1 blood physiology practical 1 blood groups by: khulood hussein
Post on 21-Dec-2015
222 views
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: 1 BLOOD PHYSIOLOGY Practical 1 BLOOD GROUPS By: khulood Hussein](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051401/56649d615503460f94a42790/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
1
BLOOD PHYSIOLOGYPractical 1
BLOOD GROUPS
By: khulood HusseinBy: khulood Hussein
![Page 2: 1 BLOOD PHYSIOLOGY Practical 1 BLOOD GROUPS By: khulood Hussein](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051401/56649d615503460f94a42790/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Phase II Medicine- Blood Module - March 2009
2
Clinical significance of determination of blood groups
• At least 30 blood group system contaning 400 (Ag) have been found on the cell membrane of RBCs.
• These can cause Ag-Ab reaction if mixed with plasma that contain antibodies (Ab) against these Ag.
• 2 groups of blood system can cause transfusion reactions more than others: ABO and Rh systems.
![Page 3: 1 BLOOD PHYSIOLOGY Practical 1 BLOOD GROUPS By: khulood Hussein](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051401/56649d615503460f94a42790/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Phase II Medicine- Blood Module - March 2009
3
ABO Blood GroupsA and B Antigens- Agglutinogens
![Page 4: 1 BLOOD PHYSIOLOGY Practical 1 BLOOD GROUPS By: khulood Hussein](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051401/56649d615503460f94a42790/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Phase II Medicine- Blood Module - March 2009
4
ABO Blood GroupsRelative frequency of different blood types:
• O 47%
• A 41%
• B 9%
• AB 3%
![Page 5: 1 BLOOD PHYSIOLOGY Practical 1 BLOOD GROUPS By: khulood Hussein](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051401/56649d615503460f94a42790/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Phase II Medicine- Blood Module - March 2009
5
Agglutinins
Blood type Agglutinogen on RBC
Agglutinin in plasma
A A Anti-B
B B Anti-A
AB A and B None
O None Anti-A and Anti-B
![Page 6: 1 BLOOD PHYSIOLOGY Practical 1 BLOOD GROUPS By: khulood Hussein](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051401/56649d615503460f94a42790/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Phase II Medicine- Blood Module - March 2009
6
![Page 7: 1 BLOOD PHYSIOLOGY Practical 1 BLOOD GROUPS By: khulood Hussein](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051401/56649d615503460f94a42790/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Phase II Medicine- Blood Module - March 2009
7
Rh Blood Type• If type D antigen is present on RBC Rh
+ve• Differences between ABO and Rh Ab?• Anti-Rh antibodies are not naturally
occurring Ab.• Previous exposure to Rh antigen is required.
• Rh +ve blood transfusion.• Rh –ve women pregnant with Rh +ve baby.
• Anti-Rh Ab can cross the placenta.
![Page 8: 1 BLOOD PHYSIOLOGY Practical 1 BLOOD GROUPS By: khulood Hussein](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051401/56649d615503460f94a42790/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Phase II Medicine- Blood Module - March 2009
8
Blood Grouping
![Page 9: 1 BLOOD PHYSIOLOGY Practical 1 BLOOD GROUPS By: khulood Hussein](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051401/56649d615503460f94a42790/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
9
Blood grouping, showing agglutination of cells of the different blood types with anti-A or anti-B agglutinins in the sera
Red blood cell types
Anti-A serum Anti B serum
O - -
A + -
B - +
AB + +
![Page 10: 1 BLOOD PHYSIOLOGY Practical 1 BLOOD GROUPS By: khulood Hussein](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051401/56649d615503460f94a42790/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Phase II Medicine- Blood Module - March 2009
10
![Page 11: 1 BLOOD PHYSIOLOGY Practical 1 BLOOD GROUPS By: khulood Hussein](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051401/56649d615503460f94a42790/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Phase II Medicine- Blood Module - March 2009
11
![Page 12: 1 BLOOD PHYSIOLOGY Practical 1 BLOOD GROUPS By: khulood Hussein](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051401/56649d615503460f94a42790/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Phase II Medicine- Blood Module - March 2009
12
![Page 13: 1 BLOOD PHYSIOLOGY Practical 1 BLOOD GROUPS By: khulood Hussein](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051401/56649d615503460f94a42790/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Phase II Medicine- Blood Module - March 2009
13
![Page 14: 1 BLOOD PHYSIOLOGY Practical 1 BLOOD GROUPS By: khulood Hussein](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051401/56649d615503460f94a42790/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Phase II Medicine- Blood Module - March 2009
14
BLOOD TRANSFUSIONS
![Page 15: 1 BLOOD PHYSIOLOGY Practical 1 BLOOD GROUPS By: khulood Hussein](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051401/56649d615503460f94a42790/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Phase II Medicine- Blood Module - March 2009
15
Blood Transfusion
• Indications.• Types:
–Heterologus–Autologous
![Page 16: 1 BLOOD PHYSIOLOGY Practical 1 BLOOD GROUPS By: khulood Hussein](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051401/56649d615503460f94a42790/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Phase II Medicine- Blood Module - March 2009
16
Universal Donor.
