1 autonomous robots key questions in mobile robotics what is around me? where am i ? where am i...
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Autonomous Robots
Key questions in mobile robotics What is around me? Where am I ? Where am I going ? How do I get there ?
Alternatively, these questions correspond to Sensor Interpretation: what objects are there in the vicinity? Localization: find your own position in a map (given or built
autonomously) Map building: how to integrate sensor information and your own
movement? Path planning: decide the actions to perform for reaching a target position
[Many following robot slides courtesy Steffen Gutmann, SONY Labs]
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Robotics Yesterday
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Current Trends in Robotics
Robots are moving away from factory floors to Entertainment robots Personal services Medical, surgery Industrial automation
(mining, harvesting, ...) Hazardous environments
(space, underwater) Military
UGV, UAV, AUV Transitioning from remote control to autonomous control
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Robotics Today
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AI View on Mobile Robotics
Control
system
Sensor data
Actions
World model
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Helpmate
HELPMATE is a mobile robot used in hospitals for transportation tasks. It has various on board sensors for autonomous navigation in the corridors. The main sensor for localization is a camera looking to the ceiling. It can detect the lamps on the ceiling as reference (landmark).
http://statusreports-atp.nist.gov/reports/91-01-0034.htm
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Cleaning Robot - Sinas
Autonomous cleaning robot with Sinas navigation system (developed by Siemens) and manifactured by Karcher. The robot is equipped with several sonar sensors, a laser range finder and a gyroscope.
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CS225B Kurt Konolige
Sinas Video
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ROV Tiburon Underwater Robot
Picture of robot ROV Tiburon for underwater archaeology (teleoperated)- used by MBARI for deep-sea research, this UAV provides autonomous hovering capabilities for the human operator.
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Sojourner, First Robot on Mars
The mobile robot Sojourner was used during the Pathfinder mission to explore the mars in summer 1997.
It was nearly fully teleoperated from earth. However, some on board sensors allowed for obstacle detection.
http://ranier.oact.hq.nasa.gov/telerobotics_page/telerobotics.shtm
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The B21 Robot
B21 of Real World Interface is a sophisticated mobile robot with up to three Intel Pentium processors on board. It has all different kinds of on board sensors for high performance navigation tasks.
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Minerva (CMU + Univ. Bonn, 1998)
Courtesy Sebastian Thrun, CMU
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Pioneer 1
PIONEER 1 is a modular mobile robot offering various options like a gripper or an on board camera. It is equipped with a sophisticated navigation library developed at Stanford Research Institute (SRI) and manifactured by ActivMedia Robotics http://www.mobilerobots.com/
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RoboCup – Middle Size League
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Emotional Robots: Kismet
Courtesy Cynthia Breazeal, MIT
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Sony's AIBO Robot
First model (1998)
Latest model ERS 7 (2004)
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RoboCup 4-legged League
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The Honda Walking Robot Asimo
http://www.honda.co.jp/robot/
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Sony's QRIO Robot
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CS225B Kurt Konolige
QRIO Navigation
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Darpa Grand Challenge
Standford's Stanley “racing car”
Sample tracking visualization
Stanley is based on a VW Touareg R5with 7 Pentium M computers incorporating measurements from GPS, INS, and wheel speed for pose estimation.
The environment is perceived through4 laser range finders, a radar system,a stereo camera pair, and a monocularvision system. Sensor data is processedat rates between 10 and 100 Hertz. Map and pose information are incorporated at 10 Hz, enabling Stanley to avoid collisions with obstacles in real-time while advancing along the 2005 DARPA Grand Challenge route.
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Darpa Grand Challenge Video
Courtesy Sebastian Thrun, Stanford University
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Darpa Learning Applied to Ground Robotics
Stanford Mausoleum Run
Robot-view Interpretation
Global Map
• Autonomous outdoor vehicle in unstructured environments• Main sensor is stereo vision• Learn models of terrain traversability
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BigDog: Quadruped Beast of Burden
• Autonomous outdoor vehicle in unstructured environments• Internal sensors only
Video from Boston Dynamics
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PR2: Willow Garage
• Domestic robot operating among people• Wheeled base for stability• Two gravity-balanced arms for manipulation• Acceleration of robot adoption through reliable hardware and software• ROS software effort
Video from Willow Garage
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Trends in Robotics Research
Classical AI Robotics (mid-70’s)• Sense-Plan-Act• Complex world model and reasoning
Reactive Paradigm (mid-80’s)• No models: “the world is the model”• Simple sense-act functions• Emergent behavior
Hybrid Architectures (90’s)• Models at higher levels, reactive at lower levels• Mid-level executive to sequence actions
Probabilistic Methods (mid-90’s)• Uncertain sensing and acting• Integration of models, sensing, acting
Indoor, wheeled, static blocks world
Static legged motion,robot swarms,reactive
Complex environments,mapping and localization,human-robot interactions
Challenging outdoor environmentsAir, water vehiclesDynamic legged motion