1 basic biomechanical factors and concepts anatomy and physiology zgabay
TRANSCRIPT
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Basic Biomechanical Factors and Concepts
Anatomy and Physiology
Zgabay
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Outline
Introduction Levers Anatomical Levers Laws of Motion
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Biomechanics
________________- study of the mechanics as it relates to the functional and anatomical analysis of biological systems and especially humans Necessary to study the body’s mechanical
characteristics & principles to understand its movements
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Biomechanics
____________- study of physical actions of forces
Mechanics is divided into: ____________ ____________
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Biomechanics
_____________- study of systems that are in a constant state of motion, whether at rest with no motion or moving at a constant velocity without acceleration Statics involves all forces acting on the body being in
balance resulting in the body being in equilibrium
_____________- study of systems in motion with acceleration A system in acceleration is unbalanced due to unequal
forces acting on the body
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Biomechanics
Kinematics & kinetics ___________- description of motion and includes
consideration of time, displacement, velocity, acceleration, and space factors of a system‘s motion
___________- study of forces associated with the motion of a body
Mechanical advantage Load/effort or load divided by effort Ideally using a relatively small force, or effort to move a
much greater resistance
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Outline
Introduction Levers Anatomical Levers Laws of Motion
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Introduction to Levers
__________: Simple machine that operates according to principle of torques
__________: The turning effect of a force
T = _____
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F
d How can you change torque?
1. __________
2. __________3. ________________
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d Optimal direction = 90 degrees
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Function of Levers
Two functions:
1. __________
2. __________
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Function of Levers
Force Examples?
Common traits? ____________ ____________ ____________ vs. ________________
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F R
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Function of Levers
Speed/ROM Examples?
Common traits? Rigid bar Fixed point Lever movement vs. resistance movement
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F R
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Components of a Lever System
Lever: _____________ Fulcrum: _______________________ Force:
______________________ ______________________
Moment arm: d _________________ _________________
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More Concepts
____________ advantage Levers designed for force
____________ disadvantage Levers designed for speed/ROM
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F R
Mechanical advantage or disadvantage?
How does mechanical advantage affect movement of the lever?
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Advantage: Small effort moves big resistance
Disadvantage: Big movement required to move resistance a small distance
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Human Application?
Lever?
________________________ Fulcrum?
________________________ Applied force?
________________________ Resistance force?
________________________
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Classification of Levers
Lever classification based on the relative location of:
1. Axis of rotation/fulcrum (A)
2. Resistance force (R)
3. Applied force (F)
A R F
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First Class Lever
____________: (A) – Axis of rotation/fulcrum Mechanical advantage Mechanical disadvantage Examples
___________
___________
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Advantage or disadvantage?
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Second Class Lever
___________: (R) – Resistance force Mechanical advantage
Always
Mechanical disadvantage Never
Examples
_______________
_______________
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Third Class Lever
___________: (F) – Applied force Mechanical advantage
Never Mechanical disadvantage
Always Examples
__________________________________________
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27Baseball, tennis?
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Human Application
First class lever _____________________________________
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29(A) – Axis of rotation/fulcrum
(F) – Applied force
(R) – Resistance force
Mechanical advantage or disadvantage
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Human Application
Second class lever _____________________
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Mechanical advantage or disadvantage?
Not many in the body
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Human Application
Third class lever ______________________
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Mechanical advantage or disadvantage?
Many of these in body
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In general, is the human body built for force
application or speed/ROM?