1 Animal cell A cell. Contains 4 organelles: cell membrane, cytoplasm, mitochondrion and nucleus. 2 Cell A microscopic building block that makes up all organisms.

3 Cell membraneAn organelle. A thin skin that allows food, water and oxygen in. Lets waste out. Is semi-permeable.

4 Cell wallAn organelle. A cell wall is around the cell membrane. Maintains the rectangular shape of the plant cell. Made of cellulose. Keeps the plant upright.

5 Chlorophyll A substance. A green dye which absorbs sunlight. 6 Chloroplast An organelle. Only found in plants. Photosynthesis happens here.

7 CytoplasmAn organelle. A jelly-like liquid. Contains organelles. Where chemical reactions happen.

8 Duplicate A process. To make an identical copy of something.9 Genetic information

The instructions for duplication. Hold information about the organism's characteristics. Found in the nucleus.

10 Hooke (Robert)A person. Born in 1635. Discovered that living organisms are made out of microscopic building blocks that look like rooms, which he named 'cells'.

11 Living organismAnything that can (MRS GREN) move, respire, (be) sensitive, grow, reproduce, excrete and (get) nutrition.

12 MicroscopeEquipment. A tube containing lenses that can make microscopic objects like cells look larger.

13 Mitochondrion An organelle. Site of respiration. Releases energy. Plural: Mitochondria.14 Multicellular organism An organism. Made up of many cells. E.g. ant, tree.

15 NucleusAn organelle. The control centre of the cell. Holds genetic information, to allow cell duplication. Plural: Nuclei.

16 Organ Made out of many types of tissue. E.g. stomach, lungs.17 Organelle Makes up a cell.18 Oxygen A substance. Used by the mitochondrion during respiration.19 Photosynthesis A process. Happens in the chloroplast. Sunlight converts into sugar.

20 Plant cellA cell. Contains 7 organelles: cell membrane, cell wall, chloroplast, cytoplasm, mitochondrion, nucleus and vacuole.

21 RespirationA process. Happens in the mitochondrion. Oxygen and sugar convert into carbon dioxide and water (and energy).

22 Semi permeable Allowing some substances through.23 Substance A gas, liquid or solid.24 Tissue A collection of the same cells, working together. E.g. epithelial tissue.25 Unicellular organism An organism. Made up of one cell. E.g. amoeba.26 Vacuole An organelle. Filled with sugary sap, water and waste.

1 Living organisms are made of cells,2 Cells are made of organelles!3 They’re the smallest things that replicate,4 This helps them to duplicate!

5 The cell membrane is a thin skin,6 Allowing food, water and oxygen in,7 The membrane lets waste out,8 It’s semi-permeable there’s no doubt,9 Allowing some substances through,10 Saying no to others, like it ought to.

11 The nucleus is the control center,12 The nuclear membrane decides what can enter.13 Holding - genetic information,14 To allow for cell reproduction!

15 The cytoplasm is the jelly-like liquid,16 It contains organelles that might have drifted,17 The mitochondrion is the site of respiration,18 Releasing energy for cell reproduction!

19 Loving sunlight showers is the chloroplast,20 Only found in plants, it’s having a blast,21 Photosynthesis happens here,22 And sunshine is the elixir!

23 Plant cells also contain the vacuole,24 Filled with sugary sap for the plant to grow,25 A cell wall is around the cell membrane,26 It’s rectangular shape it helps to maintain,27 It’s made from cellulose which is strong,28 It keeps the plant upright – it can do no wrong!

organelles cells tissues organs organ systems organisms

All living organisms…MoveRespire

(be) SensitiveGrowReproduceExcrrete

(get) Nutrition

Animal cell

Plant cell

Unit 1 Organelles to Cells

1 Acrosome A substance. Penetrates zona pellucida to allow one sperm through.

2 BlastocystA ball of over 32 cells at six days after fertilisation. The blastocyst implants onto the uterus lining.

3 Cervix An organ. Connects the uterus and vagina.

4 CiliumAn organelle. Found on the cell membrane of some epithelial cells. Cilia wave to move substances around the body. Plural: Cilia.

