1 approaches to dialogue peter kühnleinhannes rieser
TRANSCRIPT
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Approaches to dialogue
Peter Kühnlein Hannes Rieser
http://129.70.104.40/TCD/
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Intentionalist approaches to dialogue
Part IX:
Approaches to dialogue
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Intentionalist approaches to dialogue
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Intentionalist approaches to dialogue
Characteristic of intentionalist approaches:The chief explanatory notion is that of a certain type of mental state of adiscourse participant – the intention she has.
Intentions have a disputed ontological status: Are they reducible to other (mental)states or are they states in their own rights?
E.g., one could try to do this reduction:1. S intends to A just in case2. S desires that G and3. S believes that Aing leads to G(obvious problems)
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Intentionalist approaches to dialogue
Characteristic of intentionalist approaches:The chief explanatory notion is that of a certain type of mental state of adiscourse participant – the intention she has.
Intentions have a disputed ontological status: Are they reducible to other (mental)states or are they states in their own rights?This question (and questions concerning many other properties of intentions) willnot be discussed here.
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Intentionalist approaches to dialogue
Approach under consideration:Grosz, B.J. & Sidner, C.L., Computational Linguistics, Vol. 12 (3), 1986:Attention, Intention, and the Structure of Discourse
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Intentionalist approaches to dialogue
Approach under consideration:Grosz, B.J. & Sidner, C.L., Computational Linguistics, Vol. 12 (3), 1986:Attention, Intention, and the Structure of Discourse
As we develop it, the theory of discourse structure will be seen to beintimately connected with two nonlinguistic notions: intention and attention.
G&S 175
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Intentionalist approaches to dialogue
Approach under consideration:Grosz, B.J. & Sidner, C.L., Computational Linguistics, Vol. 12 (3), 1986:Attention, Intention, and the Structure of Discourse
As we develop it, the theory of discourse structure will be seen to beintimately connected with two nonlinguistic notions: intention and attention.Attention is an essential factor in explicating the processing of utterancesin discourse.
G&S 175
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Intentionalist approaches to dialogue
Approach under consideration:Grosz, B.J. & Sidner, C.L., Computational Linguistics, Vol. 12 (3), 1986:Attention, Intention, and the Structure of Discourse
As we develop it, the theory of discourse structure will be seen to beintimately connected with two nonlinguistic notions: intention and attention.Attention is an essential factor in explicating the processing of utterancesin discourse. Intentions play a primary role in explaining discoursestructure, defining discourse coherence, and providing a coherentconceptualization of the term "discourse" itself.
G&S 175
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Intentionalist approaches to dialogue
Approach under consideration:Grosz, B.J. & Sidner, C.L., Computational Linguistics, Vol. 12 (3), 1986:Attention, Intention, and the Structure of Discourse
As we develop it, the theory of discourse structure will be seen to beintimately connected with two nonlinguistic notions: intention and attention.Attention is an essential factor in explicating the processing of utterancesin discourse. Intentions play a primary role in explaining discoursestructure, defining discourse coherence, and providing a coherentconceptualization of the term "discourse" itself.
G&S 175
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Intentionalist approaches to dialogue
Approach under consideration:Grosz, B.J. & Sidner, C.L., Computational Linguistics, Vol. 12 (3), 1986:Attention, Intention, and the Structure of Discourse
As we develop it, the theory of discourse structure will be seen to beintimately connected with two nonlinguistic notions: intention and attention.Attention is an essential factor in explicating the processing of utterancesin discourse. Intentions play a primary role in explaining discoursestructure, defining discourse coherence, and providing a coherentconceptualization of the term "discourse" itself.
G&S 175
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Intentionalist approaches to dialogue
Approach under consideration:Grosz, B.J. & Sidner, C.L., Computational Linguistics, Vol. 12 (3), 1986:Attention, Intention, and the Structure of Discourse
As we develop it, the theory of discourse structure will be seen to beintimately connected with two nonlinguistic notions: intention and attention.Attention is an essential factor in explicating the processing of utterancesin discourse. Intentions play a primary role in explaining discoursestructure, defining discourse coherence, and providing a coherentconceptualization of the term "discourse" itself.
G&S 175
So there are two goals for explication: processing and structure.
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Intentionalist approaches to dialogue
Discourse structure
Why should one be interested in a theory of discourse structure?
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Intentionalist approaches to dialogue
Discourse structure
Why should one be interested in a theory of discourse structure? There is evidencethat antecedents in discourse are decreasingly well accessible for anaphoric reference depending on diverse factors.
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Intentionalist approaches to dialogue
Discourse structure
Why should one be interested in a theory of discourse structure? There is evidencethat antecedents in discourse are decreasingly well accessible for anaphoric reference depending on diverse factors. Current theories of anaphoric resolution (e.g., standard DRT or FCS) are bad in capturing this.
“She truly loves her” would have 20 solutionsaccording to standard DRT.
Ann(v)
Berta(w)
Carol(x)
Dorothy(y)
Eve(z)
…
…
…
…
v w x yz
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Intentionalist approaches to dialogue
Discourse structure
Why should one be interested in a theory of discourse structure? There is evidencethat antecedents in discourse are decreasingly well accessible for anaphoric reference depending on diverse factors. Current theories of anaphoric resolution (e.g., standard DRT or FCS) are bad in capturing this.One suggestion (Muskens, van Benthem and Visser (1997)) could be to strengthenstandard dynamic semantics by complementing them with a theory of discoursestructure.
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Intentionalist approaches to dialogue
Discourse structure
Why should one be interested in a theory of discourse structure? There is evidencethat antecedents in discourse are decreasingly well accessible for anaphoric reference depending on diverse factors. Current theories of anaphoric resolution (e.g., standard DRT or FCS) are bad in capturing this.One suggestion (Muskens, van Benthem and Visser (1997)) could be to strengthenstandard dynamic semantics by complementing them with a theory of discoursestructure. Their proposal: Grosz & Sidner (1986).
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Intentionalist approaches to dialogue
Discourse structure
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Intentionalist approaches to dialogue
Discourse structure
Our main thesis is that the structure of any discourse is a composite of threedistinct but interacting components:
G&S 176
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Intentionalist approaches to dialogue
Discourse structure
Our main thesis is that the structure of any discourse is a composite of threedistinct but interacting components:•the structure of the actual sequence of utterances in the discourse;
G&S 176
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Intentionalist approaches to dialogue
Discourse structure
Our main thesis is that the structure of any discourse is a composite of threedistinct but interacting components:•the structure of the actual sequence of utterances in the discourse;•a structure of intentions;
G&S 176
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Intentionalist approaches to dialogue
Discourse structure
Our main thesis is that the structure of any discourse is a composite of threedistinct but interacting components:•the structure of the actual sequence of utterances in the discourse;•a structure of intentions;•an attentional state.
G&S 176
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Intentionalist approaches to dialogue
Discourse structure • the structure of the actual sequence of utterances
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Intentionalist approaches to dialogue
Discourse structure • the structure of the actual sequence of utterances
Just as the words in a single sentence form constituent phrases, theutterances in a discourse are naturally aggregated into discourse segments.The utterances in a segment, like the words in a phrase, serve particularroles with respect to that segment.
G&S 177
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Intentionalist approaches to dialogue
Discourse structure • the structure of the actual sequence of utterances
D
DS1 DS2 DS3
D: Discourse
DS: Discourse Segment
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Intentionalist approaches to dialogue
Discourse structure • the structure of the actual sequence of utterances
D
DS1 DS2 DS3
G&S 177
The factoring of discourses into segments has been observed across a widerange of discourse types. Grosz (1978) showed this for task-orienteddialogues.
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Intentionalist approaches to dialogue
Discourse structure • the structure of the actual sequence of utterances
D
DS1 DS2 DS3
G&S 177
The factoring of discourses into segments has been observed across a widerange of discourse types. …Chafe (1979,1989) found differences in pauselengths at segment boundaries.
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Intentionalist approaches to dialogue
Discourse structure • the structure of the actual sequence of utterances
D
DS1 DS2 DS3
G&S 177
The factoring of discourses into segments has been observed across a widerange of discourse types. …Butterworth (1975) found speech rate differencesthat correlated with segments; speech rate is slower at start of a segmentthan toward the end.
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Intentionalist approaches to dialogue
Discourse structure • the structure of the actual sequence of utterances
D
DS1 DS2 DS3
U1 U2 U3 U4
U: Utterance
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Intentionalist approaches to dialogue
Discourse structure • the structure of the actual sequence of utterances
D
DS1 DS2 DS3
U1 U2 U3 U4
t
U: Utterance
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Intentionalist approaches to dialogue
Discourse structure • the structure of the actual sequence of utterances
D
DS1 DS2 DS3
U1 U2 U3 U4
G&S 177
Although two consecutive utterances may be in the same discourse segment,…
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Intentionalist approaches to dialogue
Discourse structure • the structure of the actual sequence of utterances
D
DS1 DS2 DS3
U1 U2 U3 U4
G&S 177
Although two consecutive utterances may be in the same discourse segment,it is also common for two consecutive utterances to be in different segments.
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Intentionalist approaches to dialogue
Discourse structure • the structure of the actual sequence of utterances
D
DS1 DS2 DS3
U1 U2 U3 U4
G&S 177
Although two consecutive utterances may be in the same discourse segment,it is also common for two consecutive utterances to be in different segments.
The trivial case
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Intentionalist approaches to dialogue
Discourse structure • the structure of the actual sequence of utterances
D
DS1 DS2 DS3
U1 U2 U3 U4
G&S 177
Although two consecutive utterances may be in the same discourse segment,it is also common for two consecutive utterances to be in different segments.
The nontrivial case
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Intentionalist approaches to dialogue
Discourse structure • the structure of the actual sequence of utterances
D
DS1 DS2 DS3
U1 U2 U3 U4
G&S 177
It is also possible for two utterances that are nonconsecutive to be in the same segment.
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Intentionalist approaches to dialogue
Discourse structure • the structure of the actual sequence of utterances
D
DS1 DS2 DS3
U1 U2 U3 DS4
U4 U5
U6
Discourse segments can benested
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Intentionalist approaches to dialogue
Discourse structure • the structure of the actual sequence of utterances
D
DS1 DS2 DS3
U1 U2 U3 DS4
U4 U5
U6
Discourse segments can benested; this is callednon-strict decompositionalitybecause utterances and discourse segmentscan appear on the same level
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Intentionalist approaches to dialogue
Discourse structure • the structure of the actual sequence of utterances
D
DS1 DS2 DS3
U1 U2 U3 DS4
U4 U5
U6
G&S 178
Reichman (1981) discusses somewords that function [as indicatorsfor segment boundaries] and coinedthe term clue words.
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Intentionalist approaches to dialogue
Discourse structure • the structure of the actual sequence of utterances
D
DS1 DS2 DS3
U1 U2 U3 DS4
U4 U5
U6
G&S 178
We will use the term cue phrasesto generalize on her observation …because each one of these devices cuethe hearer to some change in thediscourse structure.
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Intentionalist approaches to dialogue
Discourse structure • the structure of the actual sequence of utterances
G&S 178
We will use the term cue phrasesto generalize on her observation …because each one of these devices cuethe hearer to some change in thediscourse structure.
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Intentionalist approaches to dialogue
Discourse structure • the structure of the actual sequence of utterances
G&S 198: Cue phrases
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Intentionalist approaches to dialogue
Discourse structure • the structure of the actual sequence of utterances
now, next, that reminds me, and, but
G&S 198: Cue phrases
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Intentionalist approaches to dialogue
Discourse structure • the structure of the actual sequence of utterances
now, next, that reminds me, and, but
G&S 198: Cue phrases
anyway, but anyway, in any case, now back to
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Intentionalist approaches to dialogue
Discourse structure • the structure of the actual sequence of utterances
now, next, that reminds me, and, but
G&S 198: Cue phrases
anyway, but anyway, in any case, now back to
the end, ok, fine
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Intentionalist approaches to dialogue
Discourse structure • the structure of the actual sequence of utterances
now, next, that reminds me, and, but
G&S 198: Cue phrases
anyway, but anyway, in any case, now back to
the end, ok, fine
I must interrupt, excuse me
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Intentionalist approaches to dialogue
Discourse structure • the structure of the actual sequence of utterances
now, next, that reminds me, and, but
G&S 198: Cue phrases
anyway, but anyway, in any case, now back to
the end, ok, fine
I must interrupt, excuse me
Oops, I forgot
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Intentionalist approaches to dialogue
Discourse structure • the structure of the actual sequence of utterances
now, next, that reminds me, and, but
G&S 198: Cue phrases
anyway, but anyway, in any case, now back to
the end, ok, fine
I must interrupt, excuse me
Oops, I forgot
By the way, incidentally, speaking of,Did you hear about..., That reminds me
48
Intentionalist approaches to dialogue
Discourse structure • the structure of the actual sequence of utterances
now, next, that reminds me, and, but
G&S 198: Cue phrases
anyway, but anyway, in any case, now back to
the end, ok, fine
I must interrupt, excuse me
Oops, I forgot
By the way, incidentally, speaking of,Did you hear about..., That reminds me
In the first place, first, second, finally,moreover, furthermore
49
Intentionalist approaches to dialogue
Discourse structure • the structure of the actual sequence of utterances
now, next, that reminds me, and, but
G&S 198: Cue phrases
anyway, but anyway, in any case, now back to
the end, ok, fine
I must interrupt, excuse me
Oops, I forgot
By the way, incidentally, speaking of,Did you hear about..., That reminds me
In the first place, first, second, finally,moreover, furthermore
For example, to wit, first, second, and,moreover, furthermore, therefore
50
Intentionalist approaches to dialogue
Discourse structure • the structure of the actual sequence of utterances
now, next, that reminds me, and, but
G&S 198: Cue phrases
anyway, but anyway, in any case, now back to
the end, ok, fine
I must interrupt, excuse me
Oops, I forgot
By the way, incidentally, speaking of,Did you hear about..., That reminds me
In the first place, first, second, finally,moreover, furthermore
G&S 178
[T]hese linguistic boundarymarkers can be dividedaccording to whether theyexplicitly indicate changesin the intentional structureor in the attentional stateof the discourse.
