1 chapter 11: the muscular system. 2 the muscular system consists only of skeletal muscles muscle...
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Chapter 11:
The Muscular System
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The Muscular System
• Consists only of skeletal muscles• Muscle organization affects power,
range, and speed of muscle movement
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Fascicles
• Muscle cells (fibers) are organized in bundles (fascicles)
• Classification of Skeletal Muscles– By the way fascicles are organized– By relationships of fascicles to tendons
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Muscle Organization
• Groups of fibers are organized into fascicles
• Fibers in fascicle run parallel to fascicle, but fascicle can be arranged in 4 different shapes with respect to tendon:
1. Parallel Muscles2. Convergent Muscles3. Pennate Muscles
- Unipennate, Bipennate, Multipennate
4. Circular Muscles
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1. Parallel Muscles
• Fascicles run parallel to length of the muscle
• Most skeletal muscles are arranged this way
• Able to change length extensively
• Can move load over a great distance
Figure 11–1a
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Parallel Muscle Body
• The center or body of the muscle thickens when parallel muscle contracts
• Tension– Depends on total number of myofibrils
• Directly relates to cross section of muscle• 1 in.2 (6.45 cm2) of cross section develops
50 lb (23 kg) of tension
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2. Pennate Muscles • Fascicles are arranged at an angle to tendonA. Unipennate: Fascicle angled on one side of tendonB. Bipennate: Tendon in middle with angled fascicles on either
sideC. Multipennate: - Branched tendon with fascicles organized around each
branch**Pennate muscles produce more tension than parallel
muscles but cannot move so far, less distance producedA. Unipennate B. Bipennate
C. Multipennate
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Pennate Muscles
• Unipennate: – fibers on 1 side of tendon – e.g., extensor digitorum
• Bipennate:– fibers on both sides of tendon– e.g., rectus femoris
• Multipennate:– tendon branches within muscle– e.g., deltoid
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3. Convergent Muscles
• Fascicles spread out like a fan on one end and converge to a single point on the other
• Produce less tension and distance than parallel muscles but– Independent
contraction of fascicles can produce different movement from the same muscle
– Provides versatility• Muscle fibers pull in
different directions, depending on stimulation Figure 11–1b
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4. Circular Muscles
• Also called sphincters
• Concentric arrangement of fascicles
• Function:– Decrease diameter of
openings to guard entrances and exits
• e.g., obicularis oris
Figure 11–1f
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Why does a pennate muscle generate more tension than does
a parallel muscle of the same size?
1. Parallel fibers do not respond to calcium.
2. A pennate muscle contains more muscle fibers.
3. Muscle force is concentrated on the insertion in pennate muscles.
4. This is not a true statement.
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Which type of muscle would you expect to be guarding the
opening between the stomach and the small intestine?
1. convergent muscle2. multipennate muscle3. parallel muscle4. circular muscle
(sphincter)
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Muscle Terminology• Muscles have 1 fixed point of attachment
(origin) and 1 moving point of attachment (insertion)
• Origin: – Where the fixed end of the muscle attached to
bone, cartilage, or CT– Origin is usually proximal to insertion
• Insertion:– Where the moveable end attaches
• Action:– The specific movement produced by the muscle
during contraction•e.g., flexion, extension, adduction, etc.
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Muscles interact to produce or oppose
movements.
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Muscle Interactions
• Muscles work in groups to maximize efficiency
• Smaller muscles reach maximum tension first, followed by larger, primary muscles
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Muscle Terminology• Muscle often work in groups to increase
tension or fine tune movement• Different muscles serve different function:
– Agonist: •prime mover, muscle most responsible for the
movement– Synergist:
•a muscle with the same action as the agonist•assists agonist at the beginning of contraction
when fiber length is not optimal for agonist– helps start motion or stabilize origin of
agonist (fixator)– Antagonist:
•a muscle whose action opposes the agonist– produces the opposite action to fine tune
movement by the agonist
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Muscle Opposition
• Agonists and antagonists work in pairs:– when 1 contracts, the other stretches– i.e. flexors–extensors
abductors–adductors
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The name of a muscle helps identify its location, appearance, or function.
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Descriptive Names for Skeletal Muscles
1. Location in the body2. Fascicle organization3. Relative position4. Structure, Size and Shape5. Origin and insertion6. Action
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Naming Muscles• Names of muscle are derived from aspects
of their features:1. Location:
- Named for part of the body where they’re located- e.g. Brachii, Abdominis
2. Fascicle Organization: - Named for how fascicles are organized with respect to the body- e.g. Rectus = straight Oblique = angle
3. Relative Position: - Named for depth when layered- e.g. Externus/Superficialis = top, surface Internus/Profundus = deep
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Naming Muscles4. Structure, Size and Shape:
A. Number of tendons- e.g. triceps, biceps
B. Shape of Muscle- e.g. trapezius = trapezoid deltoid = triangle soleus = fish
C. Size of muscle relative to others- Major = bigger- Maximus = biggest- Longus = long- Vastus = great
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Naming Muscles5. Origin and Insertion:
- Name of regions of attachment, origin first, insertion second
- e.g. sternocleidomastoidOrigin = manubrium of sternum and
medial clavicleInsertion = mastoid process
6. Action:- Named for action performed and region
acted upon- e.g. extensor digitorum
Usually multiple naming schemes are combined to name the muscle:
e.g. flexor carpi ulnaris* Individual muscles, orgins, insertions and actions
are examined in lab.
