1 canadian geography 1202 fisheries – chapter 8. 2 fisheries (chapter 8) renewable resources:...

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Canadian Geography Canadian Geography 12021202

Fisheries – Chapter 8Fisheries – Chapter 8

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Fisheries (Chapter 8)Fisheries (Chapter 8)

Renewable resourcesRenewable resources:: Resources that are normally replaced or Resources that are normally replaced or

replenished through natural processesreplenished through natural processes E.g.: fisheries, forestry, wind energy, E.g.: fisheries, forestry, wind energy,

etc. etc.

Rose Blanche, NewfoundlandRose Blanche, Newfoundland

CodCod

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1. Introduction1. Introduction

Fish resources are a rich part of Canadian Fish resources are a rich part of Canadian history, culture and economicshistory, culture and economics

Bonavista Harbour after Cod MoratoriumBonavista Harbour after Cod Moratorium

Newfoundland Fishing CommunityNewfoundland Fishing Community

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IntroductionIntroduction

Since the 1980’s this renewable resource Since the 1980’s this renewable resource is being threatened by overfishing, is being threatened by overfishing, pollution, and effects of climate changepollution, and effects of climate change

This endangers the way of life and This endangers the way of life and economy in these small communitieseconomy in these small communities

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IntroductionIntroduction

Canada’s fisheries have led to the Canada’s fisheries have led to the development of hundreds of fishing development of hundreds of fishing communities present along the shores of communities present along the shores of the Atlantic and Pacificthe Atlantic and Pacific

Atlantic Pacific

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2. Marine Food Chain2. Marine Food Chain Food ChainFood Chain: :

A simple representation of the food A simple representation of the food relationships between various species relationships between various species within an ecosystemwithin an ecosystem

Species are arranged from the simplest Species are arranged from the simplest organism to the top carnivoresorganism to the top carnivores

Phytoplankton Zooplankton Capelin HerringPhytoplankton Zooplankton Capelin Herring Whale Whale

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Marine Food ChainMarine Food Chain

Food WebFood Web:: A complex representation of all the food A complex representation of all the food

relationships present in an ecosystemrelationships present in an ecosystem Contains a number of interconnecting Contains a number of interconnecting

food chainsfood chains

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Marine Food WebMarine Food Web An example of a marine food web:An example of a marine food web:

Can you identify a food chain from the Can you identify a food chain from the food web?food web?

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Marine Food ChainMarine Food Chain Here’s mine:Here’s mine:

SalmonSalmon

CapelinCapelin

ZooplanktonZooplankton

PhytoplanktonPhytoplankton

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Phytoplankton:Phytoplankton: A microscopic, single-celled plant A microscopic, single-celled plant

organism that is the basis of the marine organism that is the basis of the marine food chainfood chain

They live in shallow seawater and eat They live in shallow seawater and eat decayed marine lifedecayed marine life

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Phytoplankton BloomsPhytoplankton Blooms

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Phytoplankton BloomsPhytoplankton Blooms

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Zooplankton:Zooplankton: A microscopic, single-celled animal A microscopic, single-celled animal

organism that feeds on phytoplanktonorganism that feeds on phytoplankton They are a food for small fish like capelinThey are a food for small fish like capelin

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Marine Food ChainMarine Food Chain Check this out!Check this out!

Sun & MineralsSun & Minerals

Marine Life Dies Marine Life Dies & Decays& Decays

Large PredatorsLarge Predators (Seals, Killer whales)

Large FishLarge Fish(Cod, Haddock)

Small Fish & Small Fish & CrustaceansCrustaceans (Caplin, Shellfish)

PhytoplanktonPhytoplankton

ZooplanktonZooplankton

(Plant)

(Animal)

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3. Commercial Fish Habitats3. Commercial Fish Habitats

HabitatHabitat:: The environment or place in which an The environment or place in which an

organism livesorganism lives Provides optimal conditions for the Provides optimal conditions for the

survival of a speciessurvival of a species

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Commercial Fish HabitatsCommercial Fish Habitats

Continental ShelfContinental Shelf:: A landmass that is submerged under 200m A landmass that is submerged under 200m

or less of ocean wateror less of ocean water See Fig. 8.3 pg. 133See Fig. 8.3 pg. 133

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Continental ShelfContinental Shelf

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Continental ShelfContinental Shelf

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Continental ShelvesContinental Shelves

