sizes.

•Smaller cells-faster at moving materials into and out of. Smaller cells-faster at moving materials into and out of. Surface to volume ratio…not enough surface area to get Surface to volume ratio…not enough surface area to get enough food in when they get too bigenough food in when they get too big

12

The outside of all cells are surrounded by a membrane made of phospholipids.phospholipids.

Nickname: “The gatekeeper”

13Basic Cell Structure

Selectively Permeable (Semi-permeable)

Membrane molecules are held in place by relatively weak hydrophobic interactions.

Most can drift laterally, but rarely flip-flop from one layer to the other.

about as fluid as salad oil

Animation

14

Plant and Fungi cells also have a cell Plant and Fungi cells also have a cell wall outside of the cell membrane.wall outside of the cell membrane.

15

Plant cell wall are made of Cellulose.Fungi cell walls are

made of Chitin.

Cell walls can also be Cell walls can also be found in fungi and found in fungi and bacteria.bacteria.

The cell wall provides The cell wall provides support and support and protection for these protection for these cells.cells.

In plants, the cell In plants, the cell wall is made of the wall is made of the carbohydrate carbohydrate cellulose.cellulose.

16

The cytoplasm contains all of the organelles in eukaryotic cells.

19

Cells are filled with organelles that each do something to keep the cell alive.

The jelly-like insides of a cell is called cytoplasm.

20

Each organelle has a specific function so that the cell can do its job.◦ Each organelle has its own job!

How do organelles help a cell?◦ More efficient! They divide the labor and provide

different environments for different functions.

Remember: ONLY EUKARYOTIC CELLS HAVE ORGANELLES!!!!

21

Organelle means “tiny organ.”

Organelles function together to help the cell carry out all of life’s activities!!

22

23

The “Brain”Contains the DNA

DNA controls which proteins get made-and when!

Where ribosomes are made

24

The nucleus has a phospholipid bilayer around it.

The nuclear pores allow substances to move into and out of the nucleus.

The DNA NEVERNEVER leaves the nucleus.

25

Not technically an Not technically an organelles.organelles.

Nickname: Nickname: “protein “protein maker”maker”

Place where proteins Place where proteins are made.are made.

They help put the They help put the amino acidsamino acids together together to make to make proteinsproteins..

Made of the nucleic Made of the nucleic Acid-RNAAcid-RNA

27

1. Smooth◦ No attached

ribosomes

2. Rough◦ Attached

ribosomes

30

Membrane system that’s function involves protein synthesis and transport.

Can be thought of as a highway and a place of protein synthesis.

29

ER branches

off from the nuclear

membrane.

31

Nickname: “UPS” Packages molecules

and sends them to their destination.

Also checks to make sure the molecules are put together correctly, if not correct it sends them back to the ER.

33 p. 175

Animation

Vesicles are packages of material that are being transported.

35

Nickname “Recycling Center”

Has digestive enzymes that breakdown and recycle molecules.

Old cell parts Invaders

36

Storage and transport containers.Plants usually have one largeone large vacuole.

Animals generally have many smallmany small ones.

A vacuole is a membrane-bound sac that plays roles in intracellular digestionintracellular digestion & the release of cellular wasterelease of cellular waste products.

37

When used for Transport:Sometimes known as

vesicles.

Vacuoles play a role in turgor pressureturgor pressure in plant cells. ◦ When a plant is well-watered,

water collects in cell vacuoles producing rigidity in the plant.

◦ Without sufficient water, pressure in the vacuole is reduced and the plant wilts.

38

39

•Site of photosynthesis in plants and some protists.

•Requires sunlight.

40

Nickname: Nickname: ““PowerhousePowerhouse””

Helps breakdown Helps breakdown glucose for energy.glucose for energy.

Site of Site of ATPATP productionproduction◦ ATP is the universal ATP is the universal

energyenergy molecule molecule◦ EnergyEnergy is stored in the is stored in the

bonds of ATP.bonds of ATP.

41

Help single celled organisms to move.

cilia - short, numerous

flagella - longer, fewer

Gives cells their shape. Contain proteins: microtubules

and microfilaments.

◦MicrofilamentsMicrofilaments help give the cell shapeshape, and movementmovement in cytoplasm.

◦MicrotubulesMicrotubules aids in chromosome movementchromosome movement, movement of organelles, cilia and flagella.

◦ Without the cytoskeleton, the cell would have no shape.  By allowing the cell to keep shape, the cell is allowed to function and stay in homeostasishomeostasis.

42

43

Cell membraneCell membrane

EndoplasmicEndoplasmicreticulumreticulum

MicrotubuleMicrotubule

MicrofilamentMicrofilament

RibosomesRibosomes MichondrionMichondrion

4444

Smart board Review

Animal cellPlant Cell

Clip

Cells make up tissuestissues. Tissues make up OrgansOrgans. Organs make up organ systemsorgan systems. Organ Systems make up organismsorganisms.

48

http://www.jackson.k12.ga.us/teachers/jawall/BioVideos/Parts_of_an_Animal_Cell.asf

http://www.jackson.k12.ga.us/teachers/jawall/BioVideos/Parts_of_a_Plant_Cell.asf

http://www.jackson.k12.ga.us/teachers/jawall/BioVideos/Plant_and_Animal_Cells.asf