1 © catherine ledig - 2010 clustering and networking renewable energies,… biomass, geothermal...

1 © Catherine LEDIG - 2010

Clustering and Networking

Renewable energies,… biomass, geothermal energy, wind energy,

solar ,… market regulation, Energy efficiency, Europe, SET plan, Waste, sustainable development, cluster, network of excellence

Green IT smartgrids…norms , Europe 2020, Intelligent Energy Europe…

RETS Seminar

Staffordshire University

23th February 2011Catherine LedigDirector ADEC

Associate professor, Faculty of Law, [email protected]

2

Content

1.Clusters, définition and concepts

2. National cluster policy initiatives

- A Germany

- B France

- C other european countries ( Spain Italy Portugal Netherland…)

3. European cluster support policy


1. Clusters, definition and concept

Michael Porter’s definition of a cluster (On Competition, 1998):

• A geographic concentration of interconnected companies, specialized suppliers, service providers, firms in related industries, and associated institutions (for example, universities, standard agencies and trade associations) in particular fields that compete but also cooperate

•A :National ministries / agencies

•B : Regional agencies / offices of national bodies

•C : Regional agencies based on collective efforts of local communities

Public bodies

UniversityScience parks, Research institutes

Organizations for collaboration

Media

Financial actors

Industry

Christian Ketels, one of Porter’s students, adds the idea of interdependency (The Development of the cluster concept, 2003)

Clusters are groups of companies and institutions co-located in a specific geographic region and linked by interdependencies in providing a related group of products and/or services.

4

ClustersAgglomerations and concentration

Source: Malmberg, Sölvell, Zander (1996)

Source: European Cluster Observatory

Economic activity in general

Technologically related

industries

Efficiency (scale) and flexibility

Metropoles Industrial districts

Innovation and upgrading

Creative regions Clusters

5

ClustersLife cycle

Cluster life cycle:

Source: Elisabeth Waelbroek-Rocha based and SRI International (2001)

• Agglomeration: number of companies and other actors in a region

• Emerging cluster: cooperation around a core activity, common opportunities, linkages

• Developing cluster: new actors emerging/attracted, new linkages, label, website, common connotation tied to the region

• Mature cluster: critical mass of actors, relations outside,new firm creation (start ups, joint ventures, spin-offs)

• Transformation: markets, technologies, and processes change, transformation into one or several new clusters that focus around other activities or simply a change in the ways that products and services are delivered.

Source: European Cluster Observatory

6

ClustersDifferent dimensions

well-established emerging

large and dense with a multitude of related industries

thin and smaller

manufacturing-oriented service-oriented

science-driven traditional sectors

strong external linkages and global reach regional reach

world-class cluster

national cluster having an international range in terms of visibility, market, cooperation…

meta-cluster

sectoral network of national clusters cooperating and formalised into one cluster

transnational cluster

cluster composed of members from different countries

Different cluster dimensions:

Different clusters concepts

7

ClustersActors, actions and outputs

CLUSTERCLUSTERDemandDemand

Networking events

Collaborative

platformsSupplySupply

SMESME

TT platform

SMESME

Large entrepri

se

Large entrepri

se

BankBank

Uni.Uni.

Lab.Lab.

R&D

partnerin

gR&D

partnerin

g

R&D

partnerin

g

R&D

partnerin

gSMESME

SMESME

Lab.Lab.

TTTT

Investments

Investments

Funding

Funding

Public fundin

g

Public fundin

g

Uni.Uni.