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Fishing BankFishing Bank:: The water is less than 150m deepThe water is less than 150m deep Light and heat of the sun penetrate the Light and heat of the sun penetrate the

water, which helps small sea plants water, which helps small sea plants phytoplankton and zooplankton to growphytoplankton and zooplankton to grow

Fish are attracted to these areas because Fish are attracted to these areas because food is plentiful and they are great places food is plentiful and they are great places to spawnto spawn

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Atlantic fishing banks:Atlantic fishing banks:

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Commercial Fish HabitatsCommercial Fish Habitats Trace the Atlantic fishing banks (Fig 8.4) on page 134Trace the Atlantic fishing banks (Fig 8.4) on page 134

Use 3 separate colours for:Use 3 separate colours for: Fishing banksFishing banks Continental shelfContinental shelf LandLand

Include in your map:Include in your map: A legend showing what your colours representA legend showing what your colours represent A north arrow pointing northA north arrow pointing north A title that describes what is being shownA title that describes what is being shown

Find the 370 km fishing limitFind the 370 km fishing limit

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4. Atlantic Offshore Fishery4. Atlantic Offshore Fishery

A.A. Boats Boats Travel great distances from the shore (up Travel great distances from the shore (up

to 370 km)to 370 km) Remain at sea for 2 - 3 weeks before Remain at sea for 2 - 3 weeks before

returning to home portreturning to home port They are equipped with the latest They are equipped with the latest

technologiestechnologies They are long (20 to 50 m)They are long (20 to 50 m) They have larger crewsThey have larger crews

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Atlantic Offshore FisheryAtlantic Offshore Fishery

A.A. BoatsBoats Return to large harbours near fish Return to large harbours near fish

processing plantsprocessing plants Many boats have their own fish Many boats have their own fish

processing equipment on boardprocessing equipment on board They are owned and operated by large They are owned and operated by large

companies that catch, process and companies that catch, process and market the fishmarket the fish

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B.B. 15% of fishers work in the offshore fishery15% of fishers work in the offshore fishery

C.C. Offshore fishing accounts for 90% of the Offshore fishing accounts for 90% of the total Atlantic catchtotal Atlantic catch

D.D. Offshore boats are able to withstand the Offshore boats are able to withstand the harsh ocean environment, therefore crews harsh ocean environment, therefore crews can work year-roundcan work year-round

E.E. Crews’ income is steadyCrews’ income is steady

F.F. Major species caught: cod, herring, Atlantic Major species caught: cod, herring, Atlantic salmon, scallops, lobster and crabsalmon, scallops, lobster and crab

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Advantages of Working in OffshoreAdvantages of Working in Offshore

Fishers earn a good incomeFishers earn a good income There is a steady amount of workThere is a steady amount of work Modern boats are spacious and luxurious, Modern boats are spacious and luxurious,

containing TV’s, DVD players, Computer, containing TV’s, DVD players, Computer, etc. etc.

Those onboard are able to choose a Those onboard are able to choose a specialized taskspecialized task

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Disadvantages of Working in Disadvantages of Working in OffshoreOffshore

Fishers have less independence because Fishers have less independence because they are employees – They do not own or they are employees – They do not own or operate the boats they work onoperate the boats they work on

They are away from their homes and They are away from their homes and families for long periods of timefamilies for long periods of time

They may not like working with certain They may not like working with certain crew memberscrew members

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Atlantic Offshore FisheryAtlantic Offshore FisheryG.G. Trawlers:Trawlers: They are the main type of fishing technique They are the main type of fishing technique

used in Canada's Atlantic offshore fishing used in Canada's Atlantic offshore fishing fleet fleet

Harvest traditional groundfish species such Harvest traditional groundfish species such as cod, haddock, flounder and hakeas cod, haddock, flounder and hake

Large Factory TrawlerLarge Factory Trawler

Trawler at Fort Trawler at Fort Amherst, NLAmherst, NL

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Cone-shaped nets are towed along the Cone-shaped nets are towed along the ocean bottom, allowing only the smaller fish ocean bottom, allowing only the smaller fish to escapeto escape

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Advantages of TrawlersAdvantages of Trawlers

Catches are often enormous, with up to 2 Catches are often enormous, with up to 2 hours towing the net, and yielding up to hours towing the net, and yielding up to 100 tons of fish100 tons of fish