For example, to wit, first, second, and,moreover, furthermore, therefore
51
Intentionalist approaches to dialogue
Discourse structure • the structure of the actual sequence of utterances
now, next, that reminds me, and, but
G&S 198: Cue phrases
anyway, but anyway, in any case, now back to
the end, ok, fine
I must interrupt, excuse me
Oops, I forgot
By the way, incidentally, speaking of,Did you hear about..., That reminds me
In the first place, first, second, finally,moreover, furthermore
G&S 178
Just as linguistic devicesaffect structure, so thediscourse segmentationaffects the interpretationof linguistic expressionsin a discourse.
For example, to wit, first, second, and,moreover, furthermore, therefore
52
Intentionalist approaches to dialogue
Discourse structure • the structure of the actual sequence of utterances
now, next, that reminds me, and, but
G&S 198: Cue phrases
anyway, but anyway, in any case, now back to
the end, ok, fine
I must interrupt, excuse me
Oops, I forgot
By the way, incidentally, speaking of,Did you hear about..., That reminds me
In the first place, first, second, finally,moreover, furthermore
G&S 178
Just as linguistic devicesaffect structure, so thediscourse segmentationaffects the interpretationof linguistic expressionsin a discourse. Referringexpressions provide theprimary example of thiseffect.
For example, to wit, first, second, and,moreover, furthermore, therefore
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Intentionalist approaches to dialogue
Discourse structure • the structure of the actual sequence of utterances
now, next, that reminds me, and, but
G&S 198: Cue phrases
anyway, but anyway, in any case, now back to
the end, ok, fine
I must interrupt, excuse me
Oops, I forgot
By the way, incidentally, speaking of,Did you hear about..., That reminds me
In the first place, first, second, finally,moreover, furthermore
G&S 178
Just as linguistic devicesaffect structure, so thediscourse segmentationaffects the interpretationof linguistic expressionsin a discourse. … Thesegmentation of discourseconstrains the use ofreferring expressions bydelineating certain pointsat which there is asignificant change in whatentities … are beingdiscussed.For example, to wit, first, second, and,
moreover, furthermore, therefore
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Intentionalist approaches to dialogue
Discourse structure • the structure of the actual sequence of utterances
This can be applied to the example dialogue that has been reported on inthe introduction as follows
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Dialogue example & situation
Intentionalist approaches to dialogue
"Inst." refers to an instructor"Cnst." refers to a constructor
Common task is to build a toyairplane
Both Ss are separated by a screen.
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Dialogue example & situation
Intentionalist approaches to dialogue
"Inst." refers to an instructor"Cnst." refers to a constructor
Common task is to build a toyairplane
Both Ss are separated by a screen.
The current stage of the construction(constructor side)
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(A)Inst: So, jetzt nimmst du
Well, now you takeCnst: eine Schraube
a screw.Inst: eine <-> orangene mit einem
Schlitz.an <-> orange one with a slit
Cnst: Ja. Yes
Dialogue example & situation
Intentionalist approaches to dialogue
"Inst." refers to an instructor"Cnst." refers to a constructor
Common task is to build a toyairplane
Both Ss are separated by a screen.
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(A)Inst: So, jetzt nimmst du
Well, now you takeCnst: eine Schraube
a screw.Inst: eine <-> orangene mit einem
Schlitz.an <-> orange one with a slit
Cnst: Ja. Yes
Dialogue example & situation
Available Bolts
Intentionalist approaches to dialogue
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(B)
Inst: Und steckst sie dadurch, also
And you put it through there,
let’s see
Cnst: Von oben.
From the top.
Inst: Von oben, daß also die drei festgeschraubt werden dann.
From the top, so that the three bars get fixed.
Cnst: Ja.
Yes.
Intended Junction
Intended Result
Intentionalist approaches to dialogue
Dialogue example & situation c'td
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(A)Inst: Well, now you takeCnst: a screw.Inst: an <-> orange one with a slitCnst: Yes.
(B)Inst: And you put it through there, let’s seeCnst: From the top.Inst: From the top, so that the three bars get fixed.Cnst: Yes.
Dialogue example & situation c'td
Intentionalist approaches to dialogue
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(A)Inst: Well, now you takeCnst: a screw.Inst: an <-> orange one with a slitCnst: Yes.
(B)Inst: And you put it through there, let’s seeCnst: From the top.Inst: From the top, so that the three bars get fixed.Cnst: Yes.
Dialogue example & situation c'td
Intentionalist approaches to dialogue
The structuring of the discourse that was done on an intuitive basis can nowbe explained in the theoretical framework.
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(A)Inst: Well, now you takeCnst: a screw.Inst: an <-> orange one with a slitCnst: Yes.
(B)Inst: And you put it through there, let’s seeCnst: From the top.Inst: From the top, so that the three bars get fixed.Cnst: Yes.
Dialogue example & situation c'td
Intentionalist approaches to dialogue
The discourse will be used again with more annotation, so the sample textwill from now on be compressed into the following.
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Inst: Well, now you take Cnst: a screw.Inst: an <-> orange one with a slit Cnst: Yes. Inst: And you put it through there, let's see Cnst: From the top.Inst: From the top, so that the three bars get fixed then. Cnst: Yes.
Intentionalist approaches to dialogue
Discourse structure • the structure of the actual sequence of utterances
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Inst: Well, now you take Cnst: a screw.Inst: an <-> orange one with a slit Cnst: Yes. Inst: And you put it through there, let's see Cnst: From the top.Inst: From the top, so that the three bars get fixed then. Cnst: Yes.
Intentionalist approaches to dialogue
Discourse structure • the structure of the actual sequence of utterances
Some cue phrases contained in the discourse.
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Inst: Well, now you take Cnst: a screw.Inst: an <-> orange one with a slit Cnst: Yes. Inst: And you put it through there, let's see Cnst: From the top.Inst: From the top, so that the three bars get fixed then. Cnst: Yes.
Intentionalist approaches to dialogue
Discourse structure • the structure of the actual sequence of utterances
Some cue phrases contained in the discourse.
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Inst: Well, now you take Cnst: a screw.Inst: an <-> orange one with a slit Cnst: Yes. Inst: And you put it through there, let's see Cnst: From the top.Inst: From the top, so that the three bars get fixed then. Cnst: Yes.
Intentionalist approaches to dialogue
Discourse structure • the structure of the actual sequence of utterances
Some cue phrases contained in the discourse.
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Inst: Well, now you take Cnst: a screw.Inst: an <-> orange one with a slit Cnst: Yes. Inst: And you put it through there, let's see Cnst: From the top.Inst: From the top, so that the three bars get fixed then. Cnst: Yes.
Intentionalist approaches to dialogue
Discourse structure • the structure of the actual sequence of utterances
Some cue phrases contained in the discourse.
68
Intentionalist approaches to dialogue
Discourse structure • the structure of the actual sequence of utterances
69
Intentionalist approaches to dialogue
Discourse structure
Our main thesis is that the structure of any discourse is a composite of threedistinct but interacting components:•the structure of the actual sequence of utterances in the discourse;•a structure of intentions;•an attentional state.
G&S 176
70
Intentionalist approaches to dialogue
Discourse structure
Our main thesis is that the structure of any discourse is a composite of threedistinct but interacting components:•the structure of the actual sequence of utterances in the discourse;•a structure of intentions;•an attentional state.
G&S 176
71
Intentionalist approaches to dialogue
Discourse structure • a structure of intentions
72
Intentionalist approaches to dialogue
Discourse structure • a structure of intentions
G&S 178
A rather straightforward property of discourses, namely, that they (or, moreaccurately, those who participate in them) have an overall purpose, turns outto play a fundamental role in the theory of discourse structure.
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Intentionalist approaches to dialogue
Discourse structure • a structure of intentions
G&S 176:
Because in multi-party conversations more than one participant may speak(or write) different utterances within a segment, the terms speaker and hearerdo not differentiate the unique roles that he participants maintain in asegment of a conversation.
74
Intentionalist approaches to dialogue
Discourse structure • a structure of intentions
G&S 176:
Because in multi-party conversations more than one participant may speak(or write) different utterances within a segment, the terms speaker and hearerdo not differentiate the unique roles that he participants maintain in asegment of a conversation. We will therefore use the terms initiating conversational participant (ICP) and other conversational participant(s) (OCP)…
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Intentionalist approaches to dialogue
Discourse structure • a structure of intentions
Some terminology:
ICP = Initiating conversational participant
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Intentionalist approaches to dialogue
Discourse structure • a structure of intentions
Some terminology:
ICP = Initiating conversational participant
OCP = Other conversational participant(s)
77
Intentionalist approaches to dialogue
Discourse structure • a structure of intentions
G&S 178
[W]e distinguish one of [the purposes in a given discourse] as foundational tothe discourse. We will refer to it as the discourse purpose (DP).
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Intentionalist approaches to dialogue
Discourse structure • a structure of intentions
Some terminology:
ICP = Initiating conversational participant
OCP = Other conversational participant(s)
DP = Discourse purpose
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Intentionalist approaches to dialogue
Discourse structure • a structure of intentions
G&S 178
For each of the discourse segments, we can also single out one intention -the discourse segment purpose (DSP).
80
Intentionalist approaches to dialogue
Discourse structure • a structure of intentions
Some terminology:
ICP = Initiating conversational participant
OCP = Other conversational participant(s)
DP = Discourse purpose
DSP = Discourse segment purpose
81
Intentionalist approaches to dialogue
Discourse structure • a structure of intentions
Some terminology:
ICP = Initiating conversational participant
OCP = Other conversational participant(s)
DP = Discourse purpose
DSP = Discourse segment purpose
The overall intention of the DP or some DSP will also be called its primary intention
82
Intentionalist approaches to dialogue
Discourse structure • a structure of intentions
G&S 178
Typically, an ICP will have a number of different kinds of intentions thatlead to initiating the discourse.
83
Intentionalist approaches to dialogue
Discourse structure • a structure of intentions
G&S 178
Typically, an ICP will have a number of different kinds of intentions thatlead to initiating the discourse. … The kinds of intentions that can serve as discourse purposes or discourse segment purposes are distinguished fromother intentions by the fact that they are intended to be recognized….
84
Intentionalist approaches to dialogue
Discourse structure • a structure of intentions
G&S 178
Typically, an ICP will have a number of different kinds of intentions thatlead to initiating the discourse. … The kinds of intentions that can serve as discourse purposes or discourse segment purposes are distinguished fromother intentions by the fact that they are intended to be recognized….Discourse purposes and discourse segment purposes share this propertywith certain utterance-level intentions that Grice (1969) uses in definingutterance meaning.
85
Intentionalist approaches to dialogue
Discourse structure • a structure of intentions
Grice, H.P., Philosophical Review, 68 (2), 1969:Utterer's Meaning and Intentions
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Meaning
Meaningnn
Intentionalist approaches to dialogue
87
Meaning
Meaningn Meaningnn
timeless(≈semantic)
applied timeless(≈contextually fixed)
utterance-typeoccasion
(≈by implicature)
This is the kind of meaning that isinteresting for Ginzburg & Sagat 11-12:30
Intentionalist approaches to dialogue
88
Meaning
Meaningn Meaningnn
timeless(≈semantic)
applied timeless(≈contextually fixed)
utterance-typeoccasion
(≈by implicature)
Utterer'soccasionmeaning
Intentionalist approaches to dialogue
89
Meaning
Meaningn Meaningnn
linguistic meaningUtterer'soccasionmeaning
timeless (≈semantic)applied timeless
(≈contextually fixed)utterance type occasion
Intentionalist approaches to dialogue
90
„U utters x intending A:
(1) to produce r
By uttering x, U means something is true iff the followingconditions hold:
Intentionalist approaches to dialogue
91
„U utters x intending A:
(1) to produce r
(2) to think U intends A to produce r
By uttering x, U means something is true iff the followingconditions hold:
Intentionalist approaches to dialogue
92
„U utters x intending A:
(1) to produce r
(2) to think U intends A to produce r
(3) to think U intends the fulfillment of (1) to be based on the fulfillment of (2)“
By uttering x, U means something is true iff the followingconditions hold:
Intentionalist approaches to dialogue
93
• too weak• inducement examples (Urmson)• bridge face examples (Stampe, Strawson)• ₤5 example (Schiffer)• war captive example (Searle)
Intentionalist approaches to dialogue
94
• too weak• inducement examples (Urmson)• bridge face examples (Stampe, Strawson)• ₤5 example (Schiffer)• war captive example (Searle)
• too strong• examinee• confession• …
Intentionalist approaches to dialogue
95
• too weak• inducement examples (Urmson)• bridge face examples (Stampe, Strawson)• ₤5 example (Schiffer)• war captive example (Searle)
• too strong• examinee• confession• …
lead to the refined Definition (2), the first part of which isof interest here
Intentionalist approaches to dialogue
96
(A) (f ) (c): (a) U uttered x intending 1. A to think x possesses f
By uttering x U meant that *ψp is true iff
ψ in the above formulae names an appropriate propositionalattitude, e.g., belief . * is a „mood marker“.
