1. ch. 1 and 2 - what is communication, identity and perception

8/13/2019 1. Ch. 1 and 2 - What is Communication, Identity and Perception

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PowerPoint Presentation

Package By:

SARAH RIFORGIATE

Arizona State University


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Why

Study

Human

Communicat ion?


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Why Study

Human Communication?

Only social science discipline concerned with

how messages are exchanged

Communication is more than common sense

More talk is not always better


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Why Study

Human Communication?

Relationships are primarily communicative-- Steve Duck

Communication is used to develop, define and

terminate professional and personal

relationships

Communication shapes self-identity as we

select and respond to messages


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What is Human Communication?

a transactional process

in which people generate meaning through

the exchange of verbal and nonverbalmessages

in specific contexts, influenced by individualand societal forces and embedded in

culture (p. 7)


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Components of Human Communication

Message CreationMessages are building blocks of

communication events

Messages can be verbal or nonverbal

Senders encode messages

Receivers decode messages

Symbols convey meaning


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Meaning Creation

Meaning is created when messages are

exchanged through symbols

Content meaningconcrete and suggested

meanings of a message and emotions it

triggers

Relational meaningwhat does the

message convey about the relationship?


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Setting

Participants

Channels

Noise

Feedback


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A Linear Model of

Communication


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Communication is Influenced by

Individual Forces

Demographic

characteristics

Age Sex

Race

Ethnicity

Field of experience

Education

Experience


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Societal Forces

Societal forces include the political,

historical, economic, and social structures of a

society that define a value hierarchy forinterpretation of individual characteristics


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Culture and Context

Culturerefers to learned

patterns of perceptions values,

and behaviors shared by a

group of people

Contextincludes the setting (physicalenvironment) as well as the participants

present and occasion


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Communication is Transactional

Each person is a sender and receiver

simultaneously

As people communicate together meaningis created

Communication is an ongoing process

Relationships and previous events

influence how meaning is communicated


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Communication Ethics

Privacyis when one keeps information to

themselves that has no bearing on others

Secrecyis when one intentionally withholds

information that other people believe they

have the right to access

When should you share or

withhold information?


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Developing

Communication Ethics

Where do you fall on the ethical continuum?

Absolutism Relativism


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Ethics of Language Use

How do words harm or alienate others?

My boss is a monster

My roommate is an idiotMy political opponent is a fascist


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Ethical Responsibilities of

Listeners/Receivers/Decoders

Reasoned skepticism

balance open-mind & critical attitude

Healthy feedbackhonest & ethical reactions


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Communication Ethics in

Practice

Many situations can be ambiguous and

ethics are not always clear cut

One should develop an ethical code basedon their morals, values and beliefs to apply

to communication

What ethical standards do you use

in communication?


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Chapter 2Communication,Perception and Identity Development

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What is Perception?

Conscious or unconscious process

Selecting, organizing and interpreting

Information

Collected through your senses

The process of choosing which sensoryinformation to focus on (p. 28)


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True or False?

All individuals select the same information

to focus their attention on.


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Perception and Selection

Selection

Choosing which sensory information we

pay attention to

What influences those choices?

Aspects of our identity

Features of the person or situation

Individual goals


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Perception and Organization

Organization

Making sense of information by sorting the

information into categories or mental

pictures

Cognitive representation

Categorization


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BRBLMAOWTFROFLOMG


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BRB LMAO WTF ROFL OMG


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Cognitive Representation

Prototypes

Interpersonal Scripts


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Categorization

Labels

Stereotyping


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Perception and Interpretation

Interpretation

When one assigns meaning to information

Frames

Attribution theory


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Perception and Interpretation

Applying Attribution Theory

Internal

External

Attributional Bias

Inaccurate attributions

Self-serving bias

Fundamental attribution error


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What is Identity?

Whoa person is Exists at both the

individual and societal

levels Are both fixed and

dynamic

Created throughinteraction

Must be seen in context


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The Importance of

Perception and Identity

Every communication interaction isaffected by an individuals identity

Much of U.S. life is organized around andgeared toward specific identities

Individual and societal forces cometogether to shape communicationexperiences


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The Individual, Perception, and

Identity

What is areflected

appraisal? Looking

glass self?

Who influences

how we perceiveourselves in

reflected

appraisals?


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Particular Others

Those who are influential and whose

perceptions, opinions and behaviors

influence aspects of our identities

Generalized Others

Strangers, acquaintances and various

media that influence and shape our


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Social Comparison

Susan is a new graduate and is working inher first full time job in her career field.How would Susan feel about her salary ifshe compared herself to

Her friends who graduated at the sametime

Her co-workers who have been at the

company 10 years The President or CEO of the company


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Social Comparison

Susan is a new graduate and is working inher first full time job in her career field.How would Susan feel about her salary ifshe compared herself to

Her friends who graduated at the sametime

Her co-workers who have been at the

company 10 years The President or CEO of the company


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Self-fulfilling Prophecy

Tom thinks it might rain and so he brings

his umbrella and it does indeed rain.

Is this an example of a self-fulfilling

prophecy?

Stereotype threat

reminding someone of stereotypedexpectations which can impact that

persons performance


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Self Concept

Identity is influenced by our self-concept; stable

perceptions we have of ourselves.

How a person understands himself/herself asunique and compares himself/herself with the

similarities and differences of others

An internal image we have of ourselves that

affects the external image we project to others


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Self Concept

Self-esteemhow we evaluate ourselves; a lens

for how we interpret reflected appraisals and

social comparisons

Self-respectis the extent to which one feels

entitled to regard and respect from others


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Th I di id l P ti


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The Individual, Perception,

Identity, and Society

Specific identities one holds in society comprise

ones social identity

Some identities are more highly valued and

powerful than others

Primary identitiesare relatively consistentthroughout our lives (i.e. race, ethnicity, age).

Secondary identitiesare easier to change (i.e.


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Self Concept

Self-esteemhow we evaluate ourselves; a lens

for how we interpret reflected appraisals and

social comparisons

Self-respectis the extent to which one feels

entitled to regard and respect from others


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Culture, Perception, and Identity

Every culture has its own sensory model

What senses are most important in

American culture?

How does culture influence how

communication occurs?

Th Ethi f P i i d


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The Ethics of Perceiving and

Communicating About Identities

Stereotypes- broad generalizations about

an entire class of objects or people based

on some knowledge or aspect of somemember

Prejudice- when an individual holdsstrong negative feelings about a group or

an individual belonging to that group


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Refining Perceptual Process

Communicating about Identities

Avoid overgeneralizing

Examine your attributions

Become aware of which identities youfocus on the most

Ask others for feedback


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Refining Perceptual Process

Before assuming your perceptions of othersare accurate, have you

failed to notice relevant information?

used faulty organization patterns?

considered all possible interpretations?

let your physical condition, cultural

background or social identity influence your

Improving Perception and


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Improving Perception and

Communication About Identities

Practice mindfulness

Separate facts from inferences

Use empathy Perception check

1. ch. 1 and 2 - what is communication, identity and perception

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