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Disadvantages of TrawlersDisadvantages of Trawlers Bottom trawling has already extinguished as Bottom trawling has already extinguished as

many as 10,000 species worldwidemany as 10,000 species worldwide The heavy metal weights attached to nets The heavy metal weights attached to nets

crush everything in their path leaving scars crush everything in their path leaving scars for up to 4 kmfor up to 4 km

They destroy ancient deep water coral They destroy ancient deep water coral systems, which provide food and shelter for systems, which provide food and shelter for fish fish

BeforeBefore AfterAfter

http://www.greenpeace.org.uk/MultimediaFiles/Live/Video/6768.mov

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Disadvantages of TrawlersDisadvantages of Trawlers

Only 16-72 % of the catch contains Only 16-72 % of the catch contains desired fish; the rest of the captured sea desired fish; the rest of the captured sea life (bycatch) suffocates and is thrown life (bycatch) suffocates and is thrown back overboardback overboard

Discarded Discarded BycatchBycatch

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Read Case Study: the Scotia Eagle (pg Read Case Study: the Scotia Eagle (pg 138 – 139)138 – 139)

1. List characteristics that show you that 1. List characteristics that show you that Jimmy is working on an offshore boat.Jimmy is working on an offshore boat.

2. List the advantages and disadvantages 2. List the advantages and disadvantages according to Jimmy.according to Jimmy.

3. Explain in detail how the otter trawler 3. Explain in detail how the otter trawler works.works.

4. How does the trawler net stay open 4. How does the trawler net stay open vertically and horizontally?vertically and horizontally?

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1. – size of the boat (47m)1. – size of the boat (47m) Boat can handle harsh environmentsBoat can handle harsh environments Boat fishes far offshore (225km)Boat fishes far offshore (225km) Uses a trawler netUses a trawler net Processing equipment on boardProcessing equipment on board Fisher work year roundFisher work year round Higher and steady incomeHigher and steady income Large crews (18 people)Large crews (18 people) Latest technology – echo sounder and Latest technology – echo sounder and

freezerfreezer Long time at sea (couple of weeks at a time)Long time at sea (couple of weeks at a time)

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2. 2.

AdvantagesAdvantages- Steady incomeSteady income- Higher incomeHigher income- Modern boatModern boat

DisadvantagesDisadvantages- Long time away from home/familiesLong time away from home/families- Not being able to work with father or keep Not being able to work with father or keep

up the family businessup the family business

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3. 3. - The net is set down with the weighted The net is set down with the weighted

rollers (Ground bobbins) rolling along the rollers (Ground bobbins) rolling along the ocean floorocean floor

- Headline floaters hold the net openHeadline floaters hold the net open- Fish are scooped up and remain in the cod Fish are scooped up and remain in the cod

end as the net is brought up to the boatend as the net is brought up to the boat

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4.4.

The net stays open horizontally because of The net stays open horizontally because of the otterboards.the otterboards.

The net stays open vertically because of the The net stays open vertically because of the weight of the ground bobbins and the light weight of the ground bobbins and the light weight of the headline floats allows them weight of the headline floats allows them to float, therefore holding up the top of the to float, therefore holding up the top of the net and keeping the entire net open.net and keeping the entire net open.

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5. Atlantic Inshore Fishery5. Atlantic Inshore FisheryA.A. Boats:Boats: They are smaller than 20m in lengthThey are smaller than 20m in length Fish close to shore, returning to the Fish close to shore, returning to the

harbour before sunsetharbour before sunset Crews are small, with only 3-5 peopleCrews are small, with only 3-5 people Traditionally they are run by father and Traditionally they are run by father and

sons or brothersons or brother

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Atlantic Inshore FisheryAtlantic Inshore FisheryA.A. Boats:Boats: 80% of Atlantic fishermen were once 80% of Atlantic fishermen were once

employed in the inshore fisheryemployed in the inshore fishery Inshore harvests include lobster, shrimp, Inshore harvests include lobster, shrimp,

redfish, and halibutredfish, and halibut Very little technology used - maybe a depth Very little technology used - maybe a depth

finderfinder

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Advantages of Inshore FisheryAdvantages of Inshore Fishery

Return to families on a regular basis – Return to families on a regular basis – usually home most nightsusually home most nights

Fishers have independence because the Fishers have independence because the yare self employedyare self employed

They choose their own crew members – They choose their own crew members – mainly family mainly family

Variety of tasks makes the work more Variety of tasks makes the work more interestinginteresting

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Disadvantages of Inshore FisheryDisadvantages of Inshore Fishery