Intentionalist approaches to dialogue
97
(A) (f ) (c): (a) U uttered x intending 1. A to think x possesses f 2. A to think f correlated in way c with ψ-ing that p
By uttering x U meant that *ψp is true iff
ψ in the above formulae names an appropriate propositionalattitude, e.g., belief . * is a „mood marker“.
Intentionalist approaches to dialogue
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(A) (f ) (c): (a) U uttered x intending 1. A to think x possesses f 2. A to think f correlated in way c with ψ-ing that p 3. A to think, on the basis of the fulfillment of 1. and [2.] that U intends A to think that U ψs that p 4. A, on the basis of the fulfillment of 3. to think that
U ψs that pand (for some cases)5. A, on the basis of the fulfillment of 4., himself to ψ that p
By uttering x U meant that *ψp is true iff
ψ in the above formulae names an appropriate propositionalattitude, e.g., belief . * is a „mood marker“.
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To extend Grice's definitions to discourse, we replace•the utterance x with a discourse segment DS,
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To extend Grice's definitions to discourse, we replace•the utterance x with a discourse segment DS,•the utterer U with the initiator of a discourse segment ICP, and
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To extend Grice's definitions to discourse, we replace•the utterance x with a discourse segment DS,•the utterer U with the initiator of a discourse segment ICP, and•the audience A with the OCP.
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(A) (f ) (c): (a) U uttered x intending 1. A to think x possesses f 2. A to think f correlated in way c with ψ-ing that p 3. A to think, on the basis of the fulfillment of 1. and [2.] that U intends A to think that U ψs that p 4. A, on the basis of the fulfillment of 3. to think that
U ψs that pand (for some cases)5. A, on the basis of the fulfillment of 4., himself to ψ that p
By uttering x U meant that *ψp is true iff
ψ in the above formulae names an appropriate propositionalattitude, e.g., belief . * is a „mood marker“.
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(OCP) (f ) (c): (a) ICP uttered DS intending 1. OCP to think DS possesses f 2. OCP to think f correlated in way c with ψ-ing that p 3. OCP to think, on the basis of the fulfillment of 1. and [2.] that ICP intends OCP to think that ICP ψs that p 4. OCP, on the basis of the fulfillment of 3. to think that
ICP ψs that pand (for some cases)5. OCP, on the basis of the fulfillment of 4., himself to ψ that p
By uttering DS ICP meant that *ψp is true iff
ψ in the above formulae names an appropriate propositionalattitude, e.g., belief . * is a „mood marker“.
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(OCP) (f ) (c): (a) ICP uttered DS intending 1. OCP to think DS possesses f 2. OCP to think f correlated in way c with ψ-ing that p 3. OCP to think, on the basis of the fulfillment of 1. and [2.] that ICP intends OCP to think that ICP ψs that p 4. OCP, on the basis of the fulfillment of 3. to think that
ICP ψs that pand (for some cases)5. OCP, on the basis of the fulfillment of 4., himself to ψ that p
By uttering DS ICP meant that *ψp is true iff
A small change suggests itself: "uttering" has to be substituted by"initiating".
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(OCP) (f ) (c): (a) ICP initiated DS intending 1. OCP to think DS possesses f 2. OCP to think f correlated in way c with ψ-ing that p 3. OCP to think, on the basis of the fulfillment of 1. and [2.] that ICP intends OCP to think that ICP ψs that p 4. OCP, on the basis of the fulfillment of 3. to think that
ICP ψs that pand (for some cases)5. OCP, on the basis of the fulfillment of 4., himself to ψ that p
By initiating DS ICP meant that *ψp is true iff
ψ in the above formulae names an appropriate propositionalattitude, e.g., belief . * is a „mood marker“.
Intentionalist approaches to dialogue
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Discourse structure • a structure of intentions
The intentions that serve as DP/DSPs are natural extensions of the intentionsthat Grice (1969) considers essential to developing a theory of utterer'smeaning.
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Discourse structure • a structure of intentions
The intentions that serve as DP/DSPs are natural extensions of the intentionsthat Grice (1969) considers essential to developing a theory of utterer'smeaning. There is a crucial difference, however, between our use of discourse-level intentions in this paper (and the theory, as developed so far) and Grice'suse of utterance-level intentions.
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Discourse structure • a structure of intentions
The intentions that serve as DP/DSPs are natural extensions of the intentionsthat Grice (1969) considers essential to developing a theory of utterer'smeaning. There is a crucial difference, however, between our use of discourse-level intentions in this paper (and the theory, as developed so far) and Grice'suse of utterance-level intentions. We are not yet addressing the issue of discourse meaning, but are concerned with the role of DP/DSPs in determining discourse structure and in specifying how these intentions can be recognized by an OCP.
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Discourse structure • a structure of intentions
The intentions that serve as DP/DSPs are natural extensions of the intentionsthat Grice (1969) considers essential to developing a theory of utterer'smeaning. There is a crucial difference, however, between our use of discourse-level intentions in this paper (and the theory, as developed so far) and Grice'suse of utterance-level intentions. … Although the intentional structure of adiscourse plays a role in determining discourse meaning, the DP/DSPs do notin and of themselves constitute discourse meaning.
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Discourse structure • a structure of intentions
The intentions that serve as DP/DSPs are natural extensions of the intentionsthat Grice (1969) considers essential to developing a theory of utterer'smeaning. There is a crucial difference, however, between our use of discourse-level intentions in this paper (and the theory, as developed so far) and Grice'suse of utterance-level intentions. … [Discourse level intentions] appear to besimilar to utterance-level intentions in kind, but differ in that they occur in acontext in which several utterances may be required to ensure theircomprehension and satisfaction.
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To complete this extension, the following problems must be resolved:
1. specifying the discourse-level intentions and attitudes that correspond to the utterance-level intentions and ψ's that p;
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Intentionalist approaches to dialogue
To complete this extension, the following problems must be resolved:
1. specifying the discourse-level intentions and attitudes that correspond to the utterance-level intentions and ψ's that p;
2. identifying the kinds of fs that contribute to determining discourse-level intentions;
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Intentionalist approaches to dialogue
To complete this extension, the following problems must be resolved:
1. specifying the discourse-level intentions and attitudes that correspond to the utterance-level intentions and ψ's that p;
2. identifying the kinds of fs that contribute to determining discourse-level intentions;
3. identifying the modes of correlation (the c's) between features of the discourse segments and types of discourse-level intentions;
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Intentionalist approaches to dialogue
To complete this extension, the following problems must be resolved:
1. specifying the discourse-level intentions and attitudes that correspond to the utterance-level intentions and ψ's that p;
2. identifying the kinds of fs that contribute to determining discourse-level intentions;
3. identifying the modes of correlation (the c's) between features of the discourse segments and types of discourse-level intentions;
4. specifying how the discourse-level intentions can be recognized by an OCP.
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Now we know some of the “intrinsic” properties of the relevant intentions and theproblems with them. What about the structure?
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Intentions that are intended to be recognized achieve their effect only if theintention is recognized.
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Intentions that are intended to be recognized achieve their effect only if theintention is recognized. … [T]he intention that motivates the ICP to engagein a discourse may be private.
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Discourse structure • a structure of intentions
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Intentions that are intended to be recognized achieve their effect only if theintention is recognized. … [T]he intention that motivates the ICP to engagein a discourse may be private.
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In the sample dialogue, the purpose surely is to bring it about that the wing is fixed.The motivation might be greed for money...
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Intentions that are intended to be recognized achieve their effect only if theintention is recognized. … [T]he intention that motivates the ICP to engagein a discourse may be private.
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Discourse structure • a structure of intentions
G&S 179
DPs and DSPs are basically the same sorts of intentions.
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Intentions that are intended to be recognized achieve their effect only if theintention is recognized. … [T]he intention that motivates the ICP to engagein a discourse may be private.
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Discourse structure • a structure of intentions
G&S 179
DPs and DSPs are basically the same sorts of intentions. If an intention is aDP, then its satisfaction is a main purpose of the discourse, whereas if it is aDSP, then its satisfaction contributes to the satisfaction of the DP.
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Intentions that are intended to be recognized achieve their effect only if theintention is recognized. … [T]he intention that motivates the ICP to engagein a discourse may be private.
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Discourse structure • a structure of intentions
G&S 179
DPs and DSPs are basically the same sorts of intentions. If an intention is aDP, then its satisfaction is a main purpose of the discourse, whereas if it is aDSP, then its satisfaction contributes to the satisfaction of the DP. … Wehave identified two structural relations: dominance and satisfaction precedence.
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DP
DSP1 DSP2 DSP3
Discourse structure • a structure of intentions
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DP
DSP1 DSP2 DSP3
Discourse structure • a structure of intentions
Dominance:
DSP1 … DSP3 are dominated by DP
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DP
DSP1 DSP2 DSP3
Discourse structure • a structure of intentions
Dominance:
DSP1 … DSP3 are dominated by DPDSP1 … DSP3 contribute to DP
Contribution:
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Intentions that are intended to be recognized achieve their effect only if theintention is recognized. … [T]he intention that motivates the ICP to engagein a discourse may be private.
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Discourse structure • a structure of intentions
G&S 179
DPs and DSPs are basically the same sorts of intentions. If an intention is aDP, then its satisfaction is a main purpose of the discourse, whereas if it is aDSP, then its satisfaction contributes to the satisfaction of the DP. … Wehave identified two structural relations: dominance and satisfaction precedence.… The dominance relation invokes a partial ordering on the DSPs that we willrefer to as the dominance hierarchy.
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Intentionalist approaches to dialogue
Intentions that are intended to be recognized achieve their effect only if theintention is recognized. … [T]he intention that motivates the ICP to engagein a discourse may be private.
G&S 178
Discourse structure • a structure of intentions
G&S 179
DPs and DSPs are basically the same sorts of intentions. If an intention is aDP, then its satisfaction is a main purpose of the discourse, whereas if it is aDSP, then its satisfaction contributes to the satisfaction of the DP. … Wehave identified two structural relations: dominance and satisfaction precedence.… For some discourses, including task-oriented ones, the order in which theDSPs are satisfied might be significant, as well as being intended to berecognized.
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Intentionalist approaches to dialogue
Intentions that are intended to be recognized achieve their effect only if theintention is recognized. … [T]he intention that motivates the ICP to engagein a discourse may be private.
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Discourse structure • a structure of intentions
G&S 179
DPs and DSPs are basically the same sorts of intentions. If an intention is aDP, then its satisfaction is a main purpose of the discourse, whereas if it is aDSP, then its satisfaction contributes to the satisfaction of the DP. … Wehave identified two structural relations: dominance and satisfaction precedence.… We will say that DSP1 satisfaction-precedes DSP2 … whenever DSP1 mustbe satisfied before DSP2.
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Intentionalist approaches to dialogue
DP
DSP1 DSP2 DSP3
Discourse structure • a structure of intentions
Dominance:
DSP1 … DSP3 are dominated by DPDSP1 … DSP3 contribute to DP
Contribution:
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DP
DSP1 DSP2 DSP3
Discourse structure • a structure of intentions
Dominance:
DSP1 … DSP3 are dominated by DPDSP1 … DSP3 contribute to DPDSP1 satisfaction-precedes DSP2DSP2 satisfaction-precedes DSP3DSP1 satisfaction-precedes DSP3 Contribution:
Satisfaction-precedence
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DP
DSP1 DSP2 DSP3
Discourse structure • a structure of intentions
Dominance:
DP DOM DSP1, DP DOM DSP2, …DSP1 … DSP3 contribute to DPDSP1 SP DSP2DSP2 SP DSP3DSP1 SP DSP3 Contribution:
Satisfaction-precedence
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DP
DSP1 DSP2 DSP3
Discourse structure • a structure of intentions
Dominance:
DP DOM DSP1, DP DOM DSP2, …DSP1 … DSP3 contribute to DPDSP1 SP DSP2DSP2 SP DSP3DSP1 SP DSP3 Contribution:
Satisfaction-precedence
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[T]he range of intentions that can serve as discourse, or discourse segment,purposes is open-ended …, much like the range of intentions that underliemore general purposeful action.
