1 changing earth’s climate. `the balance of evidence suggests that there is a discernible human...
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Changing Earth’s Climate
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`The balance of evidence suggests that there is a
discernible human influence on global
climate '
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (United Nations), Second Assessment Report, 1996
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`There is new and stronger evidence that most of the warming observed over
the last 50 years is attributable to human
activity'
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (United Nations), Third Assessment Report, 2001
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`Most of the observed increase in globally averaged
temperatures since the mid-20th century is very likely due to the
observed increase in greenhouse gas concentrations.'
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (United Nations), Fourth Assessment Report, 2007
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`Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, as is now evident
from observations of increases in global average air and ocean
temperatures, widespread melting of snow and ice, and rising global
mean sea level.'
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (United Nations), Fourth Assessment Report, 2007
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Greenhouse Gasses
• Sunlight heats up Earth’s surface
• Earth radiates heat back into the air
• Greenhouse gasses absorb this heat and don’t let Earth’s heat out
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Increased Greenhouse Gases
Earth’s “cooling” system is “clogged”
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Evidence from the Earth
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Global mean temperature
Global averagesea level
Northern hemispheresnow cover
Observations of recent climate change
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Global Instrumental Temperature Record
10 warmest years
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1960 1970 1980 1990 2000310
320
340
360
370
380
Car
bon
Dio
xide
Con
cent
ratio
n (p
pmv)
2007
330
350
390
Carbon Dioxide Concentration
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How we get data from the past
– Deep ocean cores
– Tree rings
– Historical documents
– Coral cores
– Ice cores
Reconstructing past climates
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Reconstructed Surface Temperatures
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270
290
360
370
380
Car
bon
Dio
xide
Con
cent
ratio
n (p
pmv)
280
300
310
320
330
340
350
1750 1800 1850 1900 1950 2000
Mauna Loa, Hawaii (1958 - present)
Siple Station (1750 - )
Past CO2 concentrations
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800 600 400 200 0
CO
2 (
ppm
v)
Thousands of Years Before Present
Present CO2 concentration (383 ppmv)
CO2 concentration after 50 years of unrestricted fossil fuel burning (600 ppmv)
240
300
270
210
180
Petit et al., 1999; Siegenthaler et al., 2005; EPICA Community members, 2004
Tem
p.P
roxy
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• Sea level rising• by thermal expansion AND ice melt
• Sea ice melting (Arctic and Antarctic)
• Glaciers melting worldwide
• Arctic and Antarctic Peninsula heating up fastest
• Melting on ice sheets is accelerating
• More severe weather (droughts, floods, storms, heat waves, hard freezes, etc.)
• Bottom line:• These changes do not fit the natural patterns unless we
add the effects of increased Greenhouse gasses
Signs that global warming is underway
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•Earth is 1°F warmer than 100 years ago
•Not equally distributed– Some areas have warmed 11°F
•Weather becoming more variable and more severe
Some climate change facts
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Scientists have no doubt
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Glaciers fluctuate with climate
Glacier ice
Sea ice
18,000 years ago Present
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•For over 30 years, scientists have predicted increased greenhouse gasses will cause unnatural changes
•By 2000 we have seen: Antarctic sea ice break-ups Antarctic Peninsula warming Arctic sea ice melting Faster Arctic warming (11°F!) Melting of small glaciers and ice caps Sea level rise
Predicted changes of human climate change
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Antarctic Sea Ice Break-ups
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Antarctic Sea Ice Melting
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Arctic Sea Ice Melting
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251980
-0.2
0.4
Ice
Ext
ent A
nom
aly
(106
km2 )
0.0
0.2
1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
-0.4
-0.8
-0.6
Arctic sea ice extent
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1941
2004
Melting of small glaciers and ice caps
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Carroll Glacier
1906 2004
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McCarty Glacier, Alaska
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Muir and Riggs Glaciers
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1993
2000
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1970 2005
Kilimanjaro
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Qori Kalis
1978 2002
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1928 2004
Patagonia
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• ~80% of world’s water supply
• Rapidly retreating worldwide
• Glaciers and ice caps gone by 2100 or sooner
• Major ice sheets also retreating
1941 2004
Who cares about glaciers?
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Sea-level rising
• Thermal expansion (warmer water expands and needs more space)
• Addition of water from melting ice
• Melting ice sheets– Greenland: 7.4 m (25’) potential– Antarctica: 74 m (250’) potential
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1992 2005
Greenland satellite melt record
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1 year of melt!
R. Huff, J. Box, S. Starkweather, T. Albert
This is how much ice
melted in just one year.
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Sea Level Rise
• Areas in red will be under water if all Greenland melts.
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Earth if Antarctica melts
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Sea-level rise
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• Fastest extinction rate of life on Earth in 65 Million years (1000x normal rate)
• Increased disease (e.g. asthma, malaria)
• Increased poverty and hunger
• Sea level rise
• More extreme weather– Droughts
– Flooding
– Heat-waves
– Storms
Additional consequences