1

Burkina Faso WaterImplementation Project

(Phase II)

Engineers Without Borders

University of Maryland Chapter

Presentation to TAC 2008-03-04

Community NeedBackground

• Hand pumped groundwater wells are the primary source of clean drinking water for the people in the villages surrounding Dissin.

• Women and children travel as far as two kilometers to retrieve water for daily drinking and hygiene.

• Long lines form at the pump, taking up to an hour to retrieve water.

• Because of poor food stability in the dry season, children in the communities oftentimes do not get the vitamins and minerals critical to proper development and good health.

• The community has suggested that automating the pumping process and storing the water in a tank would allow for easier water access from faucets, resulting in:

– Less time waiting in line.– Women and children having more time to work or go to school.– Increased water access and ability to irrigate subsistence crops to benefit

community well-being.– Potential for commercial water uses.

2

Two-Phase ProjectPhase I: Solar powered lighting for community education centers

Assessment: January 2007

Implementation: January 2008

Project Status: Complete

3

Phase II: Solar powered automation of existing ground water pumps

Assessment: July 2007

Implementation: June 2008

Project Status: Proposal to Implement

Phase II Objectives

Primary objective: – To increase access to water in communities surrounding

Dissin

Secondary objective: – Enable the communities to develop irrigated family

gardens surrounding the wells for • Improved health

• Source of trade and income within the community during the dry season

– Improved hygiene

4

Existing Infrastructure• Several types of covered hand pumps; some common designs• Pumps range from 2-25 years of age• Each pump serves up to 600 people, with ~100 people using the pump daily• Historically poor maintenance• High traffic in the mornings between 8 -11am

– Wait time up to an hour

• Up to two kilometers walking distance to nearest pump• Point source distribution

5Hand Crank “Volunta” wheel Foot pump

Site Selection I• Two sites were identified to be retrofitted:

– Mou Bormetew • serves ~500 people

• 2000m2 available garden space with only 80m2 currently used

– Nakar • serves ~600 people

• 3000m2 available garden space with only 80m2 currently used

– Alternate site: Koin Dakole• serves ~240 people

• 1000m2 available garden space with only 100m2 currently used

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Site Selection II

7

Selection criteria• Each community made a commitment for maintenance.

• Established a project maintenance fund.• Personnel are assigned to maintenance.• Community members are willing to assist in project implementation.• Gardening revenues will go to the families using the garden.• Community members will continue to pay for their water use.

• Gardening already exists at the pump sites, and the community wants to expand their gardens, with the help of local NGOs.• Long lines form during common pumping times.

All pumps are “Volunta” Wheel style installed in 2004• Easiest to retrofit, with some retrofit designs already implemented locally.• Most reliable pump style, with least maintenance.• Recent installations.

Potential Community Impacts

8

Positive:• Women and children have more time for school and work – productivity increases.• Less energy required to retrieve water.• Decreased incidence of famine.• Increased household income during the dry season.

Negative• Changing community dynamic as women may spend less time at the pumps socializing.• Gardening in the dry season may distract from other community activities, such as rebuilding homes and community service.

Proposed Solution

9

The proposed system consists of three sub-systems. The “Volunta” pump will be driven by an electric gearmotor, powered by three solar panels. Pumped water will be stored in a ferrocement tank, which will be accessible through 4 spigots at a collection site.

Panels on top of Tank(Solar Sub-system)

Motor attached to “Volunta” pump (Motor Sub-system)

Tank and Spigot design(Tank sub-system)

Solar Sub-System

Objectives:

• Provide power to a ½ hp DC electric geared motor.

• Use “current-boosting” technology to allow motor to run longer.

• Protect the panels from back-emf from the motor.

• Ensure physical security of solar modules.

Solar Panels

Physical Characteristics of a BP3160 Solar Panel:• Dimension:

– Length: 1593mm

– Width: 790 mm

– Depth: 50mm

• Weight: 15.0kg (33.1 lbs)

• Mounting:

– Frame: Anodized aluminum alloy type 6063T6 Universal frame

– Easy attachment with screws/mounting tools

Solar Panels-Physical Dimensions Diagram

http://www.directpower.com/products/modules/solarexbritishpetroleum/BP3160.pdf

Solar Panels – Electrical Characteristics

Current Draw vs. Voltage

(At full sunlight)

• PMax = Maximum power point, the largest amount of power received by the panels

• Occurs at a current draw of 4.55 Amps and voltage of 35.1V

Characterizing CapturedSolar Energy Model

• Peak Sun-Hour data and Panel Rating:– Peak Sun-hours/Day = 5.0 Hours– BP3160

• Rated at 152 Watts– Panels in system = 3– Power available in peak sun = 456 Watts– Power needed = 0.251 Hp = 187 Watts (derived from 22ft-lb

required torque at 60 rpm)– Max draw from the motor = ½ Hp = 373 Watts– Limitations

• Based on ideal rating data• May be overestimation

Solar Insolation ModelAverage Solar Insolation in Northern Africa

Burkina Faso (Average solar insolation = 5.5 kWh/m2/day )

Solar Insolation Model– Daily average solar insolation (kWh/m2/day)

represented in Figure 1.1.– Solar insolation throughout the day changes

as a sine curve (approximation). Values are set for sunrise, sunset, and solar noon in Figure 1.2.