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Discourse structure • a structure of intentions
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Intentionalist approaches to dialogue
[T]he range of intentions that can serve as discourse, or discourse segment,purposes is open-ended …, much like the range of intentions that underliemore general purposeful action. Thus, a theory of discourse structure cannotdepend on choosing the DP/DSPs from a fixed list …, nor on the particularsof individual intentions.
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Discourse structure • a structure of intentions
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[T]he range of intentions that can serve as discourse, or discourse segment,purposes is open-ended …, much like the range of intentions that underliemore general purposeful action. Thus, a theory of discourse structure cannotdepend on choosing the DP/DSPs from a fixed list …, nor on the particularsof individual intentions. … What is essential for a theory of discourse structureis that such intentions bear certain relations to one another.
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Discourse structure • a structure of intentions
135
Intentionalist approaches to dialogue
[T]he range of intentions that can serve as discourse, or discourse segment,purposes is open-ended …, much like the range of intentions that underliemore general purposeful action. Thus, a theory of discourse structure cannotdepend on choosing the DP/DSPs from a fixed list …, nor on the particularsof individual intentions. … In this paper, we distinguish between thedetermination of the DSP and the recognition of it.
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Discourse structure • a structure of intentions
137
Intentionalist approaches to dialogue
[T]he range of intentions that can serve as discourse, or discourse segment,purposes is open-ended …, much like the range of intentions that underliemore general purposeful action. Thus, a theory of discourse structure cannotdepend on choosing the DP/DSPs from a fixed list …, nor on the particularsof individual intentions. … In this paper, we distinguish between thedetermination of the DSP and the recognition of it. We use the term determination to refer to a semantic-like notion, namely the completespecification of what is intended by whom; we use the term recognition torefer to a processing notion, namely, the processing that leads a discourseparticipant to identify what the intention is.
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Discourse structure • a structure of intentions
138
Intentionalist approaches to dialogue
[T]he range of intentions that can serve as discourse, or discourse segment,purposes is open-ended …, much like the range of intentions that underliemore general purposeful action. Thus, a theory of discourse structure cannotdepend on choosing the DP/DSPs from a fixed list …, nor on the particularsof individual intentions. … In this paper, we distinguish between thedetermination of the DSP and the recognition of it. We use the term determination to refer to a semantic-like notion, namely the completespecification of what is intended by whom; … the same information thatdetermines a DSP may be used by an OCP to recognize it.
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Discourse structure • a structure of intentions
139
Intentionalist approaches to dialogue
[T]he range of intentions that can serve as discourse, or discourse segment,purposes is open-ended …, much like the range of intentions that underliemore general purposeful action. Thus, a theory of discourse structure cannotdepend on choosing the DP/DSPs from a fixed list …, nor on the particularsof individual intentions. … In this paper, we distinguish between thedetermination of the DSP and the recognition of it. We use the term determination to refer to a semantic-like notion, namely the completespecification of what is intended by whom;
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Discourse structure • a structure of intentions
So, a determination is a list consisting of• a list of intentions
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Intentionalist approaches to dialogue
[T]he range of intentions that can serve as discourse, or discourse segment,purposes is open-ended …, much like the range of intentions that underliemore general purposeful action. Thus, a theory of discourse structure cannotdepend on choosing the DP/DSPs from a fixed list …, nor on the particularsof individual intentions. … In this paper, we distinguish between thedetermination of the DSP and the recognition of it. We use the term determination to refer to a semantic-like notion, namely the completespecification of what is intended by whom;
G&S 179
Discourse structure • a structure of intentions
So, a determination is a list consisting of• a list of intentions• a list of dominance relations
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Intentionalist approaches to dialogue
[T]he range of intentions that can serve as discourse, or discourse segment,purposes is open-ended …, much like the range of intentions that underliemore general purposeful action. Thus, a theory of discourse structure cannotdepend on choosing the DP/DSPs from a fixed list …, nor on the particularsof individual intentions. … In this paper, we distinguish between thedetermination of the DSP and the recognition of it. We use the term determination to refer to a semantic-like notion, namely the completespecification of what is intended by whom;
G&S 179
Discourse structure • a structure of intentions
So, a determination is a list consisting of• a list of intentions• a list of dominance relations• a list of satisfaction-precedence relations
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Intentionalist approaches to dialogue
[T]he range of intentions that can serve as discourse, or discourse segment,purposes is open-ended …, much like the range of intentions that underliemore general purposeful action. Thus, a theory of discourse structure cannotdepend on choosing the DP/DSPs from a fixed list …, nor on the particularsof individual intentions. … In this paper, we distinguish between thedetermination of the DSP and the recognition of it. We use the term determination to refer to a semantic-like notion, namely the completespecification of what is intended by whom;
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Discourse structure • a structure of intentions
So, a determination is a list consisting of• a list of intentions• a list of dominance relations• a list of satisfaction-precedence relations
This completelydescribes theintentionalstructure
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Intentionalist approaches to dialogue
G&S 199
Discourse structure • a structure of intentions
The intentions that serve as DP/DSPs are natural extensions of the intentionsthat Grice (1969) considers essential to developing a theory of utterer'smeaning. There is a crucial difference, however, between our use of discourse-level intentions in this paper (and the theory, as developed so far) and Grice'suse of utterance-level intentions. … [Discourse level intentions] appear to besimilar to utterance-level intentions in kind, but differ in that they occur in acontext in which several utterances may be required to ensure theircomprehension and satisfaction.
144
Intentionalist approaches to dialogue
G&S 199,200
Discourse structure • a structure of intentions
The intentions that serve as DP/DSPs are natural extensions of the intentionsthat Grice (1969) considers essential to developing a theory of utterer'smeaning. There is a crucial difference, however, between our use of discourse-level intentions in this paper (and the theory, as developed so far) and Grice'suse of utterance-level intentions. … [We] have to consider not only individualbeliefs and intentions, but also the relationships among various discoursesegments (and utterances within a segment) and the purposes the segmentsserve with respect to the entire discourse.
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Intentionalist approaches to dialogue
G&S 199,200
Discourse structure • a structure of intentions
The intentions that serve as DP/DSPs are natural extensions of the intentionsthat Grice (1969) considers essential to developing a theory of utterer'smeaning. There is a crucial difference, however, between our use of discourse-level intentions in this paper (and the theory, as developed so far) and Grice'suse of utterance-level intentions. … [We] have to consider not only individualbeliefs and intentions, but also the relationships among various discoursesegments (and utterances within a segment) and the purposes the segmentsserve with respect to the entire discourse.
Not all the DSPs, however, need to be expressed.
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Intentionalist approaches to dialogue
G&S 199,200
Discourse structure • a structure of intentions
The intentions that serve as DP/DSPs are natural extensions of the intentionsthat Grice (1969) considers essential to developing a theory of utterer'smeaning. There is a crucial difference, however, between our use of discourse-level intentions in this paper (and the theory, as developed so far) and Grice'suse of utterance-level intentions. … [We] have to consider not only individualbeliefs and intentions, but also the relationships among various discoursesegments (and utterances within a segment) and the purposes the segmentsserve with respect to the entire discourse. … [T]he participants share theassumption of discourse sufficiency: it is a convention in a communicativesituation that the ICP believes the discourse is sufficient to achieve theprimary intention of the DP.
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Intentionalist approaches to dialogue
G&S 199,200
Discourse structure • a structure of intentions
The intentions that serve as DP/DSPs are natural extensions of the intentionsthat Grice (1969) considers essential to developing a theory of utterer'smeaning. There is a crucial difference, however, between our use of discourse-level intentions in this paper (and the theory, as developed so far) and Grice'suse of utterance-level intentions. … [We] have to consider not only individualbeliefs and intentions, but also the relationships among various discoursesegments (and utterances within a segment) and the purposes the segmentsserve with respect to the entire discourse. … [T]here is an assumption that theinformation conveyed in the discourse will suffice in conjunction with otherinformation the ICP believes the OCP has (or can obtain) to allow forsatisfaction of the DP.
We will hear something similar in the lecture on coordination!
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Intentionalist approaches to dialogue
G&S 199,200
Discourse structure • a structure of intentions
The intentions that serve as DP/DSPs are natural extensions of the intentionsthat Grice (1969) considers essential to developing a theory of utterer'smeaning. There is a crucial difference, however, between our use of discourse-level intentions in this paper (and the theory, as developed so far) and Grice'suse of utterance-level intentions. … [We] have to consider not only individualbeliefs and intentions, but also the relationships among various discoursesegments (and utterances within a segment) and the purposes the segmentsserve with respect to the entire discourse. …To be more concrete, we shalllook at … two cases, one involving a belief, the other an intention to performsome action.
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Intentionalist approaches to dialogue
G&S 199,200
Discourse structure • a structure of intentions
The intentions that serve as DP/DSPs are natural extensions of the intentionsthat Grice (1969) considers essential to developing a theory of utterer'smeaning. There is a crucial difference, however, between our use of discourse-level intentions in this paper (and the theory, as developed so far) and Grice'suse of utterance-level intentions. … [We] have to consider not only individualbeliefs and intentions, but also the relationships among various discoursesegments (and utterances within a segment) and the purposes the segmentsserve with respect to the entire discourse. …To be more concrete, we shalllook at … two cases, one involving a belief, the other an intention to performsome action.
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Intentionalist approaches to dialogue
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Discourse structure • a structure of intentions • belief case
In the belief case, the primary intention of the DP is to get the OCP to believesome proposition, say p.
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Discourse structure • a structure of intentions • belief case
In the belief case, the primary intention of the DP is to get the OCP to believesome proposition, say p. Each of the discourse segments is also intended toget the OCP to believe a proposition, say qi for some i= 1,…,n (where thereare n discourse segments).
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Discourse structure • a structure of intentions • belief case
In the belief case, the primary intention of the DP is to get the OCP to believesome proposition, say p. Each of the discourse segments is also intended toget the OCP to believe a proposition, say qi for some i= 1,…,n (where thereare n discourse segments). … [T]he DP includes an intention that the OCPcome to believe each of the qi and, in addition, an intention that the OCPcome to believe the qi provide support for p.
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Intentionalist approaches to dialogue
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Discourse structure • a structure of intentions • belief case
In the belief case, the primary intention of the DP is to get the OCP to believesome proposition, say p. Each of the discourse segments is also intended toget the OCP to believe a proposition, say qi for some i= 1,…,n (where thereare n discourse segments). … [T]he DP includes an intention that the OCPcome to believe each of the qi and, in addition, an intention that the OCPcome to believe the qi provide support for p. … Viewed intuitively, [ICP's]belief that qi provides support for p, underlies his intention to get [OCP] tobelieve p by getting him to believe qi.
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Intentionalist approaches to dialogue
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Discourse structure • a structure of intentions • belief case
In the belief case, the primary intention of the DP is to get the OCP to believesome proposition, say p. Each of the discourse segments is also intended toget the OCP to believe a proposition, say qi for some i= 1,…,n (where thereare n discourse segments). … [T]he DP includes an intention that the OCPcome to believe each of the qi and, in addition, an intention that the OCPcome to believe the qi provide support for p. … Viewed intuitively, [ICP's]belief that qi provides support for p, underlies his intention to get [OCP] tobelieve p by getting him to believe qi. … This relationship plays a role in therecognition of DSPs.
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Intentionalist approaches to dialogue
G&S 199,200
Discourse structure • a structure of intentions
The intentions that serve as DP/DSPs are natural extensions of the intentionsthat Grice (1969) considers essential to developing a theory of utterer'smeaning. There is a crucial difference, however, between our use of discourse-level intentions in this paper (and the theory, as developed so far) and Grice'suse of utterance-level intentions. … [We] have to consider not only individualbeliefs and intentions, but also the relationships among various discoursesegments (and utterances within a segment) and the purposes the segmentsserve with respect to the entire discourse. …To be more concrete, we shalllook at … two cases, one involving a belief, the other an intention to performsome action.
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Intentionalist approaches to dialogue
G&S 199,200
Discourse structure • a structure of intentions
The intentions that serve as DP/DSPs are natural extensions of the intentionsthat Grice (1969) considers essential to developing a theory of utterer'smeaning. There is a crucial difference, however, between our use of discourse-level intentions in this paper (and the theory, as developed so far) and Grice'suse of utterance-level intentions. … [We] have to consider not only individualbeliefs and intentions, but also the relationships among various discoursesegments (and utterances within a segment) and the purposes the segmentsserve with respect to the entire discourse. …To be more concrete, we shalllook at … two cases, one involving a belief, the other an intention to performsome action.
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Discourse structure • a structure of intentions • action case
An analogous situation holds for a discourse segment comprising utterancesintended to get the OCP to perform some set of actions directed at achievingsome overall task …
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Intentionalist approaches to dialogue
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Discourse structure • a structure of intentions • action case
An analogous situation holds for a discourse segment comprising utterancesintended to get the OCP to perform some set of actions directed at achievingsome overall task … The full specification of the DP/DSP contains agenerates relation that is derived from a relation defined by Goldman (1970).