5 Ciliated epithelial cells

A specialised cell. An epithelial cell with cilia on the outside of the cell membrane. Ciliated epithelial cells line the oviduct to move the ovum along.

5 EmbryoAfter the blastocyst stage, an organism before it is distinctively recognisable. 6 days – 2 months after fertilisation.

6 Epithelial cell A specialised cell. Lines organs. Protective function.

7 FertilisationA process. The nuclei from the female and male gametes fuse together. This happens in the oviducts.

8 FetusAn organism when it is distinctively recognisable (2 – 9 months after fertilisation).

9 Flagellum An organelle. Helps the sperm to swim to the ovum.10 Gamete A specialised cell. Involved in reproduction. E.g. sperm, ovum.11 Implantation A process. When the blastocyst connects to the uterus lining.12 Menstrual cycle The monthly (28 day) cycle.

13 MenstruationA process. Begins on day 1 of the menstrual cycle. When the uterus lining breaks down and a new ovum matures in the ovaries.

14 OvaryAn organ. Where ova mature and are released. Females have two ovaries. Plural: Ovaries.

15 OviductAn organ. Lined with ciliated epithelial cells to move ova along. Females have 2 oviducts.

16 OvulationA process. On day 14 of the menstrual cycle. An ovum is released from the ovaries.

17 Ovum A specialised cell. Produced and matured in the ovaries. Plural: Ova.18 Penis An organ. When erect, can enter and release sperm into the vagina.

19 PlacentaAn organ. Provides the embryo/fetus nutrients and oxygen and removes waste and carbon dioxide from the embryo/fetus.

20 Reproduction A process. Making more of a cell or organism.21 Sexual intercourse A process. Allows ova and sperm to meet in the female body.

22 SpermA specialised cell. Produced in the testes, of which 180 million are released during each ejaculation.

23 Testis An organ. Where sperm are produced. Plural: Testes.24 Umbilical cord Tube that connects the embryo/fetus to the placenta.

25 UterusAn organ. Made out of stretchy muscle tissue. Where the blastocyst develops into a embryo/fetus.

26 Uterus liningA layer of epithelial tissue. Lines the uterus and protects the fetus/embryo.

27 Vagina An organ. Where the penis enters during sexual intercourse.28 Zona pellucida

An organelle. Guards the ovum. Only allows 1 sperm cell to penetrate it.

29 Zygote A fertilised ovum.

1 Swim with flagellum to the ovum2 Penetrate zona pellucida with acrosome3 Energy from mitochondria to swim4 Reproduce with nucleus using half of the genetic

information5 Many – 180 million sperm!

6 Energy from mitochondria to travel to the uterus7 Growth from cytoplasm for the zygote to divide8 Guarded by zona pellucida to allow only 1 sperm to

penetrate. Sperm Ovum

Unit 1 Reproductive System

Day Uterus lining

Ovum

1 - menstruation

Breaks down

Is maturing

10 Starts to thicken

Is maturing

14 - ovulation

Thickening Released from ovary

17 Fully thickened

Travelling to uterus

28 – if fertilised

Stays thick Implants onto uterus lining

28 – if not fertilised

Breaks down

New ovum is maturing

1 Cardiac myocyte

A specialised cell. Makes up the walls of the heart. Contracts to pump blood around our bodies. Involuntary myocyte.

2 Involuntary muscle

A muscle that contracts automatically. We do not consciously tell these muscles to contract.

3 Myocyte A specialised cell. The scientific term for muscle cell.4 Skeletal myocyte A specialised cell. Contracts to move our joints. Voluntary myocyte.

5 Smooth myocyte

A specialised cell. Makes up the walls of internal organs. Contracts to keep organs working. Involuntary myocyte.

6 Specialised cell Cells may be specialised for a particular job. Their structure will help them to carry this job out.

7 Voluntary muscle We consciously tell these muscles to contract.

Unit 1 Respiratory System

1 AlveolusA structure. Tiny air sacs found in the lungs. They increase the surface area of the lungs to allow more carbon dioxide to exit and more oxygen to enter the blood stream. Plural: Alveoli.