SMESME

TTTT

Trai

ning

Trai

ning

SMESME

Technolog

y Watch

Technolog

y Watch

SMESME

Large entrepri

se

Large entrepri

se Incubator

SMESME

Incubation

Incubation

Grants

Grants

VC/ BA

VC/ BA

HR tran

sfe

r

HR tran

sfe

r

SMESME

8

ClustersSuccess factors in development

9

ClustersRationale for clustering

Wide range of benefits to both business and the wider economy:

Increased levels of expertise: greater depth of sourcing companies supply chain,

inter-firm learning and co-operation;

Firms complementary skills: possibility to bid for large pieces of work that as

individual units they would be unable to compete for;

Economies of scale: specializing production within each firm, joint purchasing of

common raw materials, joint marketing…);

Strengthening social and other informal links: creation of new ideas and new

businesses;

Improved information flows: enabling finance providers to judge who the good

entrepreneurs are and business people to find good support services;

Development of an infrastructure of professional, legal, financial and other

specialist services.

Clustering is one of the key drivers of economic growth in localities, cities and regions.

10

Cluster: Formalisation, governance and funding

Cluster organisation


Informel cluster Informel cluster Formalisation

• Legal status (association)• Communication (logo & website)• Visibility• Possibility of funding



Public actors (through cluster

programmes)

Public actors (through cluster

programmes)

Large companie

s

Large companie

s

SMEsSMEs

€€ €€

Uni./Labs

Uni./Labs

Formalisation:


• Geographic proximity : (cluster’s perimeters usually reproduce administrative boundaries. Clusters often originate from preexisting cooperation schemes)

• Economic sector proximity

• Institutional proximity (common operating guidelines, common identity shared by cluster members)

• Organizational proximity (common governance, projects selection)

• Interconnections / Interdependencies between cluster members

Clusters : Key points


ClustersStrategic analysis of the clustering approach

Strengths•Highly innovative and competitive•Flexibility and resilience (critical mass but SMEs)•Pooled infrastructures•Highly qualified workers•Variety of actors encourages the conversion of R&D into marketable products•Promotes exchanges between highly complemenary communities

Weaknesses•Gatekeepers are the cornerstone without whom everything falls apart (usually very mobile profiles)•Cluster fad (Renewable energies, ICT) = inappropriate and therefore artificial clusters •Necessity for geographical proximity•Creation and take-off phases can take a long time•Geographical attractiveness is no guarantee for the quality of the cluster•Hard to balance cooperation / competition

Opportunities•Develop regional / national / international leadership•Positive consequences on the economy = microeconomic solution to the crisis•Increase qualifications of labour force, average wage, and eventually raise living standards and create growth•Channeling added value coming from weak links (network of networks)

Threats•Dependent upon public funding (artificial clusters)•Little perspective or research on the subject of clusters (recent phenomenon)•Unintended loss of knowledge (brain drain, skills drain)•Cognitive proximity creates mistrust


Science Park a good infrastructure to host cluster

Science Park (IASP definition):• The International Association of Science Parks was created in

1984• A Science Park is an organisation managed by specialised

professionals, whose main aim is to increase the wealth of its community by promoting the culture of innovation and the competitiveness of its associated businesses and knowledge-based institutions.

• To enable these goals to be met, a Science Park • Stimulates and manages the flow of knowledge and

technology amongst universities, R&D institutions, companies and markets;

• Facilitates the creation and growth of innovation-based companies through incubation and spin-off processes

• Provides other value-added services together with high quality space and facilities.

• 68 IASP members in the 23 countries around the world operating within the Energy and renewable energy sector (out of 375 members)

14

2. National cluster policy initiatives

Focus on energy clusters in - A. Germany - B France- C Other european initiatives (Spain,Italy Portugal Netherlands …)

15

Cluster policy initiativesDefinition and objectives

Definition: (Örjan Sölvell, Göran Lindqvist & Christian Ketels in The Cluster Initiative Greenbook (2003))

“Cluster initiatives are organised efforts to increase the growth and competitiveness

of clusters within a region, involving cluster firms, government and/or the research

community”.

