1. ch 1 ppt exploring life (1)

8/9/2019 1. CH 1 PPT Exploring Life (1)

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Biology is the scientific study of life

Biologists are moving closer to understanding:

How a single cell develops into an organism

How plants convert sunlight to chemical

energy

How the human mind works

How living things interact in communities

How lifes diversity evolved from the firstmicrobes


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Lifes basic characteristic is a high degree of order

Each level of biological organization has emergent

properties

Biological organization is based on a hierarchy ofstructural levels


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A Hierarchy of Biological Organization

1 Biosphere! all environments on Earth

" Ecosystem! all living and nonliving things

in a particular area

# $ommunity! all organisms in an ecosystem

% &opulation! all individuals of a species

in a particular area

' (rganism! an individual living thing


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A Hierarchy of Biological Organization (continued)

) (rgan and organ systems! specialized bodyparts made up of tissues

* +issue! a group of similar cells

, $ell! lifes fundamental unit of structure andfunction

- (rganelle! a structural component of a cell

1./olecule! a chemical structure consisting of

atoms


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Ecosystems

The biosphere

Organisms

Populations

Communities

Cells

Organelles

MoleculesTissues

Organs and organ systems

Cell1 m

Atoms

10 m

50 m


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A Closer Look at Ecosystems

Each organism interacts with its environment

Both organism and environment affect each other

+he dynamics of an ecosystem include two ma0or

processes!

$ycling of nutrients in which materials

ac2uired by plants eventually return to the soil

+he flow of energy from sunlight to producers

to consumers


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Energy Conversion

Energy e3change between an organism and

environment often involves energy transformations

Energy flows through an ecosystem usually

entering as light and e3iting as heat


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Sunlight

Ecosystem

eat

eat

Chemicalenergy

Consumers!including animals"

Producers

!plants and other

photosynthetic

organisms"


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A Closer Look at Cells

+he cell is the lowest level of organization that can

perform allactivities of life

+he ability of cells to divide is the basis of all

reproduction growth and repair of multicellular

organisms


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#5 m


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The Cells Heritable Information

$ells contain 456 the heritable information thatdirects the cells activities

456 is the substance of genes 7units of

inheritance that transmit information from parentsto offspring8


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Sperm cell

$uclei

containing%$A

Egg cell

&ertili'ed egg

(ith %$A )rom

both parents

Embryo*s cells

+ith copies o)

inherited %$AO))spring (ith traits

inherited )rom both parents


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Each 456 molecule is made up of two long chains

arranged in a double heli3

Each link of a chain is one of four kinds of

chemical building blocks called nucleotides


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Two Main Forms of Cells

$haracteristics shared by all cells!

Enclosed by a membrane

9se 456 as genetic information

+wo main forms of cells!

Eukaryotic

&rokaryotic


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Membrane

Cytoplasm

E-.A/OTC CE22 P/O.A/OTC CE22

%$A

!no nucleus"

Membrane

1 m

Organelles

$ucleus !contains %$A"


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The Emergent Proerties of !ystems

Emergent properties result from arrangements

and interactions within systems

5ew properties emerge with each step upward in

the hierarchy of biological order

Emergent properties characterize

nonbiological entities as well

:or e3ample a functioning bicycle emergesonly when all of the necessary parts connect in

the correct way


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The Po"er and Limitations of #eductionism

;eductionism is reducing comple3 systems to

simpler components that are easier to study

+he studies of 456 structure and the Human


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=n negative feedback the accumulation of a

product slows down the process itself

=n positive feedback 7less common8 the product

speeds up its own production


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En'yme 1

A A

33

C C

%%

%

%

%

%

%

%

%%%

En'yme #

En'yme 4

$egatie

)eedbac6

En'yme 1


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+

En'yme 7

+

88

99

99

9 99

99 9

En'yme 5

En'yme :

Positie

)eedbac6

En'yme 7

En'yme :

En'yme 5

9

9 9 9

99

9

9

9


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Biologists e3plore life across its great diversity

of species

+a3onomy is the branch of biology that

names and classifies species into a

hierarchical order

Biologists have named about 1, million species


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-rsidae

Ursus

Carniora

Mammalia

Chordata

Animalia

Eu6arya

Species ;enus &amily Order Class Phylum .ingdom %omainUrsus

americanus

!American

blac6 bear"


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The Three $omains of Life

6t the highest level life is classified into three

domains!

Bacteria 7prokaryotes8

6rchaea 7prokaryotes8 Eukarya 7eukaryotes8

Eukaryotes include protists and the kingdoms

&lantae :ungi and 6nimalia

=n eukaryotes unity is evident in details of cell

structure


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Cilia o) (indpipe cellsCilia o) Paramecium

15 m 5 m


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4arwin observed that!