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Intentionalist approaches to dialogue
The analogous formulation for the action case can be written as follows:
Discourse structure • a structure of intentions • action case
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Intentionalist approaches to dialogue
In the action case, the primary intention of the DP is to get the OCP to performsome action, say A.
Discourse structure • a structure of intentions • action case
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Intentionalist approaches to dialogue
In the action case, the primary intention of the DP is to get the OCP to performsome action, say A. Each of the discourse segments is also intended toget the OCP to perform an action, say ai for some i= 1,…,n (where thereare n discourse segments).
Discourse structure • a structure of intentions • action case
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Intentionalist approaches to dialogue
In the action case, the primary intention of the DP is to get the OCP to performsome action, say A. Each of the discourse segments is also intended toget the OCP to perform an action, say ai for some i= 1,…,n (where thereare n discourse segments). … [T]he DP includes an intention that the OCPcome to perform each of the ai and, in addition, an intention that the OCPcome to believe that the ICP believes that ai is appropriate to generate A.
Discourse structure • a structure of intentions • action case
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Intentionalist approaches to dialogue
In the action case, the primary intention of the DP is to get the OCP to performsome action, say A. Each of the discourse segments is also intended toget the OCP to perform an action, say ai for some i= 1,…,n (where thereare n discourse segments). … [T]he DP includes an intention that the OCPcome to perform each of the ai and, in addition, an intention that the OCPcome to believe that the ICP believes that ai is appropriate to generate A.… Viewed intuitively, [ICP's] belief that ai be appropriate to generate Aunderlies his intention to get [OCP] to perform A by getting him to performai.
Discourse structure • a structure of intentions • action case
164
Intentionalist approaches to dialogue
In the action case, the primary intention of the DP is to get the OCP to performsome action, say A. Each of the discourse segments is also intended toget the OCP to perform an action, say ai for some i= 1,…,n (where thereare n discourse segments). … [T]he DP includes an intention that the OCPcome to perform each of the ai and, in addition, an intention that the OCPcome to believe that the ICP believes that ai is appropriate to generate A.… Viewed intuitively, [ICP's] belief that ai be appropriate to generate Aunderlies his intention to get [OCP] to perform A by getting him to performai. … This relationship plays a role in the recognition of DSPs.
Discourse structure • a structure of intentions • action case
165
Inst: Well, now you take Cnst: a screw.Inst: an <-> orange one with a slit Cnst: Yes. Inst: And you put it through there, let's see Cnst: From the top.Inst: From the top, so that the three bars get fixed then. Cnst: Yes.
Intentionalist approaches to dialogue
Discourse structure • a structure of intentions • action case
Remember the benchmark discourse:
166
Inst: Well, now you take Cnst: a screw.Inst: an <-> orange one with a slit Cnst: Yes. Inst: And you put it through there, let's see Cnst: From the top.Inst: From the top, so that the three bars get fixed then. Cnst: Yes.
DS1
DS5
DS6
DS3
DS4
Intentionalist approaches to dialogue
DS2
Discourse structure • a structure of intentions • action case
One possible discourse structure could be this:
167
Inst: Well, now you take Cnst: a screw.Inst: an <-> orange one with a slit Cnst: Yes. Inst: And you put it through there, let's see Cnst: From the top.Inst: From the top, so that the three bars get fixed then. Cnst: Yes.
DS1
DS5
DS6
DS3
DS4
Intentionalist approaches to dialogue
DS2
Discourse structure • a structure of intentions • action case
An analysis in the spirit of G&S (though not authentical)
168
Inst: Well, now you take Cnst: a screw.Inst: an <-> orange one with a slit Cnst: Yes. Inst: And you put it through there, let's see Cnst: From the top.Inst: From the top, so that the three bars get fixed then. Cnst: Yes.
DS1
DS5
DS6
DS3
DS4
Intentionalist approaches to dialogue
DS2
Discourse structure • a structure of intentions • action case
DSP1 = DSP2 ⌂ DSP3 ⌂ I1
An analysis in the spirit of G&S (though not authentical)
169
Inst: Well, now you take Cnst: a screw.Inst: an <-> orange one with a slit Cnst: Yes. Inst: And you put it through there, let's see Cnst: From the top.Inst: From the top, so that the three bars get fixed then. Cnst: Yes.
DS1
DS5
DS6
DS3
DS4
Intentionalist approaches to dialogue
DS2
Discourse structure • a structure of intentions • action case
DSP1 = DSP2 ⌂ DSP3 ⌂ I1 = = {(Intend Inst (Intend Cnst (take Cnst the orange screw))), ..., ...}
An analysis in the spirit of G&S (though not authentical)
170
Inst: Well, now you take Cnst: a screw.Inst: an <-> orange one with a slit Cnst: Yes. Inst: And you put it through there, let's see Cnst: From the top.Inst: From the top, so that the three bars get fixed then. Cnst: Yes.
DS1
DS5
DS6
DS3
DS4
Intentionalist approaches to dialogue
DS2
Discourse structure • a structure of intentions • action case
DSP1 = DSP2 ⌂ DSP3 ⌂ I1 = = {(Intend Inst (Intend Cnst (take Cnst the orange screw))), (Intend Cnst (Believe Inst (fix Cnst the three bars))), ...}
An analysis in the spirit of G&S (though not authentical)
The solutionfor DSP3 is notvery plausible. Yet,DSP3 DOM DSP4.Hence, DSP4should onlycontribute to DSP3.On the other hand,DSP4 SP DSP6, sothey must be DSs.
171
Inst: Well, now you take Cnst: a screw.Inst: an <-> orange one with a slit Cnst: Yes. Inst: And you put it through there, let's see Cnst: From the top.Inst: From the top, so that the three bars get fixed then. Cnst: Yes.
DS1
DS5
DS6
DS3
DS4
Intentionalist approaches to dialogue
DS2
Discourse structure • a structure of intentions • action case
DSP1 = DSP2 ⌂ DSP3 ⌂ I1 = = {(Intend Inst (Intend Cnst (take Cnst the orange screw))), (Intend Cnst (Believe Inst (fix Cnst the three bars))), (Intend Inst (Intend Cnst (fix Cnst the bar with the orange screw)))}
An analysis in the spirit of G&S (though not authentical)
172
Intentionalist approaches to dialogue
Discourse structure
Our main thesis is that the structure of any discourse is a composite of threedistinct but interacting components:•the structure of the actual sequence of utterances in the discourse;•a structure of intentions;•an attentional state.
G&S 176
173
Intentionalist approaches to dialogue
Discourse structure
Our main thesis is that the structure of any discourse is a composite of threedistinct but interacting components:•the structure of the actual sequence of utterances in the discourse;•a structure of intentions;•an attentional state.
G&S 176
174
Intentionalist approaches to dialogue
Discourse structure • an attentional state
175
Intentionalist approaches to dialogue
The third component of discourse structure, the attentional state, is anabstraction of the participants' focus of attention as their discourse unfolds.
G&S 179
Discourse structure • an attentional state
176
Intentionalist approaches to dialogue
The third component of discourse structure, the attentional state, is anabstraction of the participants' focus of attention as their discourse unfolds.The attentional state is a property of the discourse itself, not of thediscourse participants.
G&S 179
Discourse structure • an attentional state
177
Intentionalist approaches to dialogue
The third component of discourse structure, the attentional state, is anabstraction of the participants' focus of attention as their discourse unfolds.The attentional state is a property of the discourse itself, not of thediscourse participants. It is inherently dynamic, recording the objects,properties, and relations that are salient at each point of discourse.
G&S 179
Discourse structure • an attentional state
178
Intentionalist approaches to dialogue
The third component of discourse structure, the attentional state, is anabstraction of the participants' focus of attention as their discourse unfolds.The attentional state is a property of the discourse itself, not of thediscourse participants. … The attentional state is modeled by a set offocus spaces;
G&S 179
Discourse structure • an attentional state
179
Intentionalist approaches to dialogue
The third component of discourse structure, the attentional state, is anabstraction of the participants' focus of attention as their discourse unfolds.The attentional state is a property of the discourse itself, not of thediscourse participants. … The attentional state is modeled by a set offocus spaces; changes in attentional state are modeled by a set of transitionrules that specify the conditions for adding and deleting spaces.
G&S 179
Discourse structure • an attentional state
180
Intentionalist approaches to dialogue
The third component of discourse structure, the attentional state, is anabstraction of the participants' focus of attention as their discourse unfolds.The attentional state is a property of the discourse itself, not of thediscourse participants. … The attentional state is modeled by a set offocus spaces; changes in attentional state are modeled by a set of transitionrules that specify the conditions for adding and deleting spaces. We call thecollection of focus spaces available at one time the focusing structure and theprocess of manipulating spaces focusing.
G&S 179
Discourse structure • an attentional state
181
Intentionalist approaches to dialogue
The third component of discourse structure, the attentional state, is anabstraction of the participants' focus of attention as their discourse unfolds.The attentional state is a property of the discourse itself, not of thediscourse participants. … The attentional state is modeled by a set offocus spaces; changes in attentional state are modeled by a set of transitionrules that specify the conditions for adding and deleting spaces. We call thecollection of focus spaces available at one time the focusing structure and theprocess of manipulating spaces focusing.
G&S 179
Discourse structure • an attentional state
Indeed, the focusing structure is sometimes also called focus structure.
182
Intentionalist approaches to dialogue
The third component of discourse structure, the attentional state, is anabstraction of the participants' focus of attention as their discourse unfolds.The attentional state is a property of the discourse itself, not of thediscourse participants. … The attentional state is modeled by a set offocus spaces; … a focus space … contains those entities that are salient …
G&S 179
Discourse structure • an attentional state
183
Intentionalist approaches to dialogue
The third component of discourse structure, the attentional state, is anabstraction of the participants' focus of attention as their discourse unfolds.The attentional state is a property of the discourse itself, not of thediscourse participants. … The attentional state is modeled by a set offocus spaces; … a focus space … contains those entities that are salient …The focus space also includes the DSP
G&S 179
Discourse structure • an attentional state
184
Intentionalist approaches to dialogue
The third component of discourse structure, the attentional state, is anabstraction of the participants' focus of attention as their discourse unfolds.The attentional state is a property of the discourse itself, not of thediscourse participants. … The attentional state is modeled by a set offocus spaces; … a focus space … contains those entities that are salient …The focus space also includes the DSP
G&S 179
Discourse structure • an attentional state
G&S 180
… the focus structure does not include the intentional structure as a whole.
185
Intentionalist approaches to dialogue
Discourse structure • an attentional state
A focus space contains (representations of)objects,
186
Intentionalist approaches to dialogue
Discourse structure • an attentional state
Objects o1/1,…,o1/n
FS1
A focus space contains (representations of)objects,
187
Intentionalist approaches to dialogue
Discourse structure • an attentional state
Objects o1/1,…,o1/n
Properties p1o1/1,…,pm
o1/n
FS1
A focus space contains (representations of)objects,their properties,
188
Intentionalist approaches to dialogue
Discourse structure • an attentional state
Objects o1/1,…,o1/n
Properties p1o1/1,…,pm
o1/n
Relations r1<os/t,…,ou/v>,…
FS1
A focus space contains (representations of)objects,their properties,relations amongst them, and
189
Intentionalist approaches to dialogue
Discourse structure • an attentional state
Objects o1/1,…,o1/n
Properties p1o1/1,…,pm
o1/n
Relations r1<os/t,…,ou/v>,…
DSP1 FS1
A focus space contains (representations of)objects,their properties,relations amongst them, and the current Discourse Segment Purpose
190
Intentionalist approaches to dialogue
Discourse structure • an attentional state
Objects o1/1,…,o1/n
Properties p1o1/1,…,pm
o1/n
Relations r1<os/t,…,ou/v>,…
DSP1 FS1
A focus space contains (representations of)objects,their properties,relations amongst them, and the current Discourse Segment Purpose
A focusing structure is a stack offocus spaces
191
Intentionalist approaches to dialogue
Discourse structure • an attentional state
Objects o2/1,…,o2/n
Properties p1o2/1,…,pm
o2/n
Relations r1<ow/x,…,oy/z>,…
DSP2 FS2
A focus space contains (representations of)objects,their properties,relations amongst them, and the current Discourse Segment Purpose
A focusing structure is a stack offocus spaces
Objects o1/1,…,o1/n
Properties p1o1/1,…,pm
o1/n
Relations r1<os/t,…,ou/v>,…
DSP1 FS1
192
Intentionalist approaches to dialogue
Discourse structure • an attentional state
Objects o2/1,…,o2/n
Properties p1o2/1,…,pm
o2/n
Relations r1<ow/x,…,oy/z>,…
DSP2 FS2
A focus space contains (representations of)objects,their properties,relations amongst them, and the current Discourse Segment Purpose
A focusing structure is a stack offocus spaces
Objects o1/1,…,o1/n
Properties p1o1/1,…,pm
o1/n
Relations r1<os/t,…,ou/v>,…
DSP1 FS1
Note that only for reason of limitations due to the use of a certain textprocessor and the finiteness of the variables available the number of objects, properties etc. in both focus spaces are equal. Of course, this number in fact may be different.