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Naming Skeletal Muscles
Table 11–1 (1 of 2)
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Naming Skeletal Muscles
Table 11–1 (2 of 2)
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Effects of Aging on the Muscular System
1. Skeletal muscle fibers become smaller in diameter
2. Skeletal muscles become less elastic:
– develop increasing amounts of fibrous tissue (fibrosis)
3. Decreased tolerance for exercise4. Decreased ability to recover from
muscular injuries
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Muscle A abducts the humerus, and muscle B adducts the
humerus. What is the relationship between
these two muscles?
1. synergists2. antagonists3. agonists4. fixators
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What does the name flexor carpi radialis longus tell you about this
muscle?
1. its size2. its function3. its location4. 1, 2, and 3 are correct
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A Closer Look at the Muscular
System
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Axial and Appendicular Muscles
Figure 11–3a
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Axial and Appendicular Muscles
Figure 11–3b
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Divisions of the Muscular System
1. Axial muscles:– position head and spinal column– move rib cage– 60% of skeletal muscles
2. Appendicular muscles:– support pectoral and pelvic girdles– support limbs– 40% of skeletal muscles
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The Axial Muscles
• Divisions based on location and function:– muscles of head and neck– muscles of vertebral column– oblique and rectus muscles– muscles of pelvic floor
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Muscles of Facial Expression
Figure 11–4b
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Summary: Muscles of Facial Expression
Table 11–2 (1 of 2)
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Summary: Muscles of Facial Expression
Table 11–2 (2 of 2)
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Anterior Muscles of the Neck
Figure 11–9
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Oblique and Rectus Muscles• Lie within the body wall
Figure 11–11a, b
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Functions of Oblique and Rectus Muscles
• Oblique muscles:– compress underlying structures– rotate vertebral column
• Rectus muscles:– flex vertebral column
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Oblique Muscles
• Thoracic region:– intercostal muscles (external and
internal intercostals):• respiratory movements of ribs
• Abdominopelvic region (same pattern as thoracic):– external oblique muscles – internal oblique muscles
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Rectus Group
• Rectus abdominis:– between xiphoid process and pubic
symphysis– divided transversely by tendinous
inscriptions
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Oblique Muscles
Table 11–9 (1 of 2)
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Oblique and Rectus Muscles
Table 11–9 (2 of 2)
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The structures and functions of the
major muscle groups of the upper and lower
limbs.
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The Appendicular Muscles
Figure 11–13b
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The Appendicular Muscles
Figure 11–13a
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The Appendicular Muscles
• Position and stabilize pectoral and pelvic girdles
• Move upper and lower limbs– Move the arm– Move the forearm and hand– Move the hand and fingers
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Muscles that Position the Pectoral Girdle
Figure 11–14b
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Muscles that Position the Pectoral Girdle
Figure 11–14a
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Muscles that Position the Pectoral Girdle
• Trapezius:– superficial– covers back and neck to base of skull– inserts on clavicles and scapular spines
• Rhomboid and levator scapulae:– deep to trapezius– attach to cervical and thoracic vertebrae– insert on scapular border
• Serratus anterior:– on the chest– originates along ribs– inserts on anterior scapular margin
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Muscles that Position the Pectoral Girdle
Tables 11–11
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Muscles that Move the Arm
Figure 11–15a
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Muscles that Move the Arm
Figure 11–15b
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9 Muscles that Move the Arm
• Deltoid: – the major abductor (away from
longitudinal axis)
• Teres major/minor: – produce rotation at shoulder
• Coracobrachialis: – attaches to scapula– produces flexion and adduction at
shoulder
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9 Muscles that Move the Arm
• Pectoralis major: – between anterior chest and greater
tubercle of humerus– produces flexion at shoulder joint
• Latissimus dorsi:– between thoracic vertebrae and
humerus– produces extension at shoulder joint
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The Rotator Cuff
• Muscles involved in shoulder rotation– supraspinatus, subscapularis,
infraspinatus, teres minor,and their tendons
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Muscles that Move the Arm
Table 11–12
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Baseball pitchers sometimes suffer from rotator cuff injuries.
Which muscles are involved in this type of injury?
1. rhomboid major and minor, teres major and minor muscles
2. teres major, teres minor and serratus anterior muscles
3. pectoralis major and minor muscles
4. supraspinatus, infraspinatus, subscapularis, and teres minor muscles
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Muscles that Move the Forearm and Hand
Figure 11–16a
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Muscles that Move the Forearm and Hand
Figure 11–16b
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Muscles that Move the Forearm and Hand
• Originate on humerus and insert on forearm
• Exceptions:– the major flexor (biceps brachii)
•mainly on anterior and medial