1 by mabasa temba hawadi director, zimbabwe geological survey ministry of mines and mining...

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BY

Mabasa Temba HAWADIDIRECTOR, ZIMBABWE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

MINISTRY OF MINES AND MINING DEVELOPMENT

ZIMBABWE

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1. INTRODUCTION

2. EXPLORATION

CONTENTS

4. CONCLUSION

3. LICENSING

6th ZIMBABWE MINING & INFRASTRUCTURE INDABA 2014: STATUS OF HYDROCARBON EXPLORATION IN ZIMBABWE

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1. INTRODUCTION


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1. INTRODUCTION

Location of ZIMBABWE


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1. INTRODUCTION

COUNTRY PROFILETOTAL AREA 390 757 Square KilometersLAND SIZE 386 670 Square kilometers

WATER AREA 4 087 Square Kilometers

CAPITAL CITY HARARE

MAJOR LANGUAGES English, Shona, Ndebele [16 Official languages]

CURRENCY Multicurrency System

CLIMATE Subtropical Climate. Rain season from November to March

POPULATION 13 Million


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1. INTRODUCTION

ECONOMYZimbabwe is well endowed with significant quantities of

• MINERAL

• AGRICULTURAL and

• HUMAN resources.

MINING IS A LEADER IN THE ECONOMIC DRIVERS THAT INCLUDE AGRICULTURE AND MANUFACTURING .


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1. INTRODUCTION

Zimbabwe has a long history of mineral exploration and mining The Geological environment spanning more than 3000 Ma is highly conducive to mineral occurrence There are more than 60 different minerals of which about 40 have been mined at one time or another Colonization by Europeans in 1890 was a direct result of perceived mineral riches Full mineral potential has not yet been fully realized


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2. EXPLORATION

INDEX of detailedgeological mapping

About 60 - 65%of the countryhas been mappedin detail.

Each block has a1:100 000 map &a descriptive textcalled Bulletin or Short Report all available at the Geological Survey Department

index of mapping


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2. EXPLORATION


GEOLOGICAL MAPPING

1 : 100 000 map

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2. EXPLORATION


GEOPHYSICAL MAPPING

• Gravity

that shows rock density contrastsGround stations from 1 per km2 to one per 100 km2

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2. EXPLORATION


GEOPHYSICAL MAPPING

Aero-Magnetics•At height of 300 m•Line spacing of 1 km

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2. EXPLORATION


REGIONALAEROMAG MAPPING

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2. EXPLORATION

OUTLINE OF

GEOLOGY1 : 1 000 000 map


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2. EXPLORATION


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2. EXPLORATION HYROCARBONS

a HYDROCARBON is an organic compound consisting entirely of hydrogen and carbon.[

The majority of hydrocarbons found on earth naturally occur in crude oil, where decomposed organic matter provides an abundance of carbon and hydrogen

Hydrocarbons are a primary energy source for current civilizations. The predominant use of hydrocarbons is as a combustible fuel source. In their solid form, hydrocarbons take the form of asphalt (bitumen)


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrocarbon

2. EXPLORATION CRUDE OIL

A barrel of oil contains 42 gallons. © Department of Energy


http://energy.gov/articles/hows-and-whys-replacing-whole-barrel

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2. EXPLORATION

All known hydrocarbon occurrences in the world occur in sedimentary basins younger than 300 million years. There are three sedimentary basins younger than this age in Zimbabwe. These are the: Karoo (150-300 million years), Cretaceous basins (50-140 million years), Kalahari basin (4-50 million years).

The Karoo and the Cretaceous basins have received much interest in respect of potential for hydrocarbons at different stages in the history of this country.


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2. EXPLORATION

The oil we drill today began forming hundreds of millions of years ago. Source: NASA


http://climatekids.nasa.gov/review/carbon/

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2. EXPLORATION

There is everlasting need of energy demand in the light of prosperity and industrialism.

The oil and gas follows a Petroleum System wherethe oil is generated from organic matter, migrates to the structure where is trapped inside a reservoir.


http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-UYj0CrwUciw/U9uhKHFGegI/AAAAAAAALyg/LBAP1nuVyUQ/s1600/Picture1.png

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2. EXPLORATION

Areas thought to contain hydrocarbons are initially subjected to a gravity survey, magnetic survey, seismic reflection surveys to detect large-scale features of the sub-surface geology


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2. EXPLORATION


http://archives.aapg.org/slide_resources/schroeder/5/images/Slide03.jpg

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2. EXPLORATION

SAVE-LIMPOPO BASINSFollowing the late 1940s publication of a Geological Survey Bulletin describing some coalfields in the southern part of the country, several companies acquired Exclusive Prospecting Orders (EPOs) to carry out exploration for the coal. EPOs 25, 30, 50, 112, 228, 393 and 492 gave exploration companies the rights to explore for hydrocarbons in addition to coal in the Save-Limpopo basin. However no reports of oil and gas encounters were reported although there were several drill holes sunk to explore for coal.