193
Intentionalist approaches to dialogue
Discourse structure • an attentional state
Objects o2/1,…,o2/n
Properties p1o2/1,…,pm
o2/n
Relations r1<ow/x,…,oy/z>,…
DSP2 FS2
A focus space contains (representations of)objects,their properties,relations amongst them, and the current Discourse Segment Purpose
A focusing structure is a stack offocus spaces
Objects o1/1,…,o1/n
Properties p1o1/1,…,pm
o1/n
Relations r1<os/t,…,ou/v>,…
DSP1 FS1
194
Intentionalist approaches to dialogue
Discourse structure • an attentional state
Objects o2/1,…,o2/n
Properties p1o2/1,…,pm
o2/n
Relations r1<ow/x,…,oy/z>,…
DSP2 FS2
A focus space contains (representations of)objects,their properties,relations amongst them, and the current Discourse Segment Purpose
A focusing structure is a stack offocus spaces
Objects o1/1,…,o1/n
Properties p1o1/1,…,pm
o1/n
Relations r1<os/t,…,ou/v>,…
DSP1 FS1
Objects o3/1,…,o3/n
Properties p1o3/1,…,pm
o3/n
Relations r1<oo/p,…,oq/r>,…
DSP3 FS3
195
Intentionalist approaches to dialogue
Discourse structure • an attentional state
Objects o2/1,…,o2/n
Properties p1o2/1,…,pm
o2/n
Relations r1<ow/x,…,oy/z>,…
DSP2 FS2
A focus space contains (representations of)objects,their properties,relations amongst them, and the current Discourse Segment Purpose
A focusing structure is a stack offocus spaces
Objects o1/1,…,o1/n
Properties p1o1/1,…,pm
o1/n
Relations r1<os/t,…,ou/v>,…
DSP1 FS1
Objects o3/1,…,o3/n
Properties p1o3/1,…,pm
o3/n
Relations r1<oo/p,…,oq/r>,…
DSP3 FS3
Objects in lower stack places are reachablefrom higher stack places
196
Intentionalist approaches to dialogue
Discourse structure • an attentional state
Objects o2/1,…,o2/n
Properties p1o2/1,…,pm
o2/n
Relations r1<ow/x,…,oy/z>,…
DSP2 FS2
A focus space contains (representations of)objects,their properties,relations amongst them, and the current Discourse Segment Purpose
A focusing structure is a stack offocus spaces
Objects o1/1,…,o1/n
Properties p1o1/1,…,pm
o1/n
Relations r1<os/t,…,ou/v>,…
DSP1 FS1
Objects o3/1,…,o3/n
Properties p1o3/1,…,pm
o3/n
Relations r1<oo/p,…,oq/r>,…
DSP3 FS3
Objects in lower stack places are reachablefrom higher stack places
197
Intentionalist approaches to dialogue
Discourse structure • an attentional state
Objects o2/1,…,o2/n
Properties p1o2/1,…,pm
o2/n
Relations r1<ow/x,…,oy/z>,…
DSP2 FS2
A focus space contains (representations of)objects,their properties,relations amongst them, and the current Discourse Segment Purpose
A focusing structure is a stack offocus spaces
Objects o1/1,…,o1/n
Properties p1o1/1,…,pm
o1/n
Relations r1<os/t,…,ou/v>,…
DSP1 FS1
Objects o3/1,…,o3/n
Properties p1o3/1,…,pm
o3/n
Relations r1<oo/p,…,oq/r>,…
DSP3 FS3
Objects in lower stack places are reachablefrom higher stack places
198
Intentionalist approaches to dialogue
Discourse structure • an attentional state
Objects o2/1,…,o2/n
Properties p1o2/1,…,pm
o2/n
Relations r1<ow/x,…,oy/z>,…
DSP2 FS2
A focus space contains (representations of)objects,their properties,relations amongst them, and the current Discourse Segment Purpose
A focusing structure is a stack offocus spaces
Objects o1/1,…,o1/n
Properties p1o1/1,…,pm
o1/n
Relations r1<os/t,…,ou/v>,…
DSP1 FS1
Objects o3/1,…,o3/n
Properties p1o3/1,…,pm
o3/n
Relations r1<oo/p,…,oq/r>,…
DSP3 FS3
Objects in lower stack places are reachablefrom higher stack places
199
Intentionalist approaches to dialogue
Discourse structure • an attentional state
Objects o2/1,…,o2/n
Properties p1o2/1,…,pm
o2/n
Relations r1<ow/x,…,oy/z>,…
DSP2 FS2
A focus space contains (representations of)objects,their properties,relations amongst them, and the current Discourse Segment Purpose
A focusing structure is a stack offocus spaces
Objects o1/1,…,o1/n
Properties p1o1/1,…,pm
o1/n
Relations r1<os/t,…,ou/v>,…
DSP1 FS1
Objects o3/1,…,o3/n
Properties p1o3/1,…,pm
o3/n
Relations r1<oo/p,…,oq/r>,…
DSP3 FS3
Objects in lower stack places are reachablefrom higher stack places, but not vice versa.
200
Intentionalist approaches to dialogue
Discourse structure • an attentional state
Objects o2/1,…,o2/n
Properties p1o2/1,…,pm
o2/n
Relations r1<ow/x,…,oy/z>,…
DSP2 FS2
A focus space contains (representations of)objects,their properties,relations amongst them, and the current Discourse Segment Purpose
A focusing structure is a stack offocus spaces
Objects o1/1,…,o1/n
Properties p1o1/1,…,pm
o1/n
Relations r1<os/t,…,ou/v>,…
DSP1 FS1
Objects o3/1,…,o3/n
Properties p1o3/1,…,pm
o3/n
Relations r1<oo/p,…,oq/r>,…
DSP3 FS3
Objects in lower stack places are reachablefrom higher stack places, and objects in thesame stack place are reachable.
201
Intentionalist approaches to dialogue
Discourse structure • an attentional state
Objects o2/1,…,o2/n
Properties p1o2/1,…,pm
o2/n
Relations r1<ow/x,…,oy/z>,…
DSP2 FS2
A focus space contains (representations of)objects,their properties,relations amongst them, and the current Discourse Segment Purpose
A focusing structure is a stack offocus spaces
Objects o1/1,…,o1/n
Properties p1o1/1,…,pm
o1/n
Relations r1<os/t,…,ou/v>,…
DSP1 FS1
Objects o3/1,…,o3/n
Properties p1o3/1,…,pm
o3/n
Relations r1<oo/p,…,oq/r>,…
DSP3 FS3
… the focusing structure is parasitic on theintentional structure …
G&S 180
202
Intentionalist approaches to dialogue
Discourse structure
Our main thesis is that the structure of any discourse is a composite of threedistinct but interacting components:•the structure of the actual sequence of utterances in the discourse;•a structure of intentions;•an attentional state.
G&S 176
203
Intentionalist approaches to dialogue
Discourse structure
Our main thesis is that the structure of any discourse is a composite of threedistinct but interacting components:•the structure of the actual sequence of utterances in the discourse;•a structure of intentions;•an attentional state.
G&S 176
204
Intentionalist approaches to dialogue
Discourse structure
The interaction between the described structures restricts the set of possiblediscourse descriptions
205
Intentionalist approaches to dialogue
Discourse structure • interaction between structures
206
Intentionalist approaches to dialogue
Our main thesis is that the structure of any discourse is a composite of threedistinct but interacting components:•the structure of the actual sequence of utterances in the discourse;•a structure of intentions;•an attentional state.
G&S 176
The results of the processing, the completed structures, differ in some respect:• the structure of the sequences is built up during discourse and exists in full size only in the end of it;
Discourse structure • interaction between structures
207
Intentionalist approaches to dialogue
Our main thesis is that the structure of any discourse is a composite of threedistinct but interacting components:•the structure of the actual sequence of utterances in the discourse;•a structure of intentions;•an attentional state.
G&S 176
The results of the processing, the completed structures, differ in some respect:• the structure of the sequences is built up during discourse and exists in full size only in the end of it;• similarly, the structure of intentions is constructed successively;
Discourse structure • interaction between structures
208
Intentionalist approaches to dialogue
Our main thesis is that the structure of any discourse is a composite of threedistinct but interacting components:•the structure of the actual sequence of utterances in the discourse;•a structure of intentions;•an attentional state.
G&S 176
The results of the processing, the completed structures, differ in some respect:• the structure of the sequences is built up during discourse and exists in full size only in the end of it;• similarly, the structure of intentions is constructed successively;• the attentional state in the end of the discourse is empty.
Discourse structure • interaction between structures
209
Intentionalist approaches to dialogue
Our main thesis is that the structure of any discourse is a composite of threedistinct but interacting components:•the structure of the actual sequence of utterances in the discourse;•a structure of intentions;•an attentional state.
G&S 176
The results of the processing, the completed structures, differ in some respect. How, if at all, do the various structures restrict one another?
Discourse structure • interaction between structures
210
Intentionalist approaches to dialogue
Our main thesis is that the structure of any discourse is a composite of threedistinct but interacting components:•the structure of the actual sequence of utterances in the discourse;•a structure of intentions;•an attentional state.
G&S 176
G&S 180
[T] he focusing structure is parasitic upon the intentional structure in thesense that the relationships among DSPs determine pushes and pops.
Discourse structure • interaction between structures
211
Intentionalist approaches to dialogue
Our main thesis is that the structure of any discourse is a composite of threedistinct but interacting components:•the structure of the actual sequence of utterances in the discourse;•a structure of intentions;•an attentional state.
G&S 176
G&S 180
[T] he focusing structure is parasitic upon the intentional structure in thesense that the relationships among DSPs determine pushes and pops. Notehowever that the relevant operation may sometimes be indicated in thelanguage itself.
Discourse structure • interaction between structures
212
Intentionalist approaches to dialogue
Recall the slide on cue phrases …
G&S 180
[T] he focusing structure is parasitic upon the intentional structure in thesense that the relationships among DSPs determine pushes and pops. Notehowever that the relevant operation may sometimes be indicated in thelanguage itself.
Discourse structure • interaction between structures
213
Intentionalist approaches to dialogue
Discourse structure • the structure of the actual sequence of utterances
now, next, that reminds me, and, but
G&S 198: Cue phrases
anyway, but anyway, in any case, now back to
the end, ok, fine
I must interrupt, excuse me
Oops, I forgot
By the way, incidentally, speaking of,Did you hear about..., That reminds me
In the first place, first, second, finally,moreover, furthermore
G&S 178
[T]hese linguistic boundarymarkers can be dividedaccording to whether theyexplicitly indicate changesin the intentional structureor in the attentional stateof the discourse.
For example, to wit, first, second, and,moreover, furthermore, therefore
Push
Pop
Clear
SP
DOM
Inter-ruptions
214
Intentionalist approaches to dialogue
Now it can be see how this fits together
G&S 180
[T] he focusing structure is parasitic upon the intentional structure in thesense that the relationships among DSPs determine pushes and pops. Notehowever that the relevant operation may sometimes be indicated in thelanguage itself.
G&S 178
[T]hese linguistic boundarymarkers can be dividedaccording to whether theyexplicitly indicate changesin the intentional structureor in the attentional stateof the discourse.
Discourse structure • interaction between structures
215
Intentionalist approaches to dialogue
Our main thesis is that the structure of any discourse is a composite of threedistinct but interacting components:•the structure of the actual sequence of utterances in the discourse;•a structure of intentions;•an attentional state.
G&S 176
G&S 180
[T] he focusing structure is parasitic upon the intentional structure in thesense that the relationships among DSPs determine pushes and pops. Notehowever that the relevant operation may sometimes be indicated in thelanguage itself.
Discourse structure • interaction between structures
216
Intentionalist approaches to dialogue
Our main thesis is that the structure of any discourse is a composite of threedistinct but interacting components:•the structure of the actual sequence of utterances in the discourse;•a structure of intentions;•an attentional state.
G&S 176
G&S 180
[T] he focusing structure is parasitic upon the intentional structure in thesense that the relationships among DSPs determine pushes and pops. Notehowever that the relevant operation may sometimes be indicated in thelanguage itself. … [T]he focusing structure, like the intentional and thelinguistic structures, evolves as the discourse proceeds.
Discourse structure • interaction between structures
217
Intentionalist approaches to dialogue
Our main thesis is that the structure of any discourse is a composite of threedistinct but interacting components:•the structure of the actual sequence of utterances in the discourse;•a structure of intentions;•an attentional state.
G&S 176
G&S 180
[T] he focusing structure is parasitic upon the intentional structure in thesense that the relationships among DSPs determine pushes and pops. Notehowever that the relevant operation may sometimes be indicated in thelanguage itself. … [W]hen the discourse is being processed, only theattentional state can constrain the interpretation of referring expressionsdirectly.
