1) british & indian relationship (1757-1858): - british east india company dominated india -...
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1) British & Indian relationship (1757-1858): - British East India Company dominated India - Economic imperialism, at first…
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2) Sepoys:
Indian soldiers hired to protect the British East India Company in India.
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3) Importance of India to the British Empire in the 19th century:
- India was a MAJOR supplier of raw materials and cash crops
- India had a growing population of 300 million potential consumers, serving as
a MAJOR foreign market for finished goods manufactured in Britain (i.e.
textiles). - Cheap labor force!
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4) Important cash crops exported from India to Britain:
TEA, indigo (for dying cloth), coffee, cotton (esp. in the 1860’s!), jute, and OPIUM (an illegal narcotic, exported to China in exchange Chinese goods)
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5) Effects of British imperialism in India: NEGATIVE:
- Indian businesses are restricted by Britain, giving the British a monopoly on the Indian economy
- Cash-crop plantations replace subsistent (self-sufficient) farming in India; with British land ownership, food production decreases, increasing hunger &
poverty
POSITIVE:
+ Britain brings infrastructure, modernization to India (railroads, telegraph/telephone lines, dams, bridges, better irrigation engineering for agriculture).
+ Sanitation & public health marginally improves
+ Education & literacy (in English) improve
+ British eliminate local conflicts (in the interest of labor!)
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6) As the British presence in India endures, Indian opposition grows:
Indian resentment, and nationalism intensifies (especially as Britain got wealthier off of India’s economy, while most Indians remained poor)
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7) Turning point: the Sepoy Mutiny of 1857: Ignorant disregard for religious custom & native culture
among India’s majority Hindu and [large] minority Muslim population sets off a crisis…
The Sepoys, hired by the British East India Company, revolted in 1857 when beef & pork fat was used to seal rifle cartridges (offensive to Hindu and Muslim religions, respectively). Standard military procedure at the time required biting off paper rifle cartridges.
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8) The British subdue the Sepoy Mutiny: - When the East India Company cannot handle the crisis,
the British government sends British regular troops.
- Sepoy revolt was undermined by religious discord (SECTARIAN conflict): Hindus & Muslims were in historical competition with each other, and did not get along (old Mughal Empire was Muslim, and resented
by the majority Hindus).
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9) Indian religious groups:
1. Hindus (majority)
2. Muslims (largest minority)
3. Sikhs (small minority)
… Sikhs remain loyal to British, often remaining in the service of the British as voluntary troops; were
often marginalized by Hindus and Muslims, and had somewhat better treatment under the
British.
10) Outome of the Sepoy Mutiny:
The British take DIRECT control of India, transitioning from economic imperialism to COLONIALISM.
INDIA IS TOO IMPORTANT TO THE BRITISH INDUSTRIAL ECONOMY TO LET GO!
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11) Indian nationalist groups:
Indian National Congress (1885) – led by Hindus
Muslim League (1906) – led by Muslims
Both will begin to work together against British imperialism in the early 1900’s.
Original goals: Better treatment & fairness for all Indians in India, as “equal citizens of the British Empire”.
Eventual goals: Full independence and self-rule, ending British imperialism.
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12) Indian differences benefit British imperialism:Sectarian conflict & competition between
India’s Hindus and Muslims prevent a more unified resistance against British imperialism.
British will use this to their advantage to promote existing religious differences… (divide & conquer).
Despite obstacles, India will eventually achieve sovereignty from British imperialism, in 1947, after 90 years of direct British rule, thanks to…
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BONUS - Class vs. Caste:Alike: BOTH are systems of social hierarchy
Different: - Class is based on economics, caste is based
on religion (but affects economics).- There is the possibility of upward movement
with classes (class mobility), although this may take multiple generations to occur.- There is NO social mobility in a caste system
(except through the idea of reincarnation – rebirth in the “next life”, at a higher or lower status, based on faithful obedience and
living a “righteous life”).