=ndividuals in a population have traits that vary

/any of these traits are heritable 7passed from

parents to offspring8

/ore offspring are produced than survive

$ompetition is inevitable

>pecies generally suit their environment


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+he evolutionary view of life came into sharp focus

in 1,'- when $harles 4arwin published On theOrigin of Species by Natural Selection

The Origin of Speciesarticulated two main points!

4escent with modification

5atural selection


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Eolution o) adaptations

in the population

%i))erences in

reproductie success

Oerproduction

and competition

Population

o) organisms

ereditary

ariations


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5atural selection can ?edit@ a populations heritable

variations

5atural selection is often evident in adaptations of

organisms to their way of life and environment


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Population (ith aried inherited traits

Elimination o) indiiduals (ith certain traits

/eproduction o) suriors

ncreasing )re>uency o) traits that enhance

surial and reproductie success

Th T f Lif


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The Tree of Life

/any related organisms have similar featuresadapted for specific ways of life

>uch kinships connect lifes unity and diversity todescent with modification

5atural selection eventually produces new species

from ancestral species


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2argeground )inch

2arge cactusground )inch

Sharp?bea6edground )inch

Geospizamagnirostris

Geospizaconirostris

Mediumground)inch

Geospizafuliginosa

Smallground)inch

+oodpec6er

)inch

Camarhynchuspsittacula

2argetree )inch

Medium

tree )inch

Cactusground )inch

Geospizadifficilis

Cactus )lo(ereaters

Geospizascandens

Seed eater

;round )inches

Seed eaters

Tree )inches

Common ancestor )romSouth American mainland

nsect eaters 3ud eater

+arbler )inches

Mangroe)inchGeospiza

fortis

Cactospizapallida Small

tree )inch

Camarhynchuspauper

Camarhynchusparvulus

;reen(arbler)inch

;ray(arbler)inch

Certhideaolivacea

Certhideafusca

@egetarian)inch

Platyspizacrassirostris

Cactospizaheliobates


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$i ! i


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$isco%ery !cience

E3amples of discovery science!

understanding cell structure

e3panding databases of genomes

T f D t


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Types of Data

+wo types of data!

uantitative data! numerical measurements

ualitative data! recorded descriptions


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Induction in Discovery Science


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Induction in Discovery Science

=nductive reasoning involves generalizing based

on many specific observations

Hyothesis Based !cience


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Hyothesis&Based !cience

Hypotheses are hypothetical e3planations

6 hypothesis is an e3planation on trial

making a prediction that can be tested

Deduction: The If then Logic of Hypothesis Based Science


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Deduction: The Ifthen Logic of Hypothesis-Based Science

=f a hypothesis is correct then we can e3pect aparticular outcome

%eductie reasoning uses general premises

to ma6e speci)ic predictions :or e3ample if organisms are made of cells

(premise 1), and humans are organisms

(premise 2), then humans are composed ofcells (deductive prediction)

A !oser Loo" at Hypotheses in Scientific In#uiry


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A !oser Loo" at Hypotheses in Scientific In#uiry

6 scientific hypothesis must have two important

2ualities! =t must be testable

=t must be falsifiable


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:or e3ample (bservation! Cour flashlight doesnt work

uestion! Dhy doesnt your flashlight work

Hypothesis 1! +he batteries are dead

Hypothesis "! +he bulb is burnt out

Both these hypotheses are testable


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:ailure to falsify a hypothesis does notprovethat hypothesis

For eample, you replace your flashlight bulb,

and it no! !or"s# this supports the hypothesisthat your bulb !as burnt out, but does not

prove it (perhaps the first bulb !as inserted

incorrectly)


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=nlandpopulation

/embers of thesame species

living inland aredarker in color

Beach mice havelight tan dappled

coats

Beachpopulation

$%&F OF'*+O

:lorida


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$amouflaged

7control8

5onAcamouflaged7e3perimental8

$amouflaged

7control8

5onAcamouflaged7e3perimental8

Beach

habitats

=nland

habitats

Lightmodels

4arkmodels

Lightmodels

4arkmodels

;esults

&red

ation

rate1.

.'

.