– These data are for January 1st, the day with the lowest solar insolation in Burkina Faso.

– More power will be received than is needed for three hours each day, at which point the motor will run at full speed.

– An adequate amount of power will drive the motor at reduced speed for approximately four hours each day.

– Limitations of this model:• The calculations are an

underestimation (worst expected conditions).

– Assumptions:• Use 15% panel efficiency (data from

BP solar).• Panel Area = 1.23 m2

• Power needed = 187 Watts

Solar Insolation Throughout the Year

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

1 15 29 43 57 71 85 99 113 127 141 155 169 183 197 211 225 239 253 267 281 295 309 323 337 351 365

Days (1= 1/01/06)

Daily Average Sunlight (W/m 2̂)

Figure 1.1

Figure 1.2

System Losses

• Peak temperature Burkina Faso: 90° F = 32.2° C

• Power loss at -0.5% / °C (worst case) = -16.1%

• Would occur during peak time of the day when solar insolation is highest.

• Panels will be raised to allow air-flow beneath them (recommended by manufacturer).

• Power losses through wiring

• Wire Gauge = 12 AWG

• Total wiring span = 50 ft (maximum)

• Maximum power loss through system = 4.5 Watts

• 1.8% of desired power (not a significant amount)

Not significant

Only significant in extreme cases

Solar Pump Controller– The system will use a solar pump controller to:

• Provide the required current boost to overcome static forces required to start the motor.

• Provide enough current to the motor in the morning to begin operation in low-sunlight conditions (“Current-boosting technology” using a toroid transformer). This can extend pumping time by up to two hours daily.

• Regulate voltage at 90V– Solar water pumping system is functional without controller.

• System designed with bypass switch in case of controller failure.

7 am on worst day (from previous slide) :• Motor needs 6 amps (approximation) to overcome static forces, 3 amps to continue

moving• Solar array can only provide 110 Watts at this time in day• Panels can only provide 5 amps maximum on their own

• Controller transforms power generated by panels to provide higher current at the expense of voltage• Current boost enables motor to overcome static resistance of system

P = 110 watts (Maximum power available @ 7am)• Current Needed = 6 amps (approximation of required amperage)

P = IV110 = 6*V

V = 18.3 volts

Voltage is pulled down to 18.3 volts to provide the current needed to start the motor.

*Motor has now started moving, very slowly, now only requires 3 amps to continue turning*

Power provided = P = 110 wattsCurrent needed = I = 3 amps

P=IV110 = 3*VV = 36.6 volts

*Motor is now running at 36.6 volts and 3 amps, at a faster speed*

• Without the pump controller the motor would not be able to overcome the static forces until much later in the day

– Current boost not necessary in dynamic steady state

Solar Pump ControllerDaily cycle:

Solar Panel Mounting System• Theft Proof Mounting System

– Accessible for service– Inaccessible to thieves

• Main Idea– Bolt runs through 4 corners of solar panel through to the inside of tank– Nut inside of tank tightens panel down to tank– Disassembly from inside of tank only (Alarm equipped padlock on the tank

manhole)

• Accessory components– Aluminum pipe sections act as risers to hold panels above tank

• Air flow under panels increases efficiency (per manufacturer recommendations)– PVC conduit runs through tank

• Bolt runs through conduit– Aluminum riser pipe full of cement outside PVC conduit

• Extra support against sawing– Steel angle channels enclose aluminum pipe and conduit assembly

• Extremely difficult to saw• Hides securing assembly from view completely

Mounting Continued

• Special considerations– Long bolt through panel and tank is a threaded rod.

• Could not place bolt in panel because of dimensions.• Threaded rod with a nut on each end acts like a bolt.• Special security nut connecting panel to tank breaks away to

smooth head.– After tightening, nut breaks away, turning into a bolt head.

– Outer panels actually have five feet, not four.• Tank dimensions force rearranging outside corner leg supports to

be on the tank.• These legs are not critical in terms of security, though they

provide additional reinforcement.