2 BronchitusLungs become inflamed and infected. This happens when tar in tobacco smoke damages the cilia that line the respiratory system.

3 CapillaryA small blood vessel that carries blood. Capillaries are around each alveolus.

4 Ciliated epithelial cells

A specialised cell. An epithelial cell with cilia on the outside of the cell membrane. Ciliated epithelial cells line the respiratory system to move mucus up to the mouth.

5 EmphysemaAlveoli walls break down, reducing the surface area of the lungs. Is caused from continuous coughing from smoking.

6 Excretion A process. Waste leaving an organism. E.g. carbon dioxide.

7 ExhalationA process. Breathing out. 17% of oxygen and 4% of carbon dioxide are breathed out.

8 Gaseous exchange

A process. Oxygen enters and carbon dioxide leaves the blood stream.

9 Goblet cellsThe respiratory system is lined with goblet cells, which contain mucus. Mucus traps dust, soot, pollen, bacteria and many other things that might harm us.

10 InhalationA process. Breathing in. 21% of oxygen and 1% of carbon dioxide are breathed in.

11 Mucus A substance. Thin, slippery, slightly sticky and wet.

12 RespirationA process. Happens in the mitochondrion. Oxygen and sugar convert into carbon dioxide and water (and energy).

13 Respiratory system

An organ system. Made up of the trachea, left and right bronchus or plural: bronchi, bronchiole and alveolus or plural: alveoli.

14 Trachea An organ. Takes air from the throat to the beginning of the bronchi.

goblet cellepithelial tissue

epithelial cell

mucus

cilia

Unit 1 Muscular System

Adaptations of the alveolus:

(good) Blood supply for oxygen to enter and carbon dioxide to easily leave the blood stream

(good) Large surface area as there are around 300 million alveoli. This means more carbon dioxide can exit and more oxygen can enter the blood stream

(good) Thin the walls of the alveoli and capillaries are only one cell thick. This makes it easy for oxygen and carbon dioxide to pass across.

alveolus(where gaseous exchange happens)

capillary

1 Absorption Digested food entering the blood stream.2 Acid A substance. pH number less than 7.

3 Alimentary Canal

A continuous tube from the mouth to the anus,which also includes the oesophagus, stomach, small and large intestine and rectum. Made from smooth muscle tissue.

4 Alkali A substance. pH number of more than 7.

5 AmylaseAn enzyme. Digests starch into sugar. Produced by the salivary glands, pancreas and duodenum.

6 Anus The last sphincter of the alimentary canal.7 Bile A substance. Emulsifies lipids and neutralises gastric acid.

8 CorrosiveStrong acids and alkalis. A substance that is able to attack another substance.

9 Digestion Breaking down food from larger, complex to smaller, simpler parts.

10 DuodenumThe first part of the small intestine. Produces amylase, lipase and protease and is involved in digestion. pH 8.

11 Emulsify To make into a smooth mixture.12 Enzyme A substance. Digests food into smaller, simpler parts.13 Epithelial tissue Lines organs. Protective function.

14 Excretion A process. Waste leaving an organism. E.g. faeces.15 Faeces Undigested food and fibre.16 Gall bladder A gland. Stores bile. Injects bile into duodenum.

17 Gastric acidA substance. Strong acid produced by the stomach. Destroys bacteria on food. pH 2.

18 Glands Organs that give out substances. E.g. gall bladder, liver, pancreas and salivary gland.

19 Goblet cellThe digestive system is lined with goblet cells, which contain mucus. Mucus helps food to glide down the alimentary canal and protects the stomach from the corrosive gastric acid.

20 IleumThe second part of the small intestine. Involved in absorption and is covered with millions of villi.

21 Large intestine (colon)

An organ. Absorbs water and useful salts back into the blood stream and forms faeces.

22 LipaseAn enzyme. Digests lipids into fatty acids and glycerol. Produced by the pancreas and duodenum.

23 LipidDigests into fatty acids and forms a vital part of cell membranes and is used as a food reserve.

24 Liver A gland. Produces bile.25 Mucus A substance. Thin, slippery, slightly sticky and wet.26 Neutral A substance. pH number of exactly 7.27 Oesophagus An organ. This is long (25 cm) tube connects the mouth to the stomach.28 Pancreas A gland. Produces amylase, lipase and protease.