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Theories in !cience


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=n the conte3t of science a theoryis

Broader in scope than a hypothesis

upported by a large body of evidence in

comparison to a hypothesis

Theories in !cience


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Scarlet 6ing sna6e

Eastern coralsna6e

Scarlet 6ing sna6e

.ey

/ange o) scarlet

6ing sna6e

$orthCarolina

/ange o) eastern

coral sna6e

South

Carolina


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+he relationship between science and society isclearer when technology is considered

+he goal of technology is to applyscientific

knowledge for some specific purpose

>cience and technology are interdependent

Limitations of !cience


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Limitations of !cience

+he limitations of science are set by its naturalism

>cience seeks natural causes for naturalphenomena

>cience cannot support or falsify supernatural

e3planations which are outside the bounds ofscience

*odel Building in !cience


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*odel Building in !cience

Models are representations o) natural

phenomena and can ta6e the )orm o)

4iagrams

+hreeAdimensional ob0ects

$omputer programs

/athematical e2uations

&romb d

&roml


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body lungs

/ightatrium

2e)tatrium

/ightentricle

2e)tentricle

To lungs To body

Animations and +ideos


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o s d + deos

Bozeman A =ntro to Biology

Bozeman A Essential $haracteristics of Life

Bozeman F Homeostasis

Bozeman A Homeostasis ;eview

&ositive and 5egative :eedback

Bozeman A &ositive and 5egative :eedback Bozeman A Elements of a :eedback Loop

:eedback =nhibition of Biological &athways

Animations and +ideos


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Bozeman A Environmental /atter E3change

Bozeman A ;esponse to E3ternal Environments

Bozeman A Homeostatic 4isruptions

Bozeman A +he Hierarchy of Life

>cientific /ethod

Bozeman A +he >cientific /ethod >cientific /ethod E3periment 1 and "


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$hapter uiz uestions F 1

$hapter uiz uestions A "

+hich o) the )ollo(ing is not a theme that


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+hich o) the )ollo(ing is not a theme thatuni)ies biologyB

a8 systems biology

b8 emergent properties

c8 inductive reasoning

d8 reductionism

e8 genomics

Dhich of the following is not a theme that unifies


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a8 systems biology

b8 emergent properties

c8 inductive reasoning

d" reductionism

e8 genomics

Dhich of the following is not a theme that unifiesbiology

+hat is the correct order !)rom small to large"B


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+hat is the correct order !)rom small to large"B

a8 cells organelles organ system communityecosystems

b8 molecules organism population communitiesbiosphere

c8 molecules cells tissues ecosystems communities

d8 organelles cells population biosphere ecosystems

e8 cells organs population ecosystems communities

Dhat is the correct order 7from small to large8


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Dhat is the correct order 7from small to large8

a8 cells organelles organ system communityecosystems

b" molecules= organism= population= communities=biosphere

c8 molecules cells tissues ecosystems communities

d8 organelles cells population biosphere ecosystems

e8 cells organs population ecosystems communities

All o) the gray s>uirrels that inhabit an oa6 )orest


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All o) the gray s>uirrels that inhabit an oa6 )orestdescribes aan

a8 ecosystem

b8 biosphere

c8 communityd8 population

e8 colony

All o) the gray s>uirrels that inhabit an oa6 )orest


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All o) the gray s>uirrels that inhabit an oa6 )orestdescribes aan

a8 ecosystem

b8 biosphere

c8 communityd" population

e8 colony

+hich o) the )ollo(ing scienti)ic studies (ould


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+hich o) the )ollo(ing scienti)ic studies (ouldrepresent an e,ample o) a Dsystems biologyapproachB

a8 measuring the effect of an invading insect that eatsoak leaves on the numbers of oak trees and on anysubse2uent changes in the number and types ofdecomposer fungi in the soil

b8 discovering the structure of an enzyme that is importantin digestion of protein

c8 comparing the microscopic structure of leaves of twodifferent species of magnolias

d8 measuring the reproductive rate of emperor penguinsduring e3ceptionally warm and e3ceptionally cold years

e8 comparing the 456 se2uence of two closely related

plants and inferring their evolutionary histories

Dhich of the following scientific studies would represent


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Dhich of the following scientific studies would representan e3ample of a ?systems biology@ approach

a" measuring the e))ect o) an inading insect that eatsoa6 leaes on the numbers o) oa6 trees and on anysubse>uent changes in the number and types o)decomposer )ungi in the soil

b8 discovering the structure of an enzyme that is importantin digestion of protein

c8 comparing the microscopic structure of leaves of twodifferent species of magnolias

d8 measuring the reproductive rate of emperor penguinsduring e3ceptionally warm and e3ceptionally cold years

e8 comparing the 456 se2uence of two closely related

plants and inferring their evolutionary histories

2i6e Fac6rabbits elephants hae many blood essels


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2i6e Fac6rabbits= elephants hae many blood esselsin their ears that help them cool their bodies byradiating heat< +hich o) the )ollo(ing statements

about this radiated energy (ould be accurateB

a8 +he original source of the energy was the sun

b8 +he energy will be recycled through the

ecosystem

c8 +he radiated energy will be trapped bypredators of the elephants

d8 /ore energy is radiated in cold conditions thanin hot conditions

e8 /ore energy is radiated at night than during the

day

Like 0ackrabbits elephants have many blood vessels in


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0 p ytheir ears that help them cool their bodies by radiatingheat Dhich of the following statements about this radiatedenergy would be accurate

