1 battery recycling andrew kiemnec. 2 introduction why should we recycle batteries? –where solid...
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Battery Recycling
Andrew Kiemnec
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Introduction
• Why should we recycle batteries?– Where solid waste goes – Facts about battery consumption
• How does industry view battery recycling?
• How does battery recycling work?– Lead Acid
• Recycling and other options
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Why should we recycle?• Where does waste go?
– Landfills• Trash storage
• Some methane production
– Incinerators• Energy
• Volume reduction
• Break down some compounds
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Why should we recycle?
• Americans purchase nearly 3 billion dry-cell batteries every year.
• 350 million are rechargeable.
• Only 3-5% of primary dry cells are recycled.
• Nearly 99 million wet-cell lead-acid car batteries are manufactured each year.
• A primary battery will only return 1/50 the energy used to make it.
• Batteries contain heavy metals such as mercury, lead, cadmium, and nickel, which can contaminate the environment when batteries are improperly disposed of.
• The oceans are starting to show elevated levels of cadmium.
• NiCd batteries account for 75% of cadmium in landfills.
• Preserve natural resources.
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Industry and Recycling
• Companies claim it is not economically profitable.– Transportation
– Sorting
• Lead acid batteries are the most recycled product.
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How recycling works
• Lead Acid Recycling– Plastic is broken up
and reused
– Lead and lead oxide is smelted
– Sulfuric acid is reclaimed
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Pyrometallurgical and Hydrometallurgical extraction
• Allows metals to be reclaimed from oxides.
• PbO(s) + CO(g) Pb(s) + CO2(g)
• Hydrometallurgical extraction
• Cu2+(aq) + H2(g) Cu(s) +2H+
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Recycling other types of batteries• NiCd
– batteries can be reprocessed through a similar thermal technique
• NiMH
– The output of this process is a product with high nickel content which can be used in the manufacture of stainless steel.
• Li-Ion
– currently reprocessed through pyrolysis (heat treatment) with the primary recovery the metal content.
• Zinc-carbon/air and alkaline-manganese
– can be reprocessed using a number of different methods, which include smelting and other thermal-metallurgical processes to recover the metal content (particularly zinc).
• Batteries containing mercury
– Most commonly processed using a vacuum-thermal treatment
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Advances
• Mercury battery act– Phase out mercury
– Increase Recycling
• Rechargeable Battery Recycling Corporation
– Since 1994, RBRC has recycled more than 20 million pounds of rechargeable batteries.
• Battery Counsel International
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Solutions
• Purchase rechargeable batteries.
• Use solar power
• Battery Deposit
• Make companies take back products they sell.
• Make batteries easier to recycle.
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Resources• www.epa.gov
• www.energy.gov
• www.wasteonline.org.uk
• www.bbc.co.uk
• http://www.batteryrecycling.com/index.html
• Inorganic Chemistry (Shriver, Atkins)
• Recycling of Consumer Dry Cell batteries (Hurd et al.)
• http://www.relfe.com/IDetoxamin/cadmium_toxicity.htm
• www.zerowasteamerica.org