Mounting System CAD

Overview of mounting system

Close-up of protective housing and bolt assembly

• Breakaway nut

• Aluminum pipe/riser

• PVC conduit

• Threaded rod

Mounting System CAD

Protective steel shields from inside of panel

• Steel angle channels

• Solar panel frame

Mounting System CAD

Low perspective view of solar panel, 50 mm between panel frame and tank surface

Mounting System CAD

Item Units Needed Cost per Unit CostWeight

(lb)Mounting System

Steel Angle (ft) 10 $ 1.78 $ 17.80 16.41/4" Threaded Rod (ft) 9 $ 0.50 $ 4.50 0.9Breakaway Nuts (25 pack) 1 $ 26.00 $ 26.00 0.11/4" Nuts (100 pack) 1 $ 5.00 $ 5.00 0.21" Washers (100 pack) 1 $ 3.00 $ 3.00 0.13/8" PVC pipe (ft) 7 $ 1.00 $ 7.00 4.21" Aluminum pipe (ft) 2.4 $ 2.00 $ 4.80 1.15Sealant Foam (can) 1 $ 10.00 $ 10.00 0.5Panel templates 3 Free $ - 15

Electrical ComponentsPump Controller 1 $ 460.00 $ 460.00 7.212 AWG wire (ft) 25 $ 0.40 $ 10.00 5Solar Panels 3 Free $ - 99.3

Total Cost (per system): $ 548.10 Total Cost (2 systems) : $ 1,096.20

Total Weight (per system): 150.05 lbs

Total Weight (2 system): 300.1 lbs

Solar Sub-System Budget

Motor Sub-System

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Objectives:

• The motor will provide adequate torque to spin the existing pump at ~60 rpm as long as there is adequate power from the solar array.

• The belt system will be simply designed and easily replaceable in country for low cost.

• The belt system sprag clutch (freewheel) will allow the community to pump with the flywheel without disconnecting the motor assembly.

• The motor system placement will be non-obtrusive.

Existing Pump Design

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Preliminary Design 1:

Direct Drive (Front Mount)

• Advantages– Simple mounting design

– Does not obstruct pump outlet pipe

• Discounted Because:– Unreasonable precision

necessary to keep motor shaft and pump shaft in alignment

– System would have to be disassembled to pump manually (invites damage, proper reassembly is unlikely)

– Accidental damage could cause misalignment and jeopardize the entire system

Preliminary Design 2:

Direct Drive (Rear Mount)

• Advantages– Does not engage flywheel

(leaves room for manual pumping)

– Eliminates slippage concern present with belts

• Discounted Because:– Unreasonable precision

necessary to keep motor shaft and pump shaft in alignment

– Support structure would obstruct pump outlet pipe

– Accidental damage could cause misalignment and jeopardize the entire system

Preliminary Design 3:Drive Wheel – Pump Wheel Spur Assembly

• Advantages– Relatively unobtrusive

– Eliminates alignment concerns present in direct drive systems

• Discounted Because:– Irregular eccentricity of the

flywheel means that the distance between the ground and the bottom of the wheel varies by ~3cm. This will cause any assembly attached to the wheel’s rim to oscillate considerably, placing undue stress on the system. Motor/Drive Wheel

Preliminary Design 3:

Belt Drive (Along Rim of Wheel)

• Advantages– Does not obstruct pump wheel

or outlet pipe

– Similar methods have been used frequently and with success

• Discounted Because:– Large area assumed by the

belt makes the system obtrusive

– Flat belts will walk off the pump wheel

– Safety concerns (fingers can get sucked between the belt and the flywheel

Motor Assembly

General Description

• Belt Drive Concept

• Two v-belt pulleys: One on the pump shaft, one on the motor shaft

• Motor is mounted on a sled that slides along a pair of parallel 80/20 rails; secured using set screws

• Sprag clutch (freewheel) connects motor to drive pulley

Power Requirement Calculations

lbsftmNmN

mNmkg

N

m

kg

mft

ft

in

minrAh

M

P

WPM

223028325

:yields torquesresulting all Summing

3125.0101000

)/28.3

7(*)0254.075.0((

long meters 0.125 is that throwa with pipediamter 1.5" a through 7ft. lift water torequired Torque

Nxm 25

:is pump turn the torequired Torque Measured

: waterofcolumn alift and pump turn the torequired is that gearbox to theofoutput torque theEquate

32

W

83.6428

1815.21 be willRPMgearbox theTherefore,

lbsft 0.82at 1815.21 is RPMoutput motor thecurve, eperformanc the toAccording

.efficiencygearbox assumed theis 96% Where82.096.0*28

1*22

1

221

2211

lbsft

According to a performance sheet provided by Grainger, the gear ratio of the 6Z416 is 28:1. Therefore the motor output torque, motor RPM and gearbox RPM can be calculated as follows:

At this performance level, the manufacturer’s charts indicate that the motor will draw 2.54 amps (or 230 watts).

Belt Slip Calculations

mNmN

NeT

Nm

kg

in

minrmT

TTTeT

eTT

TT

rTT

C

CC

C

C

F

282.76)0254.0*3(2501250

1250015.0)015.0250(

015.0)2*)0254.0*3)((129.0

)(2

*0254.0

6()(

)(

*512.01

2

2sin

1

sin

2

1

21

To ensure that the belt will not slip when tensioned to 500 Newtons (250 Newtons on each half), the following calculations can be made.