29 PeristalsisA process. When the smooth muscle tissue of the alimentary canal wall contract and relax in wave-like motions, pushing food along.

Unit 1 Digestive System

30 ProteaseAn enzyme. Digests protein into amino acids. Produced by the pancreas, stomach and duodenum.

31 ProteinDigests into amino acids. Gets built up again as proteins for growth and repair.

32 Rectum An organ. Stores faeces.

33 Saliva A substance. Mostly water and contains amylase.

34 Salivary gland A gland. Produces saliva and amylase. pH 7.5.

35 Small intestine

An organ. Split into two halves; the duodenum and the ileum. Narrow and long to increase the time that food spends there, so more nutrients are absorbed.

36 Starch Digests into sugar. Sent to mitochondria to respire to produce energy.

37 StomachAn organ. Stores food, churns food, breaks down protein and produces gastric acid to destroy bacteria on food.

38 VilliMillions of folds that cover the inside of the small intestine. Villi increase the surface area of the small intestine. Singular: Villus. Each villus a good blood supply.

10 Saliva is a substance,11 produced by the salivary

glands.12 Saliva is mostly water,13 and contains amylase, which14 begins to break down starch!

1 Stomach2 Scorpions Stores food3 a meal will stay in your stomach for 3-5 hours after you have

eaten it.4 Can Churns food5 the food is churned by the muscular wall of the stomach until it is

liquid.6 Be Breaks down protein7 protease is made by the stomach wall and begins to produce

amino acids.8 Dangerous Destroys bacteria9 the gastric acid is strong and thus, corrosive that it kills bacteria.

15 Bile is a substance,16 produced by the liver,17 stored in the gall

bladder.18 Bile emulsifies lipids,19 and neutralises gastric

acid.

Unit 1 Digestive System

1 Aphelion Furthest from the Sun in its orbit.

2 Atmosphere The layer of clouds and greenhouse gases that are around some planets.

3 Asteroid

An irregularly shaped object made of rock left over from the birth of our Solar System. These objects orbit the Sun. Asteroids are smaller than planets.

4 Asteroid belt Millions of asteroids found between the inner and outer planets.5 Astronomy A science. Investigates the stars, planets and other objects in space.

6 Axis An imaginary line through the middle of a planet. The planet rotates around the axis.

7 Comet An object made of ice which orbits the Sun, mainly beyond Neptune. Can melt as they pass the Sun. This causes a huge tail of gas and dust to form. Smaller than planets.

8 Constellation A named ‘shape’, which is made by grouping stars together into a pattern.

9 Copernicus, Nicolaus

Polish astronomer born in 1473. Accused of heresy because he believed in a heliocentric Solar System.

10 Daytime The part of Earth which is facing the Sun is experiencing daytime.

11 Earth An inner planet. Nearly three-quarters of Earth is covered in water. Earth is the only known planet with life on it.

12 Elliptical orbit When the orbit path of an object is not a perfect circle.13 Galilei, Galileo

Italian astronomer born in 1564. Accused of heresy for supporting Copernicus. Discovered Jupiter’s 4 largest satellites.

14 GeocentrismBelief in an Earth-centered Solar System/Universe. E.g. Ptolemy (silent ‘p’).

15 Greenhouse Effect

A process. The clouds and greenhouse gases in the planet’s atmosphere trap heat from the Sun, which keeps the planet warm.

16 Halley, Edmond

English astronomer born in 1656. Predicted when Halley’s comet would next reach its perihelion.

17 Heliocentrism Belief in a Sun-centered Solar System/Universe. E.g. Copernicus.18 Heresy A belief which goes against religion or a major belief. E.g. geocentrism.19 Herschel, William German astronomer born in 1738. Discovered 2,400 stars and Uranus.

20 Inner planets Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars are all solid and rocky.

21 JupiterAn outer planet. Named after the king of the Roman Gods. Has rings.The largest planet in our Solar System (around 300 times larger than Earth). Has 67 moons. Galileo discovered 4 of its moons.

