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Page 1: 1 Biomolecules. 2 Macromolecules in Organisms There are four major classes of macromolecules found in living things: Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic

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Biomolecules

Page 2: 1 Biomolecules. 2 Macromolecules in Organisms There are four major classes of macromolecules found in living things: Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic

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Macromolecules in Organisms

There are four major classes of macromolecules found in living

things:Carbohydrates

Lipids

Proteins

Nucleic Acids

Page 4: 1 Biomolecules. 2 Macromolecules in Organisms There are four major classes of macromolecules found in living things: Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic

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Three Groups of Carbohydrates

•Monosaccharides - “one

sugar”

•Disaccharides - “two sugars”

•Polysaccharides - “many

sugars”

Page 5: 1 Biomolecules. 2 Macromolecules in Organisms There are four major classes of macromolecules found in living things: Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic

Monosaccharides:

•“One Sugar”

•Simplest of all sugars

•Can vary in the # of carbon (C) atoms, but the ratio of 2H:1O is always present.

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Page 6: 1 Biomolecules. 2 Macromolecules in Organisms There are four major classes of macromolecules found in living things: Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic

Glucose

•Glucose – 6 carbon monosaccharide that is the preferred energy source for most organisms including humans.

•Chemical Formula is C6H12O6

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Page 7: 1 Biomolecules. 2 Macromolecules in Organisms There are four major classes of macromolecules found in living things: Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic

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Disaccharides

•Two monosaccharides covalently bonded together

•Examples

1) Sucrose - table sugar 2) Lactose - milk sugar 3) Maltose - grain sugar

Page 8: 1 Biomolecules. 2 Macromolecules in Organisms There are four major classes of macromolecules found in living things: Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic

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Polysaccharides Many monosaccharides covalently bonded together.

Divided into 2 groups based on function:

*Energy storage

polysaccharides and

structural

polysaccharides

Page 9: 1 Biomolecules. 2 Macromolecules in Organisms There are four major classes of macromolecules found in living things: Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic

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Examples of Polysaccharides

Starch

Glycogen

Cellulose

Glucose Monomer

Page 10: 1 Biomolecules. 2 Macromolecules in Organisms There are four major classes of macromolecules found in living things: Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic

Storage Polysaccharides

•Long polymers of glucose broken down as needed for energy.

• EXAMPLES - Glycogen

- Starch

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Page 11: 1 Biomolecules. 2 Macromolecules in Organisms There are four major classes of macromolecules found in living things: Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic

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Glycogen

•Storage form of glucose in animals

**Glycogen & starch are similar in structure because BOTH are made of glucose monomers*

• Stored in liver and muscle cells in humans.

Page 12: 1 Biomolecules. 2 Macromolecules in Organisms There are four major classes of macromolecules found in living things: Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic

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Starch

•Storage form of glucose in plants

• Plant cells store starch for energy

• Potatoes and grains are major sources of starch in the human diet

*Glycogen & starch are similar in structure because BOTH are made of glucose monomers*

Page 13: 1 Biomolecules. 2 Macromolecules in Organisms There are four major classes of macromolecules found in living things: Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic

Structural Polysaccharides

•Used as a building material in many organisms

EXAMPLES - Cellulose - Chitin

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Page 14: 1 Biomolecules. 2 Macromolecules in Organisms There are four major classes of macromolecules found in living things: Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic

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Cellulose

•It is a major component of plant cell walls

•Polymer made up of glucose monomers

Page 15: 1 Biomolecules. 2 Macromolecules in Organisms There are four major classes of macromolecules found in living things: Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic

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Cellulose

Humans & other animals cannot break down cellulose for energy.

Still important as a source of fiber.

Bacteria have enzymes to break down cellulose

Page 17: 1 Biomolecules. 2 Macromolecules in Organisms There are four major classes of macromolecules found in living things: Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic

TEST YOUR TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE!!!!KNOWLEDGE!!!!1. Which of the following is NOT one

of the 4 biomolecules?A) Nucleic AcidsB) LipidsC) NutrientsD) Carbohydrates

Page 18: 1 Biomolecules. 2 Macromolecules in Organisms There are four major classes of macromolecules found in living things: Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic

TEST YOUR TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE!!!!KNOWLEDGE!!!!2. What is the name of the preferred

energy source of most organisms?A) SucroseB) LipidsC) LactoseD) Glucose

Page 19: 1 Biomolecules. 2 Macromolecules in Organisms There are four major classes of macromolecules found in living things: Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic

TEST YOUR TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE!!!!KNOWLEDGE!!!!3. Polymers make up monomers.

A) TrueB) False

Page 22: 1 Biomolecules. 2 Macromolecules in Organisms There are four major classes of macromolecules found in living things: Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic

Three Groups of Lipids

•Fats & Oils

•Phospholipids

•Steroids

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Page 23: 1 Biomolecules. 2 Macromolecules in Organisms There are four major classes of macromolecules found in living things: Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic

Fats & Oils

•Made up of glycerol + 1 or more fatty acid tails.