With the considered tension, the belt will be able to handle more than twice the torque load we require

Expected Performance Summary

• Based on the Grainger performance curve for the 6Z416 motor, the motor is expected to perform as follows:

Torque (ft-lbs) 22

RPM 65

Power (Mech, HP) 0.27

Current (Amps) 2.4

Power (Elec, Watts) 230 http://www.grainger.com/Grainger/items/6Z416

Design of the Motor Assembly Concerning:

Community Interaction:– Mounting is unobtrusive (blocks neither the flywheel nor the outlet pipe)– Disassembly is not required to turn the pump manually (function of the sprag

clutch)– Belt is replaceable in country– Belt and pulleys can be enclosed to prevent injury– Requires little maintenance

Sustainability:– Motor will power pump at 60rpm

• This is the approximate manual pump rate

• Places no extraneous stresses on the pump

– Use of nonferrous metals will forestall rust

– Parts are replaceable in country

System Maintenance

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• Historically poor maintenance of bearings and pump components on existing system.• The planned system will require minimal maintenance.• Condition of the project is that community must train workers for scheduled, preventative maintenance, and reactive maintenance, such as replacing v-belt.

Motor Installation

– Press the mounting sheet against the concrete stand so that the bottom edge is as close to parallel with the ground as possible.

– Using one of the holes in the mounting sheet as a stencil, drill the first hole into the concrete and secure the mounting sheet to the concrete with a bolt and anchor (so that the mounting sheet is now fixed to the stand at that point). At this point, the mounting sheet may be pivoted around the bolt to reassume a vertical position.

– Follow the same procedure as stated in step 2 for the next 3 holes, beginning with the hole diagonal to the first.

• Mount the 80/20 rails on the mounting sheet using screws and the holes drilled in step 1.

• Drill 4 holes in the motor sled (2) corresponding to those in the motor and 4 holes for mounting the L-brackets (3).

• Mount the motor and L-brackets onto the sled.

Installation Instructions:

Please note that numbers in parenthesis refer to the labels on the figure to the right.• Drill screw holes through the 80/20 (4) rails and corresponding holes in the mounting sheet so that the rails will be mounted parallel in a vertical fashion.• Drill 4 bolt holes (3/8”) in the four corners of the mounting sheet.• Drill 4 bolt holes in the concrete flywheel stand corresponding to those in the mounting sheet (5).

• Unbolt and remove the pump flywheel from the pump shaft.• Slide one pulley (8) over the pump shaft and secure with a set screw.• Attach the sprag clutch to the motor shaft and bolt the second pulley (6) to the clutch.• Place bolts loosely in the L-brackets so that the bolt head is facing inward.• Slide the motor sled into the rails, so that the bolt heads run through the channels in the 80/20.• With the motor at the top of the rails, fit the belt (7) over the pulleys.• Push the motor down to tension the belt and tighten nuts over the bolts so that the sled is secure.• Reassemble the flywheel.

Motor Installation

1 2 3

4 5 6 7

Motor Sub-system Budget

ItemUnits

NeededWeight Per Unit (lbs) Weight (lbs) Cost Per Unit Cost

Dayton 6z416 1/2HP 90V DC Motor 2 33.85 67.7 $663.00 $1,326.00 80/20 45-4545 Rail (4 meter bar) 1 20.3 20.3 $80.00 $80.00 3/8"x12"x24" Steel Sheet 1 5.1 5.1 $58.82 $58.82 3/8"x24"x24" Aluminum Sheet 1 7.056 7.056 $192.44 $192.44 6245K54 V-Belt Pulley (Zinc Diecast) 2 2 4 $10.53 $21.06 6186K146 V-Belt 48" 2 1 2 $7.45 $14.90 Renold SB6 Sprag Clutch 2 3 6 $100.00 $200.00 Steel L-Brackets (2") 1 0.5 0.5 $10.00 $10.00 80/20 Screw Set 1 0.5 0.5 $10.00 $10.00

Total Cost: $1913.22

Total Weight: 113.156

Tank Sub-System

Objectives:

• To create a tank capable of holding enough water to provide 100 people with daily water needs and enough water for daily irrigation of agricultural gardens

• To manage over-flow so water is not wasted

• To reduce amount of time spent in line to draw water

Basic Design Concepts

• Ferrocement design– Concrete mixture reinforced by rebar

• Outlet pipe to 4 spigots for increased access to water

• Purge pipe (in case tank must be emptied)

• Overflow pipe (to deal with excess water)

• Inlet pipe (from pump)