Objectives:

HR upgrading

Cluster expansion

Business development

Commercial collaboration

Innovation and technology

Business environment upgrading

Build on three main policy areas:

Source: Ketels, Lindqvist, Sölvell (2003)

16

Cluster policy initiativesPrinciples

Cluster initiative definitio

n

Cluster initiative definitio

n

Public authority

Public authority

Call for proposal

s

Call for proposal

s

Answ

er

Answ

er

Cluster selection/labellisatio

n

Cluster selection/labellisatio

n

Cluster organisations

Cluster funding

Cluster funding

€€ €€

Evaluation

Evaluation

sele

ctio

nse

lect

ion

sele

ctio

n

sele

ctio

n

Outputs (projects, innovation, employement…)


National cluster-support policies A. Germany

•Kompetenznetze : Since 1999,

97 networks, 19 in the Energy and Environment field

•“League of the best innovation networks” in Germany. Membership to the initiative is a quality label only for the best networks.

•The initiative provides members with a communication and information (web, print media, conferences, fairs…) platform and other services.

•This German initiative is open to international cooperation.

•www.kompetenznetze.de


Kompetenznetze (De) « not every cluster is a competence network, but many of the initiative’s competence networks are clusters »

• 7 Requirements for competence networks: – thematic focus within a field of innovation (specialist)– concentrated and embedded in region but supra-

national activities – organized network with a visible profile (identity) – participants from different links in the added-value

chain + different industries and disciplines – collaborative engineering – sustainability of the network– innovative power + able to convert innovations in

products ready for market

Kompetenznetze definition


Stakeholders of a competence networks

21

19 Kompetenznetze in the Energy and Environment sector

22

Kompetenznetze closest to the RETS project

1) KUMAS : Bavarian Center of Competence in Environmental Technologies and Affairs : « a central interface for knowledge transfer, information, exchange of ideas and experience and cooperation among environmental companies and institutions in Bavaria » http://www.kumas.de/ShowPage.php?PId=1&LangId=1&NavLang=1

• Renewable Energy is only one of KUMA’s area of expertise. In this field, the network’s goal « is the sustainable expansion of existing environmental competencies and generation of new ones, while working in close networking between industry and commerce, science and education, and administration and politics. »

23


Umweltcluster Bayern is an initiative which facilitates collaboration between the actors of environmental technology and science in Bavaria

Renewable energy is one of the cluster’s work packages.

124 cluster members

24


3) Windenergie agentur (Bremen)WAB is involved in a wide range of activities in four areas: repowering

(replacing old wind turbines with new ones), offshore wind power development, training, and fostering international contact and cooperation. WAB's work in distributing information and managing events includes organising the annual international conference "WINDFORCE – Direction Offshore" on offshore wind power, initiating study trips, seminars and workshops on up-to-date topics of interest to the industry, finding opportunities for cooperation, and identifying needs for research. WAB also publishes a newsletter every two months in German and English.

25

Spitzenclusters

•Since 2007.

•Competition :

• 3 rounds held eighteen months apart

• each round will have 5 winning high-performance clusters.

• Up to 200 million EUR made available to the winners of each round.

Interesting ones from the point of view of energy :

•Solar Valley

•Forum Organic Electronics

•Cool Silicon

www.spitzencluster-wettbewerb.de

26

Solar Valley

www.solarvalley.org

27

Forum Organic Electronics

•International leader in research development and production of organic electronics

•Projects:

• Highly efficient, flexible and transparent solar films which can be glued to windows

• Wide and flexible organic light-emitting diodes, luminescent wallpaper…

•Members : more than 20 companies and research institutions from the Rhein Neckar metropolitan area

•Funding: Ministry of Education and Research, 40 million EUR (5 year-period)

•Contact : Gerrit Weisenborn, InnovationLab GmBH

28

Cool Silicon (Dresden)

Cluster Coordinator:Prof. Dr.-Ing. Gerhard P. Fettweis c/o Silicon Saxony Management GmbH. [email protected]

[email protected]


National cluster-support policiesB. France

• Public policies (national and regional level) influence the economic environment in which clusters exist and develop :– Fundings for innovation– Education system– Incentive to support private sector dynamics– Big Loan

France• « pôles de compétitivité » (competitiveness

clusters) EUR 1,5 billion from the State, between 2006-2008 + EUR 1,5 billion 2009-2011.