22 Luminous An object that gives out light, e.g. the Sun.

23 Mars An inner planet. Named after the Roman God of war. For many years, Mars was thought to be the only planet other than Earth, to have life on it because it has ice caps on its poles.

24 Mercury An inner planet. Named after the speedy messenger of the Roman Gods.The fastest moving planet. Can get hot when facing the Sun and cold when facing away from the Sun. No atmosphere.

25 Meteoroid

 An object made of rock which orbits the Sun. If a meteoroid lands on Earth, it is called a ‘meteorite’. Meteoroids are smaller than asteroids and comets.

Unit 2 Astronomy

26 Moon Earth’s only natural satellite.27 Natural satellite

An object that orbits another object in space. E.g. the Moon orbits the Earth.

28 Neptune An outer planet. Named after the Roman God of the sea. Has rings.

29 NighttimeThe part of Earth which is facing away from the Sun is experiencing nighttime.

30 Non-luminousAn object that does not give out light, e.g. the Moon. Instead, it must reflect the light from a luminous object.

31 ObliquityNo planets’ axis is perfectly vertical. Earth’s axis is tilted at an angle of 23.5⁰.

32 Orbit The path that an object takes to move around another object in space.

33 Outer planetsJupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune are mainly made of liquid and gas, and have rings around them.

34 Perihelion Nearest to the Sun in its orbit. 35 Poles The two opposite ends of the axis (there is a north and south pole).36Proxima Centauri The second closest star to Earth. It is a faded star (red dwarf).

37 Rotation A process. When an object moves around it’s axis.

38 SaturnAn outer planet. Named after the Roman God of harvest. Has rings.

The second largest planet in our Solar System. Has 53 moons.

39 Solar eclipse A process. Moon passes between Sun and Earth, blocking the Sun.

40 SeasonsSpring, Summer (21st June), Autumn and Winter (21st December) in the Northern Hemisphere. Earth and Mars are the planets that experience 4 seasons.

41 Solar SystemThe asteroids, comets, meteoroids, planets and satellites that orbit the Sun.

42 Summer solstice (21st June)

A process. North Pole tilts toward the Sun. Northern Hemisphere receives more Sun and light. Summer in the Northern Hemisphere.

43 SunClosest star to planet Earth. Lies at the center of our Solar System. A huge ball of gas, which gives out a constant supply of energy.

44 StarA seemingly motionless object found in space. Luminous and extremely hot.

45 UranusAn outer planet. Named after the Greek God of the sky. Has rings. Discovered by William Herschel. The only planet to be named after a figure from Greek mythology.

46 Venus An inner planet. Named after the Roman Goddess of love and beauty. Has thick atmosphere of white acid clouds and greenhouse gases.

47 Winter solstice (21st December)

A process. North Pole tilts away from the Sun. Southern Hemisphere receives more Sun and light. Winter in the Northern Hemisphere.

Mr MercuryVictor VenusEats EarthMary’s MarsJelly JupiterSitting SaturnUnder UranusNiagara Falls

Neptune

The inner planets are solid and rocky,Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars!

The outer planets are liquid and gassy,Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune!The outer planets have rings around them,La la la la la la la la…

1 Andromeda The nearest major galaxy to our galaxy, the Milky Way.

2 Apollo programNASA’s third human spaceflight program, which landed the first 12 humans on the Moon from 1969-1972.

3 Artificial satellite

A man-made object launched by rockets into space, orbits planets. E.g. ISS.

4 Astronaut The pilot or crew member of a spacecraft.

5 Big BangA theory. States that the Universe began from a very small initial point 13.8 billion years ago and is still expanding.

6 Curiosity roverLanded on Mars in 2012. A robotic car filled with scientific instruments and cameras to learn about Mar’s rocks, soil and atmosphere.

7 Gagarin, YuriRussian astronaut born in 1934. The first person to travel into space in 1961.

8 Galaxy Clusters of billions of stars. There are billions of galaxies in the Universe.9 Galileo spacecraft

Started to orbit Jupiter in 1995. Discovered the natural satellite Io has volcanoes and Europa may be covered in ice.