Overall System Dimensions & Layout

Tank

Existing Soak Pit

Existing Trough

Pump

To Tank Soak Pit

Spigot stand

Pump Foundation

Existing Spillway

Tank Sizing Calculations

• Maximum observed flowrate on existing pump was 27 L/min

• About to pump for the full time equivalent (FTE) of 5.5 hours a day

• Total water pumped (TWP) is 9,167 L

• This allows for water usage of 150 people and up to 600 m2 of garden area

• Personal water usage may increase, decreasing water available for gardening

2

2

1

*

*5.5

5.5m

kW

mday

hrskW

dayhrs

hrL hrL min

min 60*5.5*279167

daypersonL

dayL people *20*1503000

hectareL

LLm 510300090002600

Rebar Spacing Calculations

y

orSafetyFactXSectionA

rebarA

*max

Circumferential SpacingAxial Spacing

• Max stress: 430 kPa

• Cross Section Area: 3.485*10-4m2

• Safety Factor: 10

• Rebar size: 6mm

• σy=250 MPa

• N>13

• Spacing: 15 cm

• Max stress: 400 kPa

• Cross Section Area: 1.203*10-3m2

• Safety Factor: 10

• Rebar size: 6mm

• σy=250 MPa

• N~43

• Spacing: 20cm

22 )( rebarD

rebarArebarN

Obtaining Minimum Flow rates

• Minimum flow rate is 12L/min (what they pump by hand already)

• A given geometry will dictate required head for minimum head

• Decision to use 1.5” NPT or metric equivalent to minimize losses

• 9” of head is required to provide minimum flow rate

• A full tank (~2.25m) provides 38L/min to 4 spigots

)*(**2

2

dL

lossesgV fKH

Where “Klosses” is the loss factors for all components in the line. “f” is the Darcy friction factor. “L” is the piping length. “d” is the pipe diameter. “V” is the water velocity. “g” is the acceleration of gravity.

Summary of Leach Field

• The Leach field (soak pit) is a trench filled with gravel and lined with newspaper.

• The purpose is to allow water to soak easily and relatively quickly into the ground back to the water table.

• Both the purge pipe and overflow pipe will lead to the Leach field.

• It will be located about 10 meters away from the system to prevent erosion.

A clean out pipe will empty the tank into a leach field

Purge TrenchInlet and outlet pipes

Leach Field Design

4 Spigots

Purge pipe

Overflow pipe

Inflow pipe

Center support column

Outflow pipe

Pipe Configuration

Tank Overview

•Splash Pad

(To prevent erosion)

•Base of tank

Dimensions

Spigot Details

Nipple

ValveValve

1½" Tee Outtake PipeView

Structural Integrity of the TankMechanical Failures1. Foundation Cracking

– Load testing for the foundation is being conducted through simulations and results show that it can support the predicted weight with a factor of safety of 10 (tank and water).

2. Undermining of the Foundation by Runoff– Gravel bed below the tank will allow for water to flow away from the tank without

accumulating underneath it or dragging large amounts of soil away in the process. Gravel surrounding the foundation (and even with the ground) will prevent erosion around the tank. A concrete lip on the outer edge of the foundation (extending to a deeper depth than the rest of the foundation) will further prevent water from flowing underneath the tank.

3. Rebar Corrosion– Corrosion of the rebar is primarily affected by the diameter of the rebar. Using a smaller-

sized rebar (~6.0mm) will mitigate this problem and increasing the number of rebar rods in the walls will preserve their strength.

4. Water Pressure Breaking Walls– Load testing for the walls is being conducted through simulations and results show that it

can support several orders of magnitude more weight (water) than will be present.

Mechanical Failures Continued5. Pipes Clog

– It is known that the water in the region is quite hard (high mineral content). The length of piping will be minimized and the diameter of the piping will be made as large as feasible to mitigate the chances of clogs and mineral deposit accumulation. The pipes will be designed to remain either wet or dry all the time, so as to minimize deposits. The tap-stand pipe will also be elevated above any silt-levels. The overflow pipe will contain mosquito-netting to prevent contamination.

6. Cracking Around Water Pipes (swelling, people knocking the pipes & temperature changes)

– In all feasible situations, pipes will be buried or internalized to avoid mishandling (between the pump and tank, drainage from the tank, spigots for water use) and any pipes extending out of the tank (spigots) will be reinforced and made short enough to prevent damage to the tank should they be hit. Temperatures remain well above freezing for virtually the entire year so no additional insulation is necessary to prevent pipes from cracking or breaking.

7. Roof Cave-in– Load testing for the roof is being conducted through simulations to locate areas of large

stress/strain and to determine if it will be able to support its own weight. To reinforce the roof the presence of a central support column (PVC pipe filled with concrete) should be able to help distribute the weight of the tank between the walls and the center. Structual analysis is provided in following slides

8. People Cannot Access the Inside for Maintenance– A hatch will be integrated into the roof of the tank to allow for access when cleaning and

repairs are necessary. The hatch will be secured with a lock to prevent children from accessing it. Diameter of the manhole is 2 feet

Ansys Structural and Buckling Analysis

Displacement

Max. 9.6E-5 m

Buckling Mode

Factor of Safety: 6653

Hoop Stress

Max. 312 kPa

Axial Stress

Max. 540 kPa

Ansys Analysis Explained

• Axisymmetric 2D non-reinforced concrete analysis• Load

• gravitational acceleration• hydrostatic water pressure• 300lbs on roof center

• Structural Analysis resultsMaximum stresses calculated

• Max Axial stress occurs at wall-foundation joint. Will strengthen• Majority of structure exposed to stress of ~300 kPa