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2. MINERAL RESOURCES

PROJECT X, GONAREZHOU NATIONAL PARKFollowing the imposition of economic sanctions on the Rhodesian government by the United Nations, the government embarked on a secret oil exploration programme code named Project X in the Cretaceous sediments of the Gonarezhou National Park from 1967 to 1971. The Geological Survey was tasked to carry out the surveys. Five hundred samples were collected for biochemical analysis, which purportedly indicated the presence of hydrocarbon micro-seeps in six areas. Of the six suspected seepages, one was considered to be positive. Following this, gravity, radiometric and seismic surveys were conducted. The seismic surveys indicated that the basin was neither folded nor faulted, which precluded the possibility of oil traps. However the seismic profiles indicated an undefined rock formation at the bottom of the Cretaceous basin. Drilling was recommended. A 1 100m hole was drilled to below the Cretaceous. Information from the drill hole was destroyed, although data available indicates that the results were considered insufficiently encouraging, and the project was abandoned.


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2. EXPLORATION

BENDEZI FOREST PROSPECTThe Bendezi Forest area in Nyamandlovu was investigated for hydrocarbons following prognostications by a Mr. A. Hill. A drilling site was selected where presence of oil beneath the ground was forecast. An area of 2 500 ha was reserved under S.G. 555 in 1974 for the purpose of prospecting for hydrocarbons. Despite advice on the unlikelihood of oil being found in the area, at least in economic quantities, the company commenced drilling in 1975. No oil was discovered.


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2. EXPLORATION

ZAMBEZI VALLEY MOBIL EXPLORATION

After realization that the thickness of the Zambezi basin could be attractive for hydrocarbon occurrences, Mobil Exploration acquired a licence over an area of 30 120 km2 to explore for hydrocarbons from 1989 to 1993.

The work included aeromagnetic, gravity and seismic surveys combined with field geology and extensive laboratory work


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2. EXPLORATION


SPECIAL GRANT 1100

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2. EXPLORATION


• AEROMAGNETIC SURVEY BY KENTING

• REGIONAL GRAVITY SURVEY (1 099 STATIONS)

• SEISMIC RECONNAISSANCE SURVEYS – 1 427.15 LINE KM

• GEOLOGICAL FIELD DATA

• TECTONIC AND STRATIGRAPHIC LANDSAT INTERPRETATION

• LABORATORY INVESTIGATIONS

MOBIL WORK GENERATED A WEALTH OF INFORMATION FROM:

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2. EXPLORATION


Evaluating the data, Mobil concluded that the region could be characterised as high-risk, gas prone. The company sought to extend its licence to enable test drilling, but attempted without success to attract partners for sharing the risk. Mobil Exploration relinquished the licence without conducting any drilling.

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2. EXPLORATION


The Ministry of Mines sought the assistance of a specialist on hydrocarbons to advise on the significance of the Mobil exploration data. The expert who was seconded by the Germany Geological Survey (BGR) analysed Mobil data and carried out extensive field surveys including geochemical sampling of potential source rocks and interpretations. The expert also concluded that the region is high risk gas prone.

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2. EXPLORATION


Within the surveyed area, the eastern part of the Zambezi basin was considered to have the highest potential. The basin reaches a thickness of 10.6 km in the Cabora Bassa Basin.

The area was considered to have a capacity 226 x 109 m3 recoverable gas and 95.4 x 106 m3 recoverable condensate. In total, a conservative estimate of 614 x 109 m3 of recoverable gas was given for the whole of the Zambezi Basin.

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2. EXPLORATION


MOBIL EXPLORATION DATA

HARD COPY

DIGITAL ON TAPES

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2. EXPLORATION

Coalbed methane (CBM or coal-bed methane), coalbed gas, coal seam gas (CSG), or coal-mine methane (CMM) is a form of natural gas extracted from coal beds.


2. EXPLORATIONCOAL BED METHANE GAS (CBM)

The term refers to methane adsorbed into the solid matrix of the coal. The presence of this gas is well known from its occurrence in underground coal mining, where it presents a serious safety risk. Coal bed methane is distinct from a typical sandstone or other conventional gas reservoir, as the methane is stored within the coal by a process called adsorption.


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2. EXPLORATION

Zimbabwe has a huge resource of untapped CBMgas in the Hwange, Lupane and Gwayi areas.

Over the years drilling and desorption tests havebeen conducted and resources that run intotrillions of cubic feet have been discovered.

The coals have proved to have good permeabilitywhich simply means that the gas is released without the need to induce it (Fracking).

COAL BED METHANE GAS (CBM)


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2. EXPLORATION


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Exploration, Development and Production of all energy minerals including Coal and CBM resources is administered under Part XX of the Mines and Minerals Act (Chapter 21:05).

The law stipulates the information to be included in an application for a special grant such as:

Financial Status of the applicant Technical Capacity to conduct exploration Work Programme The full names and directors of the company and the full

names by which those directors have at any time been known in any part of the world.

The issuing authority is the President who may refuse the application or authorize the Minister responsible for Mines to issue a special grant on such terms and conditions as he may fix.

3. LICENSING


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The rights granted under a special grant shall be personal to the grantee, who may not cede or assign any such rights to any other person unless authorized to do so by the President.

The President may, on application by a grantee, extend or reduce the area covered by his special grant or may alter the boundaries thereof.

If the grantee contravenes the terms and conditions attached to his grant, the President may cancel such grant. However, a twelve months written cancellation notice is issued before such cancellation.

3. LICENSING


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3. LICENSING


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3. LICENSING


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4. CONCLUSIONNOW IS THE RIGHT TIME TO COME AND CONDUCT HYDROCARBON EXPLORATION IN ZIMBABWE


THANK YOU

TATENDA

SIYABONGA

1 by mabasa temba hawadi director, zimbabwe geological survey ministry of mines and mining...

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zimbabwe geological

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