Generally fishers earn a low income, Generally fishers earn a low income, which can be irregularwhich can be irregular

Fishers often depend on government Fishers often depend on government subsidies such as Employment Insurancesubsidies such as Employment Insurance

Quota levels are much lower compared to Quota levels are much lower compared to large boatslarge boats

The number of working days is limited by The number of working days is limited by weatherweather

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Atlantic Inshore FisheryAtlantic Inshore Fishery

B.B. Lobster FishingLobster Fishing Lobsters are caught by inshore fishers Lobsters are caught by inshore fishers

using traps set on the ocean floor, either using traps set on the ocean floor, either individually or in groups on a lineindividually or in groups on a line

One or more funnel-shaped openings on One or more funnel-shaped openings on the trap allow the lobster to enter the trap the trap allow the lobster to enter the trap but prevent it from escapingbut prevent it from escaping

Most valuable seafood caught Most valuable seafood caught

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Atlantic Inshore FisheryAtlantic Inshore Fishery

Traps are set in waters of varying depths, Traps are set in waters of varying depths, but usually near a rocky bottom, which but usually near a rocky bottom, which lobsters prefer lobsters prefer

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Offshore and Inshore FisheriesOffshore and Inshore Fisheries

Create a chart that compares these two Create a chart that compares these two fisheriesfisheries

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6. Collapse of the Cod Fishery6. Collapse of the Cod Fishery In the 1960’s, huge factory freezer trawlers In the 1960’s, huge factory freezer trawlers

started being used in the cod fisherystarted being used in the cod fishery The number of the trawlers fishing the The number of the trawlers fishing the

Atlantic increased as the demand for cod Atlantic increased as the demand for cod increased worldwideincreased worldwide

Foreign fleets began fishing in the Atlantic Foreign fleets began fishing in the Atlantic (Russia, Japan, Korea, Poland)(Russia, Japan, Korea, Poland)

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Collapse of the Cod FisheryCollapse of the Cod Fishery

By 1970 over-fishing was becoming a serious By 1970 over-fishing was becoming a serious problem – it was estimated that the Atlantic problem – it was estimated that the Atlantic catch had risen to three times it’s traditional catch had risen to three times it’s traditional levellevel

In 1977, Canada extended its fishing limit to In 1977, Canada extended its fishing limit to 370 km – since it was only 22 km – and now 370 km – since it was only 22 km – and now had the right to control quotas, size, tonnage, had the right to control quotas, size, tonnage, seasons, and equipment within this limitseasons, and equipment within this limit

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Collapse of the Cod FisheryCollapse of the Cod Fishery Despite these efforts, it was clear by the mid Despite these efforts, it was clear by the mid

1980’s that the cod stocks were not 1980’s that the cod stocks were not rebounding to their traditional sizesrebounding to their traditional sizes

In 1994 the cod fishery had collapsed and an In 1994 the cod fishery had collapsed and an indefinite moratorium was put in placeindefinite moratorium was put in place

This ended five centuries of economic activity This ended five centuries of economic activity that had supported thousands of people in that had supported thousands of people in Newfoundland – devastating entire Newfoundland – devastating entire communities whose life had been organized communities whose life had been organized around the cod fisheryaround the cod fishery

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7. Other Major Factors Leading to 7. Other Major Factors Leading to the Collapsethe Collapse

Quotas were too high and the size of the Quotas were too high and the size of the breeding stocks were over estimatedbreeding stocks were over estimated

The use of trawler nets damaged plant The use of trawler nets damaged plant and animal life, and therefore disrupted and animal life, and therefore disrupted the food chain that supported the cod the food chain that supported the cod stocksstocks

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7. Other Major Factors Leading to 7. Other Major Factors Leading to the Collapsethe Collapse

Changes in the flow of the Labrador Changes in the flow of the Labrador Current may have caused the fish to Current may have caused the fish to migrate elsewheremigrate elsewhere

The growing number of seals may have The growing number of seals may have further depleted an already depleted stockfurther depleted an already depleted stock

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The Cod MoratoriumThe Cod Moratorium

Watch this video clipWatch this video clip Fished out: The Rise and Fall of the Cod Fish

ery

Describe the impact of the moratorium on a Describe the impact of the moratorium on a fisher person and his or her familyfisher person and his or her family

Describe how you would feel if you were in Describe how you would feel if you were in the same situationthe same situation

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8. Pacific Fishery8. Pacific Fishery

A Day in the Life of a Pacific Fisher!!!