• Buckling Analysis• Factor of Safety is increased by roughly 3x by adding 2” central

concrete column• Roof buckles before walls buckle

Tank Module CostsUnits NeededCost per Unit Cost

Tank I temsCement (bags) 40 $10.25 $410.00Sand (ft^3) 62 $2.37 $146.94Gravel (ft^3) 62 $2.37 $146.94Rebar (6m) 95 $3.18 $302.10Chicken Wire (3'X25') 4 $15.02 $60.08Lumber (2X4, ft) 74 $0.50 $36.78Roofing Nails (1.5") 1 $6.24 $6.24

PVC Piping4" Straight (1.5") 3 $0.29 $0.876" Straight (1.5") 1 $0.44 $0.44

12" Straight (1.5") 4 $0.88 $3.527' Straight (1.5") 2 $6.16 $12.329' Straight (4") 1 $23.94 $23.94

10' Straight (1.5") 4 $8.80 $35.2090 Degree Bend 5 $1.19 $5.95

Galvanized Steel Piping12" Straight (1.5") 2 $4.46 $8.9218" Straight (1.5") 1 $6.69 $6.69

Tee 3 $12.25 $36.75Valves 4 $18.55 $74.20Nipples 4 $4.04 $16.16

Male/Female 2 $5.00 $10.0045 Degree Bend 2 $10.13 $20.26

Total Cost: $1,364.30

I tem Cost per Unit Cost

Total Cost: $1,364.30

Community Ownership and Labor• Describe the help that community will be providing.

– The community will coordinate movement of materials to the site prior to the team’s arrival. – Five community members that will later use the system have been recruited to assist with labor. The

community will pay them. Implementation of the Phase I project experienced overwhelming community participation and assistance, even when not formally requested.

• Explain who will own the project once it’s completed.– The wells are viewed as communal property of the community, and the retrofit system will also belong

to the community. Members using the water will continue to pay for its use, and this money will be administered by an existing committee to ensure proper maintenance of the system, as well as for other community projects.

• Explain who will be overseeing maintenance once the team leaves and how repairs will be paid for.

– The existing community committee that oversees usage fees and maintenance of the well will continue to take care of the system.

• What education will be provided to the community?– The Five community members that have been recruited to help build the project will be trained how to

do routine preventative maintenance. A manual (with pictures) will also be given to these community members to illustrate reactive maintenance, as necessary.

– This project aims to facilitate gardening at select pumping sites, such as to set an example for other pump sites at the region – spreading the practice of gardening in the dry season to prevent famine.

59

Water TableShort-term impacts of water withdraw: Mou Bormetew

60

Well draw-down at three stages of water pumping

Pump site: Mou Bormetew

Current Flow rate: 20 liters/ minuteCurrent Daily water withdraw: ~3000 liters/day (estimate)

Planned Flow rate from retrofitted pump: 20 liters/ minutePlanned Daily water withdraw: 9600 liters/ day

Pump Capabilities (see Figure A)Flow rate (m^3/hour)

Stage 1 0.72Stage 2 6.29Stage 3 12.22

61

Water TableShort-term impacts of water withdraw: Nakar

Well draw-down at three stages of water pumping

Pump Site: Nakaar

Current Flow rate: 20 liters/ minuteCurrent Daily water withdraw: 3000 liters/ day (estimate)

Planned Flow rate from retrofitted pump: 20 liters/ minutePlanned Daily water withdraw: 9600 liters/ day

Pump Capabilities (see Figure A)Flow rate (m^3/hour)

Stage 1 0.75Stage 2 3.6Stage 3 5.14

Water TableLong-term sustainability of water withdraw

62

• Local water table has been stable, despite rapid growth of groundwater pumps in the region.

• The national government has plans for implementing 30,000 acres of additional irrigated land area by 2015, largely from groundwater sources.

• The water recharge rate is stable at withdraw rates four times greater than the rate imposed by the proposed system.

Well draw-down is stable at withdraw rates exceeding those of the proposed system.

Team Logistics

63

Travel and Accommodations- both the assessment trip for this project and phase 1 team have stayed in these locations, and used this bus system, with great success.

Arrival at Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso Airport

Lodging in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso, upon arrival (Day 1):Centre D’Accueil Notre Dame de LoreteDes Freres de la Sainte Famille01 BP 3512 Ouagadougou 01tel : (00226) 50 30 52 76fax : 50 30 52 77email : loreto@fasonet.bf

Bus to Dissin, with transfer in Djikologo, Burkina Faso.

Lodging in Dissin, Burkina Faso (Days 3-19):Paroisse de DissinBP 35, Diocèse de DiébougouBurkina Faso

Return to Ouagadougou via Bus. Flight home (Day 20).