10 Lemaître, Georges Belgian astronomer born in 1894. Introduced the Big Bang theory.

11 Herschel, Caroline

Female German astronomer born in 1750. Catalogued over 3,500 nebulae. Sister to William Herschel.

12 Hoyle, Fred English astronomer born in 1915. Strong critic of the Big Bang theory.13 Hubble, Edwin

American astronomer born in 1889. Found that the Universe was expanding.

14 International Space Station (ISS)

The largest artificial satellite in space. Is a space laboratory where astronomers can carry out experiments.

15 Local Group The group of galaxies that includes the Milky Way and Andromeda.

16 Light YearOne light year means 6 trillion miles. This is because light can travel 6 trillion miles in one year.

17Milky Way galaxy A galaxy. Where our Solar System is found.

18 NASAThe United States’ government agency founded in 1958 responsible for space research.

19 Nebulae Clouds of dust and gas that are between stars.20 Penzias, Arno and Wilson, Robert

Two scientists who discovered radiation, present everywhere in the Milky Way galaxy. This radiation is believed to have been created when the Universe exploded 13.8 billion years ago.

21 Space shuttle A reusable spacecraft built by NASA and used between 1981-2011 to deliver scientific equipment or work on satellites.

22 Sputnik 1 First artificial satellite. Launched by the Soviet Union in 1957.23 Steady State theory

A theory. States that the Universe had no beginning, has no end and is expanding.

24 Universe Everything that exists, including myself, planets and stars.25 Venus Express

This spacecraft reached Venus in 2006 and sent back photos and information suggesting Venus has volcanoes, lightning and hurricanes.

26 Vostok 1The spacecraft that took the first human into space (Yuri Gagarin) in 1957.

27 Voyager 2 This space probe left Earth in 1977 and has passed Neptune.

Unit 2 Astronomy

1 At the middle of the Solar System is the Sun,

2 It’s the closest star by a long run,3 This discovery was made by

Copernicus,4 Disagreeing with the Bible caused a

fuss.

5 All of the stars seem motionless,6 They are also known as luminous,7 Luminous objects give out light,8 Some stars do not shine so bright.

9 Proxima Centauri is the second closest star,

10 You’ll need a telescope – it seems afar,11 The reason why it seems so faded?12 Is because it’s a red dwarf – it is

jaded.

1 AlchemistGroup of people who worked from 1400-1650 AD who wanted to find the elixir of life and turn cheap metals into gold.

2 AristotleAncient Greek philosopher, thought everything was made out of a mixture of earth, air, water and fire.

3 Atom

The tiny building block of all matter; living, non-living and man-made. Atom means 'indivisible' in Greek. Although, we now know that atoms can be divided.

4 Boyle, RobertIn 1661, this man discovered that gases can be pushed into smaller spaces.

5 Chemical property

Describes how matter can change into another type of matter. Chemical properties include combustibility, ability to rust and ability to tarnish.

6 Combustibility Describes how well an object can burn. Wood is very combustible.

7 Dalton, JohnBorn in 1766, his theory was that everything was made out of atoms, which were tiny, indivisible (incorrect) building blocks.

8 Democritus

Ancient Greek philosopher, thought everything was made out of atoms, which could not be destroyed, were always moving and have different shapes/sizes.

9 Indivisible Cannot be divided into any smaller parts.

10 MassMeasure of how much matter an object contains, measured in kilograms (kg) or grams (g).

11 Matter Anything that has volume and mass. Light and sound are not matter.

12 Physical property

Characteristics of matter that can be observed without changing the identity of the matter. Physical properties include the colour, shape, size, texture, volume and mass of matter.

13 RustWhen the metal iron and oxygen react to produce a substance called iron oxide, which is red and powdery.

14 TarnishWhen the surface of a metal tarnishes. Silver and copper have the ability to tarnish.

15 Volume

The amount of space that matter takes up in a three-dimensional object. The volume of solids is measured in cm3 or m3 and the volume of liquids is measured in mL or L. The formula for calculating volume is V = lwh.

Unit 3 Matter