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8. Pacific Fishery8. Pacific Fishery The Pacific commercial fishery is The Pacific commercial fishery is

relatively young compared to that in relatively young compared to that in Atlantic CanadaAtlantic Canada

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Pacific FisheryPacific Fishery

Salmon is the most important catch in Salmon is the most important catch in the Pacific coast fishery and the most the Pacific coast fishery and the most uniqueunique

Salmon accounts for almost half of Salmon accounts for almost half of the total value of the fish caught on the total value of the fish caught on the west coastthe west coast

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There are five varieties of salmon caught - There are five varieties of salmon caught - chum, pink, chinook, coho and sockeyechum, pink, chinook, coho and sockeye

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Life cycle of the Pacific salmonLife cycle of the Pacific salmon

See Fig 8.14 on pg. 146 and HANDOUT!See Fig 8.14 on pg. 146 and HANDOUT!

Use the two sources to create a timeline Use the two sources to create a timeline that shows relationship between that shows relationship between development and number of fish.development and number of fish.

Draw headings on your timeline that show Draw headings on your timeline that show if the stage is in fresh water, salt water or if the stage is in fresh water, salt water or in esturayin esturay

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A.A. Gill Nets:Gill Nets: A net with a specific mesh size is used to A net with a specific mesh size is used to

ensnare fish of a specific matching sizeensnare fish of a specific matching size Fish can swim part-way but not all the way Fish can swim part-way but not all the way

through the net. When it tries to back out, it through the net. When it tries to back out, it becomes snagged on its gill coversbecomes snagged on its gill covers

Used on inshore salmon migration routes Used on inshore salmon migration routes near the mouth of salmon-spawning near the mouth of salmon-spawning streamsstreams

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Gill NetGill Net

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B.B. Purse Seines Nets:Purse Seines Nets: A net with floats at the top and lead weights A net with floats at the top and lead weights

at the bottomat the bottom The The purse linepurse line at the bottom of the net is at the bottom of the net is

then drawn in, closing it off and trapping the then drawn in, closing it off and trapping the fishfish

The net encircles schools of fish at or near The net encircles schools of fish at or near the surface. the surface.

Used on inshore salmon migration routes Used on inshore salmon migration routes near the mouth of salmon-spawning near the mouth of salmon-spawning streamsstreams

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Purse Seines NetsPurse Seines Nets

See Fig. 8.15 on pg. 147See Fig. 8.15 on pg. 147

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C.C. Troll Lines:Troll Lines: Trollers are small fishing vessels Trollers are small fishing vessels

operated by one or two peopleoperated by one or two people Fish are caught with a number of lines Fish are caught with a number of lines

with baited hooks or artificial lureswith baited hooks or artificial lures It is the least efficient commercial fishing It is the least efficient commercial fishing

method in terms of intercepting fishmethod in terms of intercepting fish Troll-caught salmon are high quality Troll-caught salmon are high quality

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Troll LinesTroll Lines

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9. Salmon Habitat under Attack9. Salmon Habitat under Attack

Salmon habitat – range from spawning Salmon habitat – range from spawning beds in rivers to vast oceansbeds in rivers to vast oceans

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Salmon Habitat under AttackSalmon Habitat under AttackA.A. LoggingLogging Has the greatest impact on the salmon Has the greatest impact on the salmon

habitat because in B.C. 40% of all habitat because in B.C. 40% of all harvested logs are hauled up the Fraser harvested logs are hauled up the Fraser RiverRiver

Cutting forests on mountain slopes Cutting forests on mountain slopes increases soil erosion which causes mud increases soil erosion which causes mud and silt to cover the gravel stream beds – and silt to cover the gravel stream beds – destroying valuable spawning groundsdestroying valuable spawning grounds

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Salmon Habitat under AttackSalmon Habitat under Attack

B.B. Draining estuary wetlandsDraining estuary wetlands Draining and landfilling these marshes Draining and landfilling these marshes

reduces the flow of the nutrients and reduces the flow of the nutrients and food salmon require for growthfood salmon require for growth

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C.C. PollutionPollution Herbicides and pesticides used for Herbicides and pesticides used for

agriculture in the Fraser Valley enter agriculture in the Fraser Valley enter water systemwater system

Organic wastes from sewage and meat Organic wastes from sewage and meat packing plants, and pulp and saw mills packing plants, and pulp and saw mills decompose – reducing the amount of decompose – reducing the amount of oxygen in the water – killing fishoxygen in the water – killing fish

