1 ccna 2 v3.1 module 8. 2 tcp/ip suite error and control messages ccna 2 module 8
Post on 21-Dec-2015
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333
• IP
Uses best effort delivery of messages
No mechanism to ensure that the data is delivered
Data may fail to reach its destination due to
Hardware failure - router fails, destination device disconnected
Improper configuration
Incorrect routing information
No mechanism for sending error and control messages
it uses the ICMP to send and receive error and control messages to hosts on a network
• Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP)
Notifies the sender that there was an error in the delivery
Used in network troubleshooting
444
ICMP
• Error reporting protocol for IP
• It reports these errors back to the source of the datagram
• ICMP messages are encapsulated into datagrams
• The following is the format of an ICMP message
555
Unreachable Networks• Network communication depends upon
Sending and receiving devices must have TCP/IP properly configured
TCP/IP protocol installed
IP address and subnet mask configured
If communicating outside LAN there must be a default gateway
Routers
Must have the TCP/IP protocol properly configured on its interfaces
Use an appropriate routing protocol
• Omission of the above conditions results in
Datagram sent to a non-existent IP address
Destination device that is disconnected from its network
Routers interface is down
Router has no known route to the destination
• If any of the above occur the router sends an ICMP host unreachable message to the source
666
Ping Tests Destination Reachability
•ICMP issues an echo request to the destination device
•If destination receives ICMP request, it formulates an echo reply
•Destination sends echo reply to source of the echo request
•If sender receives echo reply, this confirms destination reachable
888
Issues four echo requests
Receives four echo replies
Confirming IP connectivity between the two devices
IP Address of destination device
999
Detecting Excessively Long Routes• Faulty routing can cause a datagram to
Travels in a circle
Never reach its destination
• Faulty routes occur if
two routers continually route a datagram back and forth between them, thinking the other should be the next hop to the destination
• How to prevent this
RIP hop count is a maximum 15
TTL – Time To Live – maximum hop count
TTL reduced by 1 each time it goes through a router
TTL of 0 – packet discarded and ICMP time exceeded message
101010
ICMP message type • All ICMP message formats start
with these same three fields:
Type
Type of ICMP message
Code
More information specific to the message type
Checksum
To verify the integrity of the data
ICMP echo request and echo reply
Identifier and Sequence Number are unique to the echo request / reply messages. They are used to match the echo replies to the corresponding echo request
111111
Destination unreachable message
• Reasons delivery is not possible:
Hardware failures
improper protocol configuration
down interfaces
incorrect routing information
packet fragmentation is required but not allowed (4)
services such as FTP or Web are unavailable (2)
•ICMP delivers back to the sender a destination unreachable message
121212
Miscellaneous error reporting
• ICMP type 12 parameter
Sent when datagrams have some type of error in the header and therefore, cannot be forwarded
• This ICMP message includes the pointer field in the header
• When the code value is 0
The pointer field indicates the octet of the datagram that produced the error
141414
ICMP Control Message
• IP cannot provide informational or control messages to hosts
• ICMP provides informational or control messages to hosts
• Error messages result from
Lost packets during packet transmission
Error conditions which occur during packet transmission
• Control messages are used to inform hosts of
Conditions such as network congestion
The existence of a better gateway to a remote network
• ICMP control messages are encapsulated within an IP datagram
151515
ICMP redirect/change requests
• This type of message can only be initiated by a gateway
• When a host connects to a segment that has two or more directly connected routers, the default gateway of the host may need to use a redirect/change request to inform the host of the best path to a certain network
Type 5 indicates redirect/change request
161616
ICMP redirect/change requests
Default gateways only send ICMP redirect/change request messages if the following conditions are met:
• The interface on which the packet comes into the router is the same interface on which the packet gets routed out
ie subnet/network of the source IP address is the same subnet/network of the next-hop
• The datagram is not source-routed
• The route for the redirect is not another ICMP redirect or a default route
• The router is configured to send redirects
By default, Cisco routers send ICMP redirects
Router(config-if)no ip redirects will disable ICMP redirects
171717
Clock synchronization & transit time estimation
• Hosts on different networks using software that requires time synchronization can sometimes encounter problems.
• The ICMP timestamp message type is designed to help alleviate this problem.
• ICMP timestamp request message (13) allows a host to ask for the current time according to the remote host.
• Remote host uses an ICMP timestamp reply message (14) to respond to the request
• Provides a simple way to estimate time on a remote host and total network transit time
• Network Time Protocol (NTP) at the upper layers of the TCP/IP protocol stack perform clock synchronization in a more reliable manner
181818
Information requests and reply message formats
• ICMP information requests and reply messages were intended to allow a host to determine its network number
• This ICMP message type is considered obsolete
Other protocols such as BOOTP and DHCP are now used to allow hosts to obtain their network numbers.
RequestMessage
ReplyMessage
191919
Address mask requirements
• Used by hosts to identify subnet mask when the network is subnetted and the host doesn’t know its subnet mask
• Request is sent directly to the router if the routers address is known, otherwise the request is broadcast
202020
Router Discovery Message
• If host has no default gateway
• Host sends a router solicitation message to all routers, using
multicast address 224.0.0.2 as the destination address
broadcast to include routers that may not be configured for multicasting
• If sent to a router that does not support the discovery process
solicitation is unanswered
• If sent to a router that supports the discovery process
router advertisement returned router advertisement
212121
Router solicitation message
• A host generates an ICMP router solicitation message in response to a missing default gateway.
• This message is sent via multicast and it is the first step in the router discovery process.
• A local router will respond with a router advertisement identifying the default gateway for the local host
222222
Congestion and flow control messages
• Multiple access to the same destination at the same time
• High speed LAN traffic reaches slower speed WAN connection
• If there is too much congestion on the network packets are dropped
• ICMP source-quench messages
are used to reduce the amount of data lost
Asks senders to reduce the rate at which they are transmitting packets
• If no other source-quench messages are received
The source will slowly increase the transmission rate
• Most Cisco routers do not send source-quench messages by default