Safety & Emergency Plan - I

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Travel Safety Information:• Safety PlanTeam members will never travel alone. Ideally, sub-teams of four members will travel together at all times. Some team members will also be able to use their cell phones in case of extreme emergency. A two-way radio will be given to each group so they can communicate with other groups. In case groups get separated or if there is an emergency, a central , accessible meeting location will be chosen every morning.

• Emergency Plan & Exit StrategyDescribe the evacuation plan for medical emergencies, weather or political unrest.

In the case of individual medical emergencies, each team member will be able to use his or her emergency evacuation insurance (which will be purchased before traveling) to reach the nearest adequate medical facility. If evacuation is not possible, team members will be able to access the medical facilities at the capital (Ouagadougou), which is about a 5-hour drive away. For immediate medical attention, the medical facilities at Dissin would be within an hour’s reach of any of the villages, and is minutes walking distance from the town center. There are also adequate medical facilities in Dano that are between those of Dissin and Ouagadougou in terms of location. Team members are already familiar with the exact location of the Dissin and Dano medical centers.

Evacuation insurance also could be used in case of weather, political unrest, or other emergencies that could arise. In such instances where the safety of the entire team could be compromised, the team will coordinate via cell phone or two-way radio, meet in Dissin, and immediately drive to the safest airport (likely either in Bobo-Dioulasso or Ouagadougou) from which they could leave the country.

• Determine whether there are any State Department Warnings for this country.There are no State Department Warnings for Burkina Faso.

• Determine whether there are any other safety concerns for traveling at this timeChances of contracting meningitis fever are highest during the drier part of the year, from January to June. The rainy season begins in in

May, at which point Malaria becomes a major concern. Preventative medications will be taken by each travel member, and the community clinic has capabilities of testing for, and treating Malaria. Each traveling member will be asked to receive vaccinations against Yellow Fever, Typhoid, Meningitis, and Hepatitis A.

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•On-the ground Contact Phone # for the travel team:In Ouagadougou: Mr. Louis Ouedraogo (NGO contact), 011 (226) 70 41 73 53 / 011 (226) 76 60 84 32 / 011 (226) 50 44 21 85, rim.oued@yahoo.frIn Ouagadougou: Mr. Dieudonne Hien (consultant), 011 (226) 70 72 98 66, dbn@fasonet.bfIn Dissin: L’ abbe Thomas d’ Aquin Hien (Priest of Dissin): 011 (226) 78 88 68 86 / 011 (226) 78 89 68 96 / 011 (226) 20 90 91 12

•Nearest US Consulate Contact info:US Embassy, 602 Avenue Raoul Follereau, Koulouba, Secteur 4, Ouagadougou. During business hours: (226) 50-30-67-23, after hours: (226) 50-31-26-60 or (226) 50-31-27-07

•Nearest Hospital Contact Info:The town of Dissin has a medical hospital, and although it may not be US State Department approved, they take care of most medical needs of the area. The clinic is walk-in only.The Peace Corps uses a clinic in Bobo-Diloulasso in southwest Burkina Faso approximately 2.5 hours away by car. It is called St. Leopold and although several doctors there have varying specialties, the Peace Corps mostly uses Dr. Yameogo, who practices internal medicine. The phone number from within Burkina Faso is 20-97-09-99. The capital, Ouagadougou, 5 hours away by car, has the most extensive medical facilities. One is a the Centre Medical-Social, which is a French Embassy Clinic. The number is 50-30-66-07. It is located at Rue Nazi Boni, Ouagadougou.

Project Safety•Please refer to the Army Corps of Engineers Health and Safety Manual for any topics that are relevant to your trip.General guidelines for Electrical Work found at: http://www.cdc.gov/eLCOSH/docs/d0100/d000100/pdfs/SECTION11-V2-final.pdf

•Discuss what Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) you will need.When working with live electrical circuits, we will need to use insulating (e.g. rubber) gloves. Also, safety goggles will be required for any heavy drilling or sawing.

•Discuss what dangerous and risky situations are possible during your trip and how you will be ensuring everyone’s safety. Proper dress and precaution must be taken for the heat and construction safety. One major concern will be malaria from mosquitoes, and students could get bacterial or protozoal diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever from the local water or food. Other major infectious diseases include schistosomiasis and meningococcal meningitis. All members traveling must get immunizations and be cautious of what is eaten within the community.