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Page 24: 1 Biomolecules. 2 Macromolecules in Organisms There are four major classes of macromolecules found in living things: Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic

Fats & Oils

•Referred to as fat if lipid is solid at room temp. Usually from animal source.

•Referred to as an oil if lipid is liquid at room temp. Usually from a plant source.

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Page 25: 1 Biomolecules. 2 Macromolecules in Organisms There are four major classes of macromolecules found in living things: Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic

Fats & Oils

•Classified as saturated or unsaturated

•Saturated fats have been linked to heart disease.

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Page 26: 1 Biomolecules. 2 Macromolecules in Organisms There are four major classes of macromolecules found in living things: Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic

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Phospholipids

•Primary component of all cell membranes.

•Have a head that is polar & attracted to water (hydrophilic)

•Have 2 fatty acid tails that are nonpolar and do not attract water (hydrophobic)

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Steroids

Ex: Cholesterol

- found in cell membranes of animal cells

Used for hormone production & animlal cell structure.

Cholesterol

TestosteroneEstrogen

Page 28: 1 Biomolecules. 2 Macromolecules in Organisms There are four major classes of macromolecules found in living things: Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic

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Four Types of Proteins

Structural

Contractile

Storage

Transport

Page 29: 1 Biomolecules. 2 Macromolecules in Organisms There are four major classes of macromolecules found in living things: Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic

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Proteins

•Molecular tools of the cell

•Functions include: structure (building cells), support, movement, hormones, enzymes, and metabolism.

•Contain C,H,O, and N

Page 30: 1 Biomolecules. 2 Macromolecules in Organisms There are four major classes of macromolecules found in living things: Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic

ProteinsProteins

•Amino Acids – Monomers of proteins are amino acids

–There are 20 amino acids that combine in different numbers, orders, and arrangements to form proteins.

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Proteins as Enzymes

•One very impt function of proteins is to serve as enzymes

•A catalyst triggers chemical reactions without being used up in the process.

•Organisms could not maintain homeostasis without functioning enzymes

•Enzymes trigger chemical reactions by serving as a catalyst

Page 32: 1 Biomolecules. 2 Macromolecules in Organisms There are four major classes of macromolecules found in living things: Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic

Nucleic AcidsNucleic Acids

Page 33: 1 Biomolecules. 2 Macromolecules in Organisms There are four major classes of macromolecules found in living things: Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic

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Nucleic Acids

•Nucleic acids are polymers of monomers called nucleotides

Page 34: 1 Biomolecules. 2 Macromolecules in Organisms There are four major classes of macromolecules found in living things: Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic

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Nucleic Acids - Nucleotides

•Store and carry out the genetic code.

•Contain information for heredity and for making all the body’s proteins.

•Contain the elements C,H,O,N, and P

Page 35: 1 Biomolecules. 2 Macromolecules in Organisms There are four major classes of macromolecules found in living things: Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic

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Deoxyribonucleic Acid

•DNA–Contains

the genetic code for the cell.

Page 36: 1 Biomolecules. 2 Macromolecules in Organisms There are four major classes of macromolecules found in living things: Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic

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Ribonucleic Acid

•RNA –Carries

out

the instructions in DNA.

Page 37: 1 Biomolecules. 2 Macromolecules in Organisms There are four major classes of macromolecules found in living things: Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic

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Adenosine Tri-Phosphate

•ATP

– Provides usuable energy in all cells.

Page 38: 1 Biomolecules. 2 Macromolecules in Organisms There are four major classes of macromolecules found in living things: Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic

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Macromolecules

CarbonCompounds

include

that consist of

which contain

that consist of that consist of that consist of

which contain which contain which contain

Section 2-3

Concept Map

Carbohydrates Lipids Nucleic acids Proteins

Sugars and starches

Fats and oils Nucleotides Amino Acids

Carbon,hydrogen,

oxygen

Carbon,hydrogen,

oxygen

Carbon,hydrogen,oxygen, nitrogen,

phosphorus

Carbon,hydrogen,oxygen,

nitrogen,

Page 39: 1 Biomolecules. 2 Macromolecules in Organisms There are four major classes of macromolecules found in living things: Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic

TEST YOUR TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE!!!!KNOWLEDGE!!!!1.Which of the following is NOT a

function of lipids?A) TransportB) InsulationC) EnergyD) Cushioning

Page 40: 1 Biomolecules. 2 Macromolecules in Organisms There are four major classes of macromolecules found in living things: Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic

TEST YOUR TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE!!!!KNOWLEDGE!!!!

2) The monomers of protein are

A) NucleotidesB) Amino AcidsC) EnzymesD) Steriods