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D.D. DamsDams River dams obstruct salmon migrationRiver dams obstruct salmon migration Now – fish ladders used to allow salmon Now – fish ladders used to allow salmon

to return to their spawning groundsto return to their spawning grounds

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E.E. River DiversionsRiver Diversions Water is diverted for industry and Water is diverted for industry and

irrigation at the same time juvenile irrigation at the same time juvenile salmon migrate downstream salmon migrate downstream

This results in low water levels and This results in low water levels and warmer water temperatures dooming warmer water temperatures dooming salmon to an early deathsalmon to an early death

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1. Describe the habitats required by 1. Describe the habitats required by the Pacific salmon during its life cycle. the Pacific salmon during its life cycle.

2. What effect does 2. What effect does logging, logging, draining estuaries, draining estuaries, and and damsdams have have on the salmon's life cycle? on the salmon's life cycle?

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1. 1. Cool, nutrient and oxygen rich rivers and Cool, nutrient and oxygen rich rivers and

streams for egg incubation, salmon growth streams for egg incubation, salmon growth and clear stream routes for migration.and clear stream routes for migration.

Estuaries that have mixture of salt and Estuaries that have mixture of salt and freshwater, with enough oxygen and freshwater, with enough oxygen and nutrientsnutrients

Clear saltwater with enough food sourcesClear saltwater with enough food sources

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2. 2. Logging: Logging: can bring soil (from erosion) into the streams – can bring soil (from erosion) into the streams –

which harm spawning areaswhich harm spawning areas Driving and storing logs can block migration Driving and storing logs can block migration

routes to and from spawning groundsroutes to and from spawning grounds

Draining Estuaries:Draining Estuaries: Removing water or filling these estuaries, it Removing water or filling these estuaries, it

prevents adult salmon from migrating to prevents adult salmon from migrating to spawning beds, and smolts can no longer adapt spawning beds, and smolts can no longer adapt to salt water in the estuaries.to salt water in the estuaries.

Dams:Dams: Block migrations routes up to spawning bedsBlock migrations routes up to spawning beds

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10. Crisis in the Salmon Fishery10. Crisis in the Salmon Fishery

A.A. New technology has meant that New technology has meant that commercial fleets can catch in hours commercial fleets can catch in hours what they used to take days to catchwhat they used to take days to catch

B.B. Deep sea drift nets “ghostnets” used to Deep sea drift nets “ghostnets” used to catch tuna and other large fish scoop up catch tuna and other large fish scoop up everything in their path including salmoneverything in their path including salmon

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Crisis in the Salmon FisheryCrisis in the Salmon Fishery

C.C. Poor management of the resource has added Poor management of the resource has added to the problem of overfishing. The collapse of to the problem of overfishing. The collapse of the Pacific Salmon Treaty in 1995 between the Pacific Salmon Treaty in 1995 between Canada and the United States resulted in Canada and the United States resulted in quotas being abusedquotas being abused

D.D. Global warming has contributed to the Global warming has contributed to the problem by increasing the ocean temperature problem by increasing the ocean temperature – causing an explosion of mackerel – causing an explosion of mackerel populations, which feed on salmonpopulations, which feed on salmon

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E.E. Finally the number of sport fishers has Finally the number of sport fishers has increased – meaning more fish are being increased – meaning more fish are being caught than ever beforecaught than ever before

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Solutions to the ProblemSolutions to the Problem::

Reduction of the commercial salmon Reduction of the commercial salmon fishing fleet by 50%fishing fleet by 50%

Certain areas like the Fraser River would Certain areas like the Fraser River would be shut down to hopefully replenish be shut down to hopefully replenish themselvesthemselves

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11. Aquaculture11. Aquaculture The raising of marine life in a controlled The raising of marine life in a controlled

environmentenvironment As known as fish farmingAs known as fish farming Fish and other marine species are bred Fish and other marine species are bred

and raises fish in tanks, ponds and and raises fish in tanks, ponds and reservoirsreservoirs

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AquacultureAquaculture

Fish are fed regularly and are safe from Fish are fed regularly and are safe from their natural enemies – thus maturing their natural enemies – thus maturing rapidlyrapidly

Diseases and parasites outbreaks often Diseases and parasites outbreaks often occur because of high population densities occur because of high population densities found in the fish farmsfound in the fish farms

Sea lice, like the ones attached to these smolts, are a major problem in the salmon farming industry

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AquacultureAquaculture

Salmon, trout, mussels and oysters are Salmon, trout, mussels and oysters are good examples of farmed speciesgood examples of farmed species

Aquaculture is considered a growth Aquaculture is considered a growth industry in Canadaindustry in Canada

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Aquaculture Case StudyAquaculture Case Study

1. It can produce large volumes of healthy 1. It can produce large volumes of healthy mature fish in a short period of time.mature fish in a short period of time.