Safety & Emergency Plan - II

Project Team

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Name Role Year/ Academic Major E-mail Traveling

Hannam, Phil Student Project Leader Junior/Mech. Eng phil.hannam@gmail.com YesLovell, Dave, Ph.D, PE Faculty Advisor Professor - Civil Engineering lovell@umd.edu YesZimmermann, Johann, PE Principal Professional Advisor Engineering Contractor/ consultant zimmermannjohann@verizon.net YesSeremet, Chris, PE Professional Advisor Engineer - Catholic Relief Services cseremet@crs.org No

Abbot, Michele Logistics Sophomore/ Int. Business mabbott@umd.eduAbrams, Ellen Tank Sophomore/ Mech. Eng eabrams@umd.eduBakalar, Matt Solar Leader Junior/ Electrical eng matbak87@umd.eduCanfield, Kelly Logistics Freshman/ Civil Eng. Kcan@umd.eduCrawford, Christina Motor Sophomore/ Envir. ccrawfo3@umd.eduDavis, Joshua Motor Sophomore/ Mech. Eng jdavis18@umd.eduDementyer, Artem Solar Junior/Bio. Eng. adementy@umd.eduDevan, Michael Tank Freshman/ Undecided Eng. mdevan@umd.eduFine, Noam Solar Freshman/ ECE noamjfine@gmail.comFleck, Greg Freshman/ Civil Eng. gfleck@umd.eduHadley, Marcus Tank Sophmore/Chem. Eng mahadley@umd.eduHolian, Jill Motor Sophomore/ Civil jholian@umd.eduJacobus, Headley Tank Leader Grad/Mech. Eng jacobush@umd.eduJi, Helen Freshman/ Undecided Eng. hji@umd.eduKusnick, Josh Solar Sophmore/Mech. Eng jkusnick@umd.eduLederer, Anne Motor Freshman/ Undecided Eng. alederer@umd.eduNguyen, Bao Tank Freshman/ BioE baonguyen89@umd.eduNguyen, Khiem Solar Sophomore/ Civil Eng. khnguyen@umd.eduNguyen, Vince Solar Grad/Mech. Eng vince1@umd.eduPeters, Mark TankRebois, Dylan Motor Leader Freshman/ Mech. Eng drebois@umd.eduSavard-McNicoll, Lea Logistics Leader Freshman/ Math & Econ leasmc@gmail.comSchaler, Ethan Tank Freshman/ Mech. Eng eschaler@umd.eduShapiro, Aaron Motor Freshman/ Biology ashapiro@umd.eduSmith, Kevin Tank Sophmore/Civil Eng. Ksmith6@umd.eduSome, Thierry Logistics Grad/Mech. Eng tsome@umd.eduSoukup, Peter Solar Grad/MSEE peter.soukup@gmail.comSun, Ann Motor Freshman/Mech. Eng ysun@umd.eduVilarino, Martin Tank Freshman/ BioE Tangovila@gmail.com

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Total Project BudgetItem Specifications (used in estimate) Part # Qty /

SystemQty /Overall

Price /Unit

Price /System

Price /Overall

With Donations

Photovoltaic module 160 W (nominal rating) 4 8 $650.00 $2,600.00 $5,200.00 -$ DC Pump Controller Sun Pumps PCB 90BT-M1 (Brush Type) 1 2 $460.00 $460.00 $920.00 920.00$ Mounting structure steel angle, rods, nuts, washers, pipes, 1 2 $80.00 $80.00 $160.00 160.00$

Electric Gear Motor Dayton 6z416 1/2HP 90V DC Motor 1 2 $650.00 $650.00 $1,300.00 1,300.00$ Belt drive, Pulleys v-belt, gears, pulleys 1 2 $18.00 $18.00 $36.00 36.00$ Motor Mount Hardware rails, cover, sprag clutch, brackets, steel sheet 1 2 $450.00 $450.00 $900.00 900.00$

Tank rebar 9 m^3 tank, rebar, chicken wire 1 2 $370.00 $370.00 $740.00 740.00$ Cement and mortar 9 m^3 tank, concret, sand, gravel 1 2 $750.00 $750.00 $1,500.00 1,500.00$ Harware pipes, faucets, valves 1 2 $260.00 $260.00 $520.00 520.00$

Piping 1 2 $50.00 $50.00 $100.00 100.00$

containers 1 2 $10.00 $10.00 $20.00 20.00$

Components Subtotal: $5,698 $11,396 $6,196(w/ 30% margin): $7,407 $14,815 $8,055

Shipping RouteSolar Modules, Motors:660 kg, 1.6m x 1.6m x 0.7m (LxWxH)+pallet NYC > OUA $1,500Solar Modules, Motors:660 kg, 1.6m x 1.6m x 0.7m (LxWxH)+pallet UMD > NYC $500"Handling and tax" in Ouaga $500

Shipping Subtotal (2 systems): $2,000(w/ 30% margin): $2,600

Miscellaneous Travellers / Person Overall

High Cost - Airfare (9 students, 2 prof) BWI > OUA 11 $2,600 $28,600Low Cost - Airfare (9 students, 2 prof) BWI > OUA 11 1,500.00$ $16,500High Cost - Airfare (7 students, 2 prof) BWI > OUA 9 $2,600 $23,400Low Cost - Airfare (7 students, 2 prof) BWI > OUA 9 1,500.00$ $13,500

Scenario:Best estimate

1. Low ticket cost with panel donations (preferred) 24,696.00$

2. High ticket cost with panel donations 36,796.00$

Ele

ctric

alM

otor

Tank

Irrig

atio

n

11 T

rave

ller

s Total CostWith 30% margin

$27,155

$39,255