a" The original source o) the energy (as the suneeds that are dispersed by wind are very light

d8 :ish that swim rapidly have bodies that arestreamlined

e8 none of the above

+he idea that form and function are related would not


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be e3emplified by which of the following e3amples

a8 $ells in the intestinal lining of vertebrates havemany small pro0ections that increase the surfacearea for absorption of nutrients

b8 &lants that live in dry areas have large roots forabsorbing water

c8 >eeds that are dispersed by wind are very light

d8 :ish that swim rapidly have bodies that arestreamlined

e" none o) the aboe

magine that you hae Fust discoered a ne(


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magine that you hae Fust discoered a ne(multicellular but microscopic organism that s(ims inponds< ou see that it is propelled by cilia on the

outside o) the organism< +hat can you say about theeolutionary relationships o) this organismB

a8 +he presence of cilia shows that it is more closelyrelated to arameciumthan to humans

b8 +he presence of cilia shows that it shares acommon ancestor with arameciumand humans

c8 =t is probably closely related to pond algae

d8 =t is probably most closely related to prokaryotes

e8 +he presence of cilia demonstrates the diversity but notthe unity of life

=magine that you have 0ust discovered a new multicellular


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g y 0but microscopic organism that swims in ponds Cou see thatit is propelled by cilia on the outside of the organism Dhatcan you say about the evolutionary relationships of thisorganism

a8 +he presence of cilia shows that it is more closelyrelated to arameciumthan to humans

b" The presence o) cilia sho(s that it shares acommon ancestor (ith Parameciumand humansuencecientists who work in forests studying ecology often

collaborate closely with geneticists who work only in thelab

e8 +he practice of science results in a discovery that lendsnew insight and technology involves how this new

insight will be applied to develop a new drug


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An e,perimental study is conducted to


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p ydetermine (hether or not a ne( drug reduceshigh blood pressure< The change in systolic

and diastolic blood pressure alues o) theparticipants represents the

independent variable

dependent ariable

hypothesis

theory

control group

$early hal) a century ago= %< +< .au)man inestigated the


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y y g ge))ect o) prey camou)lage on predation< .au)man tested thehypothesis that the amount o) contrast bet(een the coatcolor o) a mouse and the color o) its surroundings (ould

a))ect the rate o) nighttime predation by o(ls< e alsohypothesi'ed that the color contrast (ould be a))ected by theamount o) moonlight< n this e,ercise= you (ill analy'e data)rom his o(l?mouse predation studiesuids

Elephant

seals

&ishes3irds

Crab?eater

seals

2eopard

seals

Sperm

(hales

Smaller

toothed

(hales

3aleen

(hales

A food web is a

branching food

chain withcomplex trophic

interactions

"eystone #pecies


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=n contrast to dominant species= 6eystone

speciesare not necessarily abundant in acommunity

+hey e3ert strong control on a community by

their ecological roles or niches

:ield studies of sea stars e3hibit their role as a

keystone species in intertidal communities

100

Observation

of sea otter


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100

L0

:0

70

0

#0

Sea otter abundance

Otternumber

!m

a,/=$ ;E+=$9L9/ 7E;8

>mooth E;

;ough E;:lagellum5ucleolus

5uclearenvelope

$hromatin


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$C+(>IELE+(5!

$entrosome

/icrofilaments=ntermediate

filaments

/icrovilli

/icrotubules

/itochondrion

&ero3isome


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$C+(A

>IELE+(5

59$LE9>

$hloroplast

$entral vacuole

/icrofilaments

=ntermediate

filaments

$ell wall

/icrotubules

/itochondrion

&ero3isome


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A typical

rod?shaped

bacterium

A thin section through the

bacterium Bacillus

coagulans!TEM"

0


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columnarepithelium

epithelium

Pseudostrati)ied

ciliated columnarepithelium

Strati)ieds>uamous

epitheliaSimple s>uamous

epithelia

Cuboidalepithelia

3asement membrane

70 m

CO$$ECT@E TSS-E

Collagenous)iber

Elastic)iber

1#0 m

0m

Chondrocytes

Chondroitinsul)ate

2ooseconnectie

tissue


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100

Cartilage

150m

Adipose tissue

&at droplets

3lood

/ed blood cells

+hite blood cell

55 m

Plasma

3oneCentral

canal

00 m

Osteon

40 m

&ibrousconnectie tissue

$uclei


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Passie transport Actie transport


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%i))usion &acilitated di))usionATP

Animalcell

#O #O #O

ypotonic solution sotonic solution ypertonic solution

#O


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2ysed

#O #O #O

$ormal

#O

Shrieled

#O#O#O#OPlantcell

1. ch 1 ppt exploring life (1)

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