Since overfishing is depleting natural Since overfishing is depleting natural stocks, aquaculture might be the only way stocks, aquaculture might be the only way to meet the growing demand for fishto meet the growing demand for fish

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2. For more than 10 years Canada has 2. For more than 10 years Canada has experienced great success in aquaculture, experienced great success in aquaculture, and it is expected that we will continue to and it is expected that we will continue to be successful in this industrybe successful in this industry

We have the resources to sustain this We have the resources to sustain this industryindustry

3. Overfishing3. Overfishing

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4. Canada is well suited because we have 4. Canada is well suited because we have large areas with abundant amounts of large areas with abundant amounts of freshwater for constructing reservoirs, freshwater for constructing reservoirs, ponds, tanks, ect.ponds, tanks, ect.

5.5. Salmon is a high-priced fish, after they Salmon is a high-priced fish, after they started farming fish it added $100 million/yr, started farming fish it added $100 million/yr, and jobs were created.and jobs were created.

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6. The sheltered bays and inlets make 6. The sheltered bays and inlets make great breeding sites, the strong tides carry great breeding sites, the strong tides carry away fish waste and leftover food that away fish waste and leftover food that would otherwise pollute, and there are would otherwise pollute, and there are ideal water temperaturesideal water temperatures

7. most of the ideal sites for raising salmon 7. most of the ideal sites for raising salmon are already taken up by other fish farms, are already taken up by other fish farms, plus establishing a farm is expensive, and plus establishing a farm is expensive, and diseases and parasitesdiseases and parasites

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12. The Freshwater Fishery12. The Freshwater Fishery

Canada has a major freshwater fishery Canada has a major freshwater fishery with the Great Lakes being the central with the Great Lakes being the central areaarea

Canadian lakes contain over 180 different Canadian lakes contain over 180 different species – perch, pickerel, trout, and bass, species – perch, pickerel, trout, and bass, and they employ over 9000 crew members and they employ over 9000 crew members and fish processing workersand fish processing workers

Sport fishing is also a major economic Sport fishing is also a major economic activity for many communitiesactivity for many communities

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The Freshwater FisheryThe Freshwater Fishery

Walleye Walleye

Northern Northern PikePike

Smallmouth Smallmouth BassBass

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Devil’s Lake - OntarioDevil’s Lake - Ontario

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Devil’s Lake - OntarioDevil’s Lake - Ontario

Threats to the Freshwater Threats to the Freshwater FisheryFishery

1. Habitat Alteration: 1. Habitat Alteration: This includes mining and forestry developments This includes mining and forestry developments

that pollute the river system.that pollute the river system. Hydro-electric dams and road building that cut off Hydro-electric dams and road building that cut off

riversrivers 2. Invasive species:2. Invasive species:

Invasive species are animals that are not native Invasive species are animals that are not native to an area that move in and compete with the to an area that move in and compete with the natural speciesnatural species

Asian Carp, Zebra Mussels., Zebra Mussels.

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Threats to the Freshwater Threats to the Freshwater FisheryFishery

3. Pollution:3. Pollution: Toxic waste from industries like Toxic waste from industries like

manufacturing and agriculture are causing manufacturing and agriculture are causing issues in our waterways.issues in our waterways.

4. Overfishing:4. Overfishing: Overfishing has caused the loss or depletion Overfishing has caused the loss or depletion

of fish stocks in our freshwater fishery.of fish stocks in our freshwater fishery.

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"Only after the last tree has been cut down,"Only after the last tree has been cut down,Only after the last river has been poisoned,Only after the last river has been poisoned,Only after the last fish has been caught,Only after the last fish has been caught,Only then will you realize that money cannot Only then will you realize that money cannot be eaten"be eaten"- Cree Proverb - Cree Proverb

1 canadian geography 1202 fisheries – chapter 8. 2 fisheries (chapter 8) renewable resources:...

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