Discourse structure • interaction between structures
218
Intentionalist approaches to dialogue
Our main thesis is that the structure of any discourse is a composite of threedistinct but interacting components:•the structure of the actual sequence of utterances in the discourse;•a structure of intentions;•an attentional state.
G&S 176
G&S 180,182
[T] he focusing structure is parasitic upon the intentional structure in thesense that the relationships among DSPs determine pushes and pops. …[T]he focusing structure is the central repository for the contextualinformation needed to process utterances at each point in the discourse.
Discourse structure • interaction between structures
219
Intentionalist approaches to dialogue
Our main thesis is that the structure of any discourse is a composite of threedistinct but interacting components:•the structure of the actual sequence of utterances in the discourse;•a structure of intentions;•an attentional state.
G&S 176
G&S 180,182
[T] he focusing structure is parasitic upon the intentional structure in thesense that the relationships among DSPs determine pushes and pops. …It distinguishes those objects, properties, and relations that are mostsalient at [any] point and, moreover, has links to the relevant parts ofboth the linguistic and intentional structures.
Discourse structure • interaction between structures
220
Intentionalist approaches to dialogue
The considerations concerning discourse structure just indicated rely on anunderstanding of the relevant processing issues.
Discourse structure
221
Intentionalist approaches to dialogue
The considerations concerning discourse structure just indicated rely on anunderstanding of the relevant processing issues. This invites to a closer lookat the processing side.
Discourse structure
222
Intentionalist approaches to dialogue
The considerations concerning discourse structure just indicated rely on anunderstanding of the relevant processing issues. This invites to a closer lookat the processing side. So, this is where we are…
Discourse structure
223
Intentionalist approaches to dialogue
Approach under consideration:Grosz, B.J. & Sidner, C.L., Computational Linguistics, Vol. 12 (3), 1986:Attention, Intention, and the Structure of Discourse
As we develop it, the theory of discourse structure will be seen to beintimately connected with two nonlinguistic notions: intention and attention.Attention is an essential factor in explicating the processing of utterancesin discourse. Intentions play a primary role in explaining discoursestructure, defining discourse coherence, and providing a coherentconceptualization of the term "discourse" itself.
G&S 175
So there are two goals for explication: processing and structure.
224
Intentionalist approaches to dialogue
Approach under consideration:Grosz, B.J. & Sidner, C.L., Computational Linguistics, Vol. 12 (3), 1986:Attention, Intention, and the Structure of Discourse
As we develop it, the theory of discourse structure will be seen to beintimately connected with two nonlinguistic notions: intention and attention.Attention is an essential factor in explicating the processing of utterancesin discourse. Intentions play a primary role in explaining discoursestructure, defining discourse coherence, and providing a coherentconceptualization of the term "discourse" itself.
G&S 175
So there are two goals for explication: processing and structure.
225
Intentionalist approaches to dialogue
Discourse processing
226
Intentionalist approaches to dialogue
Discourse processing
The part of the theory that is related to processing will be introduced by way ofexample.
227
Intentionalist approaches to dialogue
Discourse processing
The part of the theory that is related to processing will be introduced by way ofexample. Recall the example from the introduction…
228
(A)Inst: So, jetzt nimmst du
Well, now you takeCnst: eine Schraube
a screw.Inst: eine <-> orangene mit einem
Schlitz.an <-> orange one with a slit
Cnst: Ja. Yes
Dialogue example & situation
Intentionalist approaches to dialogue
"Inst." refers to an instructor"Cnst." refers to a constructor
Common task is to build a toyairplane
Both Ss are separated by a screen.
229
(A)Inst: So, jetzt nimmst du
Well, now you takeCnst: eine Schraube
a screw.Inst: eine <-> orangene mit einem
Schlitz.an <-> orange one with a slit
Cnst: Ja. Yes
Dialogue example & situation
Available Bolts
Intentionalist approaches to dialogue
230
(B)
Inst: Und steckst sie dadurch, also
And you put it through there,
let’s see
Cnst: Von oben.
From the top.
Inst: Von oben, daß also die drei festgeschraubt werden dann.
From the top, so that the three bars get fixed.
Cnst: Ja.
Yes.
Intended Junction
Intended Result
Intentionalist approaches to dialogue
Dialogue example & situation c'td
231
Inst: Well, now you take Cnst: a screw.Inst: an <-> orange one with a slit Cnst: Yes. Inst: And you put it through there, let's see Cnst: From the top.Inst: From the top, so that the three bars get fixed then. Cnst: Yes.
Discourse processing
Intentionalist approaches to dialogue
232
Inst: Well, now you take Cnst: a screw.Inst: an <-> orange one with a slit Cnst: Yes. Inst: And you put it through there, let's see Cnst: From the top.Inst: From the top, so that the three bars get fixed then. Cnst: Yes.
Discourse processing
Intentionalist approaches to dialogue
Some more stuff must be added, as indicated earlier.
233
Inst: Well, now you take Cnst: a screw.Inst: an <-> orange one with a slit Cnst: Yes. Inst: And you put it through there, let's see Cnst: From the top.Inst: From the top, so that the three bars get fixed then. Cnst: Yes.
Focus Space StackLinguistic StructureIS Relations
Discourse processing
Intentionalist approaches to dialogue
234
Inst: Well, now you take Cnst: a screw.Inst: an <-> orange one with a slit Cnst: Yes. Inst: And you put it through there, let's see Cnst: From the top.Inst: From the top, so that the three bars get fixed then. Cnst: Yes.
Focus Space StackLinguistic StructureIS Relations
Discourse processing
Intentionalist approaches to dialogue
A first analysis of the sample discourse. Consider the followingstructure.
235
Inst: Well, now you take Cnst: a screw.Inst: an <-> orange one with a slit Cnst: Yes. Inst: And you put it through there, let's see Cnst: From the top.Inst: From the top, so that the three bars get fixed then. Cnst: Yes.
DS1
DS5
DS6
DS3
DS4
Focus Space StackLinguistic StructureIS Relations
The underspecified focus space for I1 has to be pushed
Discourse processing
Intentionalist approaches to dialogue
DS2
236
Inst: Well, now you take Cnst: a screw.Inst: an <-> orange one with a slit Cnst: Yes. Inst: And you put it through there, let's see Cnst: From the top.Inst: From the top, so that the three bars get fixed then. Cnst: Yes.
DS1
DS5
DS6
DS3
DS4
FS1
Focus Space StackLinguistic StructureIS Relations
The underspecified focus space for I1 is already pushed
Discourse processing
Intentionalist approaches to dialogue
DS2
237
Inst: Well, now you take Cnst: a screw.Inst: an <-> orange one with a slit Cnst: Yes. Inst: And you put it through there, let's see Cnst: From the top.Inst: From the top, so that the three bars get fixed then. Cnst: Yes.
DS1
DS5
DS6
DS3
DS4
FS1
Focus Space StackLinguistic StructureIS Relations
I1 DOM I2
DS2 can not be analyzed in a more fine-grained way
Discourse processing
Intentionalist approaches to dialogue
DS2
238
Inst: Well, now you take Cnst: a screw.Inst: an <-> orange one with a slit Cnst: Yes. Inst: And you put it through there, let's see Cnst: From the top.Inst: From the top, so that the three bars get fixed then. Cnst: Yes.
DS1
DS5
DS6
DS3
DS4
FS1
Focus Space StackLinguistic StructureIS Relations
I1 DOM I2
DS2 can not be analyzed in a more fine-grained way.Esp., it does not contain other DSs.
Discourse processing
Intentionalist approaches to dialogue
DS2
239
Inst: Well, now you take Cnst: a screw.Inst: an <-> orange one with a slit Cnst: Yes. Inst: And you put it through there, let's see Cnst: From the top.Inst: From the top, so that the three bars get fixed then. Cnst: Yes.
DS1
DS5
DS6
DS3
DS4
FS1
Focus Space StackLinguistic StructureIS Relations
I1 DOM I2
FS2
I2: (Intend Inst (Intend Cnst (take Cnst the orange screw)))
Discourse processing
Intentionalist approaches to dialogue
DS2
240
Inst: Well, now you take Cnst: a screw.Inst: an <-> orange one with a slit Cnst: Yes. Inst: And you put it through there, let's see Cnst: From the top.Inst: From the top, so that the three bars get fixed then. Cnst: Yes.
DS1
DS5
DS6
DS3
DS4
FS1
Focus Space StackLinguistic StructureIS Relations
I1 DOM I2
Discourse processing
Intentionalist approaches to dialogue
DS2
241
Inst: Well, now you take Cnst: a screw.Inst: an <-> orange one with a slit Cnst: Yes. Inst: And you put it through there, let's see Cnst: From the top.Inst: From the top, so that the three bars get fixed then. Cnst: Yes.
DS1
DS5
DS6
DS3
DS4
FS1
Focus Space StackLinguistic StructureIS Relations
I1 DOM I2
FS3
I3: ?
I1 DOM I3
I2 SP I3
Discourse processing
Intentionalist approaches to dialogue
DS2
242
Inst: Well, now you take Cnst: a screw.Inst: an <-> orange one with a slit Cnst: Yes. Inst: And you put it through there, let's see Cnst: From the top.Inst: From the top, so that the three bars get fixed then. Cnst: Yes.
DS1
DS5
DS6
DS3
DS4
FS1
Focus Space StackLinguistic StructureIS Relations
I1 DOM I2
FS3
I4: (Intend Inst (Intend Cnst (put Cnst it [O2] through there)))
I1 DOM I3
I2 SP I3
Discourse processing
Intentionalist approaches to dialogue
DS2
FS4I3 DOM I4
243
Inst: Well, now you take Cnst: a screw.Inst: an <-> orange one with a slit Cnst: Yes. Inst: And you put it through there, let's see Cnst: From the top.Inst: From the top, so that the three bars get fixed then. Cnst: Yes.
DS1
DS5
DS6
DS3
DS4
FS1
Focus Space StackLinguistic StructureIS Relations
I1 DOM I2
FS3
I4: (Intend Inst (Intend Cnst (put Cnst it [O2] through there)))This analysis doesn't work, because FS2 is already in the trash
I1 DOM I3
I2 SP I3
Discourse processing
Intentionalist approaches to dialogue
DS2
FS4I3 DOM I4
244
Inst: Well, now you take Cnst: a screw.Inst: an <-> orange one with a slit Cnst: Yes. Inst: And you put it through there, let's see Cnst: From the top.Inst: From the top, so that the three bars get fixed then. Cnst: Yes.
DS1
DS5
DS6
DS3
DS4
FS1
Focus Space StackLinguistic StructureIS Relations
I1 DOM I2
FS3
General pattern: Anaphora is not possible among expressionsin DSs whose focus spaces do not appear on the stacksimultaneously.
I1 DOM I3
I2 SP I3
Discourse processing
Intentionalist approaches to dialogue
DS2
FS4I3 DOM I4
245
Inst: Well, now you take Cnst: a screw.Inst: an <-> orange one with a slit Cnst: Yes. Inst: And you put it through there, let's see Cnst: From the top.Inst: From the top, so that the three bars get fixed then. Cnst: Yes.
DS1
DS5
DS6
DS3
DS4
FS1
Focus Space StackLinguistic StructureIS Relations
I1 DOM I2
FS3
General pattern: As soon as the processing of one DS is finished,the expressions contained in it are no longer accessible.
I1 DOM I3
I2 SP I3
Discourse processing
Intentionalist approaches to dialogue
DS2
FS4I3 DOM I4
246
Inst: Well, now you take Cnst: a screw.Inst: an <-> orange one with a slit Cnst: Yes. Inst: And you put it through there, let's see Cnst: From the top.Inst: From the top, so that the three bars get fixed then. Cnst: Yes.
DS1
DS5
DS6
DS3
DS4
FS1
Focus Space StackLinguistic StructureIS Relations
I1 DOM I2
FS3
An alternative solution is needed, where the first utterancesare not contained in a separate DS.
I1 DOM I3
I2 SP I3
Discourse processing
Intentionalist approaches to dialogue
DS2
FS4I3 DOM I4
247
Inst: Well, now you take Cnst: a screw.Inst: an <-> orange one with a slit Cnst: Yes. Inst: And you put it through there, let's see Cnst: From the top.Inst: From the top, so that the three bars get fixed then. Cnst: Yes.
DS1
DS4
DS5
DS2
DS3
Focus Space StackLinguistic StructureIS Relations
Discourse processing
Intentionalist approaches to dialogue
248
Inst: Well, now you take Cnst: a screw.Inst: an <-> orange one with a slit Cnst: Yes. Inst: And you put it through there, let's see Cnst: From the top.Inst: From the top, so that the three bars get fixed then. Cnst: Yes.
DS1
DS4
DS5
DS2
DS3
Focus Space StackLinguistic StructureIS Relations
Discourse processing
Intentionalist approaches to dialogue
This is one such possibility.
249
Inst: Well, now you take Cnst: a screw.Inst: an <-> orange one with a slit Cnst: Yes. Inst: And you put it through there, let's see Cnst: From the top.Inst: From the top, so that the three bars get fixed then. Cnst: Yes.