• 71 clusters (see map)


National cluster-support policiesFrance

www.competitivite.gouv.fr

31

FR : ADVANCITY

ADVANCITY is involved in 4 major economic sectors• Urban and spatial planning and development• Housing and construction• Mobility and transport• Resources and environment

32

FR : ADVANCITY

• Advancity is organised into 8 strategic committees, where competencies are brought together, innovation orientations emerge, and innovative collaborative projects are developed:– Urban Environmental and Energy Technologies (TU2E), – Ground level, subsurface, infrastructures and

networks (3SIR), – Building Energy Environment (B2E), – Efficiency of Public Transport (EFFITRANS),– New Uses and Mobility (NUM), – Accessibility and Urban Health Environment (ACCEUS),– Environmentally friendly city organisation (ECOVILLE), – Photovoltaic (PV Ile de France)

33

FR : MAUD

4 technological fields, in coherence with Key technologies 2010 The MAUD cluster leans on 4 technological fields to cover large domains of use for Materials & Applications for a Sustainable Use :

Materials Deposits Features

Functions Each of these technological fields is tuned into some of these Key technologies 2010, grouped together in technological clusters identified as real regional opportunities.

34

FR : IAR

Aims of the cluster

Promotion of plants (not foodstuffs) :

•Bioenergies

•Biofuels

•Agromaterials

•Biomolecules

•Plant ingredients

35

FR: DERBI

• Energy- producing buildings in a Mediterranean Climate :performance optimisation and integration of renewable energy sources

• Network managements and energy storage (electricity, heating, cooling) interconnecting homes with energy generation sites;

• Energy production outside buildings whether by supply from isolated sites or through grid connected systems.

36

FR : DERBI

A sample of accredited projects:• A photovoltaic conversions system through high power solar energy concentration• An integrated solar air-conditioning system using energy storage elements• Optimisation in the use of renewable energy and collective heating through daily energy storage that anticipates requirements through meteorological data• Monitoring systems for buildings with high energy performance• An evaluative study of employment / qualifications in the network of renewable energy in the Languedoc-Roussillon region• Micro-algae utilization for energy purposes• An energy-neutral and commercially viable building in the Mediterranean context• Production of photovoltaic cells from recycled silicon

37

FR : TENERRDIS

38

FR : TENERRDIS

Aims of the cluster

•Increase the competitiveness of businesses with a focus on SMEs, through innovation and R&D based on a range of partnerships.

•Make the workforce more competitive via training in new energy positions.

•Make the region more attractive to industry, research and universities due to the network effect and the pool of expertise available.

39

FR : CAPENERGIES

Capenergies is a competitiveness cluster dedicated to energy sources that do not produce greenhouse gases: energy efficiency, renewable and nuclear energy.

Capenergies has more than 400 members.

It works with industrial, research and higher education partnerships in Provence-Alpes, Côte d’Azur, Corsica, The Reunion & Guadeloupe islands.

40

CAPENERGIES

41

CAPENERGIES

42

FR : ALSACE ENERGIVIE

43

C. Others european energy clusters - Spain - Portugal - ….

44

Cluster Energía – BILBAO - Spain

© Catherine LEDIG - 2010

45



46



47

Energy Cluster – LOMBARDIA - Italy


48



49



50


President: Alberto Ribolla Vice President : Gianni Mainini

Confindustria Alto Milanese and Euroimpresa as operational arms of the cluster

51

ENEOP – Wind cluster - Portugal


52

ENEOP – Wind cluster - Portugal


53

Bio-energie cluster – Eastern Netherlands


54

Bio-energie cluster – Eastern Netherlands


55

ENVIcrack alternative energy Czech Republic

56

Cluster initiativesSome common characteristics

Microeconomic business environment rather than macro focus

Long term agenda to improve overall competitiveness of clusters rather than individual firms