• Most hospitals have available group O negative blood for use in extreme emergency situations.
• Group O negative is considered as universal donor.
![Page 17: 1 BLOOD PHYSIOLOGY Practical 1 BLOOD GROUPS By: khulood Hussein](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051401/56649d615503460f94a42790/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Phase II Medicine- Blood Module - March 2009
17
Transfusion Reactions resulting from mismatched blood types
• Agglutination and delayed hemolysis of donor’s RBC (or immediate intravascular hemolysis)→ Jaundice
![Page 18: 1 BLOOD PHYSIOLOGY Practical 1 BLOOD GROUPS By: khulood Hussein](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051401/56649d615503460f94a42790/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Phase II Medicine- Blood Module - March 2009
18
![Page 19: 1 BLOOD PHYSIOLOGY Practical 1 BLOOD GROUPS By: khulood Hussein](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051401/56649d615503460f94a42790/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Phase II Medicine- Blood Module - March 2009
1919
Diseases transmitted by blood transfusion
• Viral hepatitis
• HIV / AIDS
• Other transmissible diseases are syphilis, malaria.
What do you do to prevent this?
![Page 20: 1 BLOOD PHYSIOLOGY Practical 1 BLOOD GROUPS By: khulood Hussein](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051401/56649d615503460f94a42790/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Phase II Medicine- Blood Module - March 2009
20
Pre-transfusion Tests
• For a safe blood transfusion, the following tests are done:– Blood grouping
– Cross-matching
![Page 21: 1 BLOOD PHYSIOLOGY Practical 1 BLOOD GROUPS By: khulood Hussein](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051401/56649d615503460f94a42790/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Phase II Medicine- Blood Module - March 2009
2121
X-matching• Once patient’s blood group is known, donor
blood of the same ABO and Rh type is selected.
• Possible donor RBC’s are mixed with the recipient’s serum. If no agglutination, no Ab in recipient blood will attack donor’s RBCs.
![Page 22: 1 BLOOD PHYSIOLOGY Practical 1 BLOOD GROUPS By: khulood Hussein](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051401/56649d615503460f94a42790/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
22
Haemolytic Disease of the Newborn (HDN)
• Rh incompatibility Erythroblastosis Fetalis (HDN).
• Rh –ve lady marrying Rh+ve man.• If baby is Rh+ve, fetal RBC leaks to maternal
circulation during placental separation (delivery or abortion).
• Mother starts to make anti-Rh Ab.• Next pregnancy with Rh+ve baby anti-Rh Ab
pass to baby and cause agglutination and hemolysis of his RBC.
![Page 23: 1 BLOOD PHYSIOLOGY Practical 1 BLOOD GROUPS By: khulood Hussein](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051401/56649d615503460f94a42790/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Phase II Medicine- Blood Module - March 2009
23
![Page 24: 1 BLOOD PHYSIOLOGY Practical 1 BLOOD GROUPS By: khulood Hussein](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051401/56649d615503460f94a42790/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Phase II Medicine- Blood Module - March 2009
24
HDN• Clinical picture:
• Anemia→ Jaundice
• Kernicterus (mental
impairment due to precipitation of bilirubin in brain cells)
![Page 25: 1 BLOOD PHYSIOLOGY Practical 1 BLOOD GROUPS By: khulood Hussein](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051401/56649d615503460f94a42790/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Phase II Medicine- Blood Module - March 2009
25
Prevention• Anti-Rh gamma globulin (RhoGam)
injection given to Rh –ve mothers after delivery of Rh +ve baby.