DS1
DS4
DS5
DS2
DS3
Focus Space StackLinguistic StructureIS Relations
Discourse processing
Intentionalist approaches to dialogue
First, the current focus space has to be pushed, i.e., thespace corresponding DS1
250
Inst: Well, now you take Cnst: a screw.Inst: an <-> orange one with a slit Cnst: Yes. Inst: And you put it through there, let's see Cnst: From the top.Inst: From the top, so that the three bars get fixed then. Cnst: Yes.
DS1
DS4
DS5
DS2
DS3
Focus Space StackLinguistic StructureIS Relations
Discourse processing
Intentionalist approaches to dialogue
Inst's first intention is unclear, hence I1 must be left underspecified
FS1
251
Inst: Well, now you take Cnst: a screw.Inst: an <-> orange one with a slit Cnst: Yes. Inst: And you put it through there, let's see Cnst: From the top.Inst: From the top, so that the three bars get fixed then. Cnst: Yes.
DS1
DS4
DS5
DS2
DS3
Focus Space StackLinguistic StructureIS Relations
Discourse processing
Intentionalist approaches to dialogue
I1: ?
FS1
252
Inst: Well, now you take Cnst: a screw.Inst: an <-> orange one with a slit Cnst: Yes. Inst: And you put it through there, let's see Cnst: From the top.Inst: From the top, so that the three bars get fixed then. Cnst: Yes.
DS1
DS4
DS5
DS2
DS3
Focus Space StackLinguistic StructureIS Relations
Discourse processing
Intentionalist approaches to dialogue
The intention behind DS2 is unclear in the beginning, hencethe focus space should be "underspecified"
FS1
I1 DOM I2
253
Inst: Well, now you take Cnst: a screw.Inst: an <-> orange one with a slit Cnst: Yes. Inst: And you put it through there, let's see Cnst: From the top.Inst: From the top, so that the three bars get fixed then. Cnst: Yes.
DS1
DS4
DS5
DS2
DS3
Focus Space StackLinguistic StructureIS Relations
Discourse processing
Intentionalist approaches to dialogue
The intention behind DS2 is unclear in the beginning, hencethe focus space should be "underspecified". FSs remain onthe stack as long as the corresponding DSPs DOM another.
FS1
I1 DOM I2
254
Inst: Well, now you take Cnst: a screw.Inst: an <-> orange one with a slit Cnst: Yes. Inst: And you put it through there, let's see Cnst: From the top.Inst: From the top, so that the three bars get fixed then. Cnst: Yes.
DS1
DS4
DS5
DS2
DS3
Focus Space StackLinguistic StructureIS Relations
Discourse processing
Intentionalist approaches to dialogue
The intention behind DS2 is unclear in the beginning, hencethe focus space should be "underspecified". So FS2 is pushedonto FS1.
FS1
I1 DOM I2
255
Inst: Well, now you take Cnst: a screw.Inst: an <-> orange one with a slit Cnst: Yes. Inst: And you put it through there, let's see Cnst: From the top.Inst: From the top, so that the three bars get fixed then. Cnst: Yes.
DS1
DS4
DS5
DS2
DS3
Focus Space StackLinguistic StructureIS Relations
Discourse processing
Intentionalist approaches to dialogue
I2: ?
FS1
I1 DOM I2
FS2
256
Inst: Well, now you take Cnst: a screw.Inst: an <-> orange one with a slit Cnst: Yes. Inst: And you put it through there, let's see Cnst: From the top.Inst: From the top, so that the three bars get fixed then. Cnst: Yes.
DS1
DS4
DS5
DS2
DS3
Focus Space StackLinguistic StructureIS Relations
Discourse processing
Intentionalist approaches to dialogue
FS1 is still on the stack, hence "it" can refer to the orangescrew with the slit
FS1
I1 DOM I2
FS2
I2 DOM I3
257
Inst: Well, now you take Cnst: a screw.Inst: an <-> orange one with a slit Cnst: Yes. Inst: And you put it through there, let's see Cnst: From the top.Inst: From the top, so that the three bars get fixed then. Cnst: Yes.
DS1
DS4
DS5
DS2
DS3
Focus Space StackLinguistic StructureIS Relations
Discourse processing
Intentionalist approaches to dialogue
I3: (Intend Inst (Intend Cnst (put Cnst it [O1] through there)))
FS1
I1 DOM I2
FS2
I2 DOM I3 FS3
258
Inst: Well, now you take Cnst: a screw.Inst: an <-> orange one with a slit Cnst: Yes. Inst: And you put it through there, let's see Cnst: From the top.Inst: From the top, so that the three bars get fixed then. Cnst: Yes.
DS1
DS4
DS5
DS2
DS3
FS1
Focus Space StackLinguistic StructureIS Relations
I1 DOM I2
FS2
I2 DOM I3
Discourse processing
Intentionalist approaches to dialogue
259
Inst: Well, now you take Cnst: a screw.Inst: an <-> orange one with a slit Cnst: Yes. Inst: And you put it through there, let's see Cnst: From the top.Inst: From the top, so that the three bars get fixed then. Cnst: Yes.
DS1
DS4
DS5
DS2
DS3
Focus Space StackLinguistic StructureIS Relations
Discourse processing
Intentionalist approaches to dialogue
Typically, DS4 is classified as a clarification, but G&Soffer no explicit treatment of such a type of subdialogue
FS1
I1 DOM I2
FS2
I2 DOM I3
260
Inst: Well, now you take Cnst: a screw.Inst: an <-> orange one with a slit Cnst: Yes. Inst: And you put it through there, let's see Cnst: From the top.Inst: From the top, so that the three bars get fixed then. Cnst: Yes.
DS1
DS4
DS5
DS2
DS3
Focus Space StackLinguistic StructureIS Relations
Discourse processing
Intentionalist approaches to dialogue
DS4 is treated as an interruption. Hence its focus space is tobe removed from the stack as soon as its treatment is finished
FS1
I1 DOM I2
FS2
I2 DOM I3
I4 Interrupt
261
Inst: Well, now you take Cnst: a screw.Inst: an <-> orange one with a slit Cnst: Yes. Inst: And you put it through there, let's see Cnst: From the top.Inst: From the top, so that the three bars get fixed then. Cnst: Yes.
DS1
DS4
DS5
DS2
DS3
Focus Space StackLinguistic StructureIS Relations
Discourse processing
Intentionalist approaches to dialogue
I4: (Intend Cnst (Intend Inst (confirm Inst direction)))
FS1
I1 DOM I2
FS2
I2 DOM I3
I4 Interrupt
FS4
262
Inst: Well, now you take Cnst: a screw.Inst: an <-> orange one with a slit Cnst: Yes. Inst: And you put it through there, let's see Cnst: From the top.Inst: From the top, so that the three bars get fixed then. Cnst: Yes.
DS1
DS4
DS5
DS2
DS3
FS1
Focus Space StackLinguistic StructureIS Relations
I1 DOM I2
FS2
I2 DOM I3
I4 Interrupt
Discourse processing
Intentionalist approaches to dialogue
263
Inst: Well, now you take Cnst: a screw.Inst: an <-> orange one with a slit Cnst: Yes. Inst: And you put it through there, let's see Cnst: From the top.Inst: From the top, so that the three bars get fixed then. Cnst: Yes.
DS1
DS4
DS5
DS2
DS3
FS1
Focus Space StackLinguistic StructureIS Relations
I1 DOM I2
FS2
There is a problem with an implicit reference in DS5 to "put itthrough" in DS3. But this is neglected for the time being.
I2 DOM I3 FS5
I4 Interrupt
I2 DOM I5
I3 SP I5
Discourse processing
Intentionalist approaches to dialogue
264
Inst: Well, now you take Cnst: a screw.Inst: an <-> orange one with a slit Cnst: Yes. Inst: And you put it through there, let's see Cnst: From the top.Inst: From the top, so that the three bars get fixed then. Cnst: Yes.
DS1
DS4
DS5
DS2
DS3
FS1
Focus Space StackLinguistic StructureIS Relations
I1 DOM I2
FS2
I5: (Intend Inst (Intend Cnst (fix Cnst the three bars)))
I2 DOM I3 FS5
I4 Interrupt
I2 DOM I5
I3 SP I5
Discourse processing
Intentionalist approaches to dialogue
265
Inst: Well, now you take Cnst: a screw.Inst: an <-> orange one with a slit Cnst: Yes. Inst: And you put it through there, let's see Cnst: From the top.Inst: From the top, so that the three bars get fixed then. Cnst: Yes.
DS1
DS4
DS5
DS2
DS3
FS1
Focus Space StackLinguistic StructureIS Relations
I1 DOM I2
FS2
Not until now can the underspecified FS2 be filled up
I2 DOM I3
I4 Interrupt
I2 DOM I5
I3 SP I5
Discourse processing
Intentionalist approaches to dialogue
266
Inst: Well, now you take Cnst: a screw.Inst: an <-> orange one with a slit Cnst: Yes. Inst: And you put it through there, let's see Cnst: From the top.Inst: From the top, so that the three bars get fixed then. Cnst: Yes.
DS1
DS4
DS5
DS2
DS3
FS1
Focus Space StackLinguistic StructureIS Relations
I1 DOM I2
FS2
I2: (Intend Cnst (Believe Inst (fix Cnst the three bars)))
I2 DOM I3
I4 Interrupt
I2 DOM I5
I3 SP I5
Discourse processing
Intentionalist approaches to dialogue
267
Inst: Well, now you take Cnst: a screw.Inst: an <-> orange one with a slit Cnst: Yes. Inst: And you put it through there, let's see Cnst: From the top.Inst: From the top, so that the three bars get fixed then. Cnst: Yes.
DS1
DS4
DS5
DS2
DS3
FS1
Focus Space StackLinguistic StructureIS Relations
I1 DOM I2I2 DOM I3
I4 Interrupt
I2 DOM I5
I3 SP I5
Discourse processing
Intentionalist approaches to dialogue
I1: (Intend Inst (Intend Cnst (fix Cnst the bar with the orange screw)))
268
Inst: Well, now you take Cnst: a screw.Inst: an <-> orange one with a slit Cnst: Yes. Inst: And you put it through there, let's see Cnst: From the top.Inst: From the top, so that the three bars get fixed then. Cnst: Yes.
DS1
DS4
DS5
DS2
DS3
Focus Space StackLinguistic StructureIS Relations
I1 DOM I2I2 DOM I3
I4 Interrupt
I2 DOM I5
I3 SP I5
Discourse processing
Intentionalist approaches to dialogue
Finished: The stack is empty and all DSs and DSPs are in
269
Inst: Well, now you take Cnst: a screw.Inst: an <-> orange one with a slit Cnst: Yes. Inst: And you put it through there, let's see Cnst: From the top.Inst: From the top, so that the three bars get fixed then. Cnst: Yes.
DS1
DS4
DS5
DS2
DS3
Discourse processing
Intentionalist approaches to dialogue
Intuitively, taking should satisfaction-precede putting through.
270
Inst: Well, now you take Cnst: a screw.Inst: an <-> orange one with a slit Cnst: Yes. Inst: And you put it through there, let's see Cnst: From the top.Inst: From the top, so that the three bars get fixed then. Cnst: Yes.
DS1
DS4
DS5
DS2
DS3
Discourse processing
Intentionalist approaches to dialogue
Intuitively, taking should satisfaction-precede putting through. This fact,however, is not representable according to the chosen analysis.
271
Inst: Well, now you take Cnst: a screw.Inst: an <-> orange one with a slit Cnst: Yes. Inst: And you put it through there, let's see Cnst: From the top.Inst: From the top, so that the three bars get fixed then. Cnst: Yes.
DS1
DS4
DS5
DS2
DS3
Discourse processing
Intentionalist approaches to dialogue
No alternative analysis, however, can treat anaphora in cases like these.
272
Intentionalist approaches to dialogue
Approach under consideration:Grosz, B.J. & Sidner, C.L., Computational Linguistics, Vol. 12 (3), 1986:Attention, Intention, and the Structure of Discourse
As we develop it, the theory of discourse structure will be seen to beintimately connected with two nonlinguistic notions: intention and attention.Attention is an essential factor in explicating the processing of utterancesin discourse. Intentions play a primary role in explaining discoursestructure, defining discourse coherence, and providing a coherentconceptualization of the term "discourse" itself.
G&S 175
So there are two goals for explication: processing and structure.
273
Intentionalist approaches to dialogue
Approach under consideration:Grosz, B.J. & Sidner, C.L., Computational Linguistics, Vol. 12 (3), 1986:Attention, Intention, and the Structure of Discourse
As we develop it, the theory of discourse structure will be seen to beintimately connected with two nonlinguistic notions: intention and attention.Attention is an essential factor in explicating the processing of utterancesin discourse. Intentions play a primary role in explaining discoursestructure, defining discourse coherence, and providing a coherentconceptualization of the term "discourse" itself.
G&S 175
So there are two goals for explication: processing and structure.
274
Plan-based approaches to dialogue
Next:
Approaches to dialogue