Emphasis on regional and local areas

Improved networking among cluster firms, trust-building and enhanced

dialogue to create spillovers

Seed money rather than large subsidies

Balanced input of resources from government and industry

Selection of clusters through a process of competition, implying a weaker form of winner-

picking

Mix of competition and cooperation as driver of learning and innovation

Mix of SMEs and large firms

Partnerships across the “triple helix”: cluster firms, government and the academic community

Learning and innovation based on systems-view rather than isolated firms

57

3. European cluster support policy

Strategy, funding programmes and related

projects


European cluster-support policy

• Europe 2020 Strategy « for a smart, sustainable and inclusive growth ».

– Smart growth : Innovative Union flagship initiative : « refocusing R&D and innovation policy on major challenges for our society like(…) energy and ressource efficiency (…) »

– Sustainable growth : An industrial policy for the globalization era flagship initiative : « industrial policy that will support businesse (…) by supporting entrepreneurship » and promoting clusters.

– Inclusive growth : European platform against poverty flagship initiative « ensuring economic, social and territorial cohesion »

59

Regions of Knowledge networks (FP7)

Policyrecommendations

European Cluster Policy Group

European ClusterAllianceTACTICS

Oseo

European ClusterObservatory

INTERREG Networks

Cluster InnovationPlatforms (CIP)

Policy incentives & practical tools

Appropriate skillsStatistics & Services

Cluster ExcellenceEU initiative

Visibility

EU Cluster tools and networksGlobal view


• Funding programmes relevant for clusters : • FP 7 (2007-2013) for research and Technological

Development. Budget 50 521 million EUR. Emphasis on the link between research and industry. Programmes relevant for energy clusters : Cooperation and Capacities (« regional research driven clusters ») • Actions primarily implemented : « collaborative projects,

networks of excellence, coordination and support actions »

• CIP (Competitiveness and Innovation Framework Programme) 2007-2013, 3 621 million EUR. Interesting blocks for energy clusters : Entrepreneurship and Innovation programme (PRO INNO Europe, Europe INNOVA), Intelligent Energy Europe (ALTENER)

• Interreg IV / European Territorial Co-operation

(2007-2013, 8 700 million EUR) 3 strands :– A cross-border cooperation, – B transnational cooperation, – C interregional cooperation.

European cluster-support policyFunding programmes

61

EUREKA Initiative

http://www.eurekanetwork.org/

62

EUREKA NETWORK

63

Examples of energy projects funded by EUREKAENERGY-NETWORK

64

European Energy Network - Austria

65

European Energy Network – AustriaMembers


• Interclustering– What is it?

• An intercluster is an association of clusters within a specific interregional or transnational area and engaged in processes aimed at common strategic development. The objective is to promote synergies arund high value added products and services, and thereby contribute to the emergence of European industrial projects.

– Why interclustering?• Acquire a better visibility at the global level (in a context of

globalization and geographic fragmentation of the value chains)• Exploit the European potential to give birth to world-class clusters.

– How does it work?• Sharing of information : Members of the clusters get involved in

optimising their knowledge, practices and expertise in key areas. Frequently on an informal basis

• Coordination : players from the clusters decide to engage in cooperation for ad hoc projects. Issues dealt with have a specific operational purpose : building up a critical mass, respond jointly to tender offers, design innovative products…

• Integration : the managers of associated clusters structure their partnerships through the identification of common strategic issues essential for entering markets which individually would be inaccessible. Pooling of ressources and asets, development of cooperative processes. Community management required. Most developed and complete form of interclustering

European cluster-support policyEuropa Intercluster

67

European cluster-support policyEuropean Technology Platforms (ETPs)

ETPS :• Provide a framework for stakeholders, led by industry, to

define research and development priorities, timeframes and action plans on a number of strategically important issues where achieving Europe's future growth, competitiveness and sustainability objectives is dependent upon major research and technological advances in the medium to long term.

• Play a key role in ensuring an adequate focus of research funding on areas with a high degree of industrial relevance, by covering the whole economic value chain and by mobilising public authorities at national and regional levels. In fostering effective public-private partnerships, technology platforms have the potential to contribute significantly to the renewed Lisbon strategy and to the development of a European Research Area of knowledge for growth which makes them powerful actors in the development of European research policy.

• Address technological challenges which are essential for Europe's future competitiveness, including the timely development and deployment of new technologies, technology development with a view to sustainable development etc.

68

European cluster-support policyEnergy ETPs

Biofuels : http://www.hyperion.ie/TP-Biofuels.htmhttp://www.biofuelstp.eu/Smartgridshttp://www.smartgrids.eu/Wind Energyhttp://www.windplatform.eu/Forest-based Sectorhttp://www.forestplatform.org/index.php?cid=ftpFuel cells and Hydrogenhttp://ec.europa.eu/research/fch/index_en.cfmPhotovoltaichttp://www.eupvplatform.org/Sustainable chemistryhttp://www.suschem.org/


– Projet Cluster-Excellence.eu - European Cluster Excellence Initiative (Pro INNO Actions) identification of performance indicators, quality management approach, case studies, development of training material

– Projet TACTICS (INNO Nets) cluster policy. Support and further expand the European Cluster Alliance, and contribute to the development of better cluster policies and practical tools in Europe.

– ECA (European Cluster Alliance) (PRO INNO) Design better cluster policies and raise the excellence of cluster programmes. issue de 4 projets INNO Nets (88 régions de clusters)

– Cluster IP (Europe INNOVA) : facilitate transnational cooperation between cluster org at a practical level pr dvper ou tester better innovation support tools pour les clusters. IP = innovation platform

– European Cluster Observatory (Europe INNOVA) : provide statistical analysis and mapping of clusters across €, facilitate partnering of cluster org and cluster firms by acting as a fully-fledged information service

– European Cluster Policy Group composed of high-level epxerts looking into future challenges for cluster policies (€ + national level)

European cluster-support policyRelated projects


European cluster-support policyRelated Interreg IV C projects

– Brain Flow (Brain Flow and Knowledge Transfer fostering Innovation in Border Regions) exchange best practices and experiences on interregional level in order to develop and introduce new or improved instruments to avoid or minimize brain-drain and simultaneously foster brain-gain.

– CREA.RE (Creative Regions), creative economy– SMART + (Mini-Programme for Entrepreneurship and

SME Innovation), focuses on SMEs as the key force for the transition of economy based on traditional industries towards the knowledge-based economy.

– POOLING4CLUSTERS (Best shared services for regional cluster initiative needs), analyse and share experiences regarding value added services provided by DAs in order to help CIs to be more efficient

– Know-Man (Knowledge Network Management in Technology Parks), regional development and spatial innovation policies, knwoledge networks management

71

Regional Clusters for Energy PlanningIreland : www.regcep.eu


72

Regional clusters for Energy Planning


73



74



75

Mapping of the cluster overview

76

The new EU energy strategy focuses on five priorities

- Achieving an energy efficicent Europe - Building a truly pan European integrated

energy market - Empowering consumers and achieving the

highest level of safety and security - Expending Europe’s leadership in energy

technology and innovtion - Strenghthening the external dimension of

the EU energy market

Source : Energy 2020 : a strategy for competitive sustainable and secure

energy EU BXL 10112010 COM (2010) 639 final

77

Questions

Are we able to answer together to such issues ?what do we need .more information ?methods, tools and money ? a deep will ? a team spirit ?

1 © catherine ledig - 2010 clustering and networking renewable energies,… biomass, geothermal...

Documents