1 bacteria biology chapter 18.2. 2 bacteria are very small
TRANSCRIPT
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BACTERIA
Biology Chapter 18.2
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2Bacteria are very small
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This is a pore in human skin and the yellow spheres are bacteria
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Bacteria are very small compar-ed to cells with nuclei
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Bacteria compared to a white blood cell that is going to eat it
Bacteria
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Clean skin has about 20 million bacteria per square inch
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Evolution/Classification Most numerous on Earth Most Ancient Microscopic Prokaryotes Evolution has yielded many species
adapted to survive where no other organisms can.
Grouped based on: Structure, physiology, molec. Composition
reaction to specific types of stain. Eubacteria= Germs/bacteria Archaebacteria
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Kingdom Archaebacteria First discovered in extreme environments Methanogens: Harvest energy by
converting H2 and CO2 into methane gas Anaerobic, live in intestinal tracts
Extreme halophiles: Salt loving, live in Great Salt Lake, and Dead sea.
Thermoacidophiles: Live in acid environments and high temps. Hot Springs, volcanic vents
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Volcanic vents on the sea floor
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Chemosynthetic bacteria use the sulfur in the “smoke” for energy to make ATP.
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The red color of this snow is due to a blue-green bacteria
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Kingdom Eubacteria Can have one of three basic shapes
1.Bacilli – rod-shaped2.Spirilla – spiral-shaped3.Cocci – sphere-shaped
Streptococci – in chains
Staphylococci – grape-like clusters
SHOW ME
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BACTERIA PICS
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Bacillus bacteria are rod
or sausage shaped
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Coccus bacteria
are sphere or ball
shaped
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Spirillium bacteria have a corkscrew shape
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Diplo-bacteria occur in pairs,
such as the diplococcus
bacteria that causes
gonorrhea
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Staphylo - bacteria occur in clumps, such
as this staphylococcus bacteria that
causes common infections of
cuts
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Strepto- bacteria occur
in chains of bacteria, such
as this streptococcus bacteria that causes some types of sore
throats
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Spirillium bacteria
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Diplobacillus bacteria
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Streptococcus bacteria
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Staphylococcus bacteria
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The tip of a needle
The red and yellow dots are bacteria
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Gram Stain Gram-positive retain stain and appear purple
Have thicker layer in cell wall. Gram-negative do not retain stain and take
second pink stain instead.Phylum Shape Motility Metabolism Gram
reacionCyanobacteria Bacilli,
CocciGliding, some non-motile
Aerobic, photosynthetic autotrophic
Gram-negative
Spirochetes Spirals Corkscrew Aerobic, and anaerobic; heterotrophic
Gram-negative
Gram-Pos Bacilli, cocci
Flagella; some non-motile
Aer/anaer.; heterotrophic, photosynthetic
Mostly gram-positive
Proteobacteria Bacilli, cocci, spiral
Flagella; some non-motile
Aer/anaer.; heterotrophic, photosynthetic autotrophic
Gram-negative
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STRUCTURE OF BACTERIAStructure Function
Cell Wall Protects and gives shape
Outer Membrane
Protects against antibodies (Gram Neg. Only)
Cell Membrane
Regulates movement of materials, contains enzymes important to cellular respiration
Cytoplasm Contains DNA, ribosomes, essential compounds
Chromo-some
Carries genetic information
Plasmid Contains some genes obtained through recomb.
Capsule & Slime Layer
Protects the cell and assist in attaching cell to other surfaces
Endospore Protects cell agains harsh enviornments
Pilus Assists the cell in attaching to other surfaces
Flagellum Moves the cell
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No Nucleus-DNA in Cytoplasm
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Nutrition and Growth Heterotrophic or Autotrophic Some are Photoautotrophs – Use sunlight for Energy Some are Chemoautotrophs. Many are Obligate Anaerobes.
Oxygen = Death Ex. Clostridium tetani – Tetanus
Some are Faculatative Anaerobes With or without Oxygen
Ex. Escherichia Coli Some are Obligate Aerobes
Ex.) Mycobacterium tuberculosis Temperature requirements
Some are Thermophilic, Some prefer acidic envmt.
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These heterotrophic
bacteria digest oil --
remember oil is partially
decayed plant and animal
cells
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REPRODUCTION IN
BACTERIA
(please add to notes)
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No Nucleus-DNA in Cytoplasm
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BACTERIA REPRODUCES BY FISSION
First the chromosomal DNA makes a copy
The DNA replicates
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NEXT THE CYTOPLASM AND CELL DIVIDES
The two resulting cells are exactly the same
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In addition to the large chromosomal DNA, bacteria have many small loops of DNA called Plasmids
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Genetic Recombination Nonreproductive Methods bacteria can acquire new
genetic material.
Characteristic Transformation Conjugation Transduction
Method of DNA Transfer
Across cell wall and cell membrane of recepient
Through a conjugation bridge between two cells
By a virus
Plasmid transfer
Yes Yes Not likely
Chromosome transfer
No Sometimes No
Antibiotic resistance acquired
Yes Yes Sometimes
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TRANSFORMATION
This plasmid of DNA is new to the bacteria – added by transformation! Produces the glowing protein
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CONJUGATION
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TRANSDUCTION
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Bacteria and DiseaseDisease Pathogen Areas
affectedMode of transmission
Botulism Clostridium botulinum Nerves Improperly preserved food
Cholera Vibrio cholerae Intestine Contaminated water
Dental Caries Streptococcus mutans, sanguis, salivarius
Teeth Environment to mouth
Gonorrhea Neisseria gonorrhoeae Urethra, fallopian
Sexual contact
Lyme disease Berrelia burgdorferi Skin, joints Tick bite
Rocky Mountain SF
Rickettsia recketsii Blood, skin Tick bite
Salmonella Salmonella Intestine Contaminated food, water
Strep throat Streptococcus pyogenes URT, blood, skin
Sneezes, coughs, etc.
Tetanus Costridium tetani Nerves Contaminated wounds
Tuberculosis Mycobacterium tuberculosis Lung, bones
coughs
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Some bacteria cause diseases --Disease causing bacteria are call
PATHOGENIC
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Helicobacter pylori
is the pathogenic bacteria that can
causes ulcers
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Leprosy is a bacterial
infection that decreases
blood flow to the
extremities resulting in
the deterioration of toes, ears, the nose and the fingers.
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BOTULISM
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CHOLERA
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DENTAL CARIES
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ROCKY MOUNTAIN SF
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LYME DISEASE
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SALMONELLA
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STREP THROAT
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TETANUS
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TUBERCULOSIS
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Common AntibioticsAntibiotic Mechanism Target bacteria
Penicillin Inhibits cell wall synthesis Gram Positive
Ampicillin Inhibits cell wall synthesis Broad spectrum
Bacitracin Inhibits cell wall synthesis Gram Positive – Skin Ointment
Cephalosporin Inhibits cell wall synthesis Gram Positive
Tetracycline Inhibits Protein Synthesis Broad spectrum
Streptomycin Inhibits Protein Synthesis Gram Neg. tuberculosis
Sulfa drug Inhibits cell metabolism Bacterial meningitis, UTI
Rifampin Inhibits RNA synthesis Gram Pos., some Neg.
Quinolines Inhibits DNA Synthesis UTI
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Some Final Information Because antibiotics have been overused,
many diseases that were once easy to treat are becoming more difficult to treat.
Some Bacteria are Useful Ex.) Producing and Processing food Breaking down dead organic material Make unripened cheese like ricotta and
cottage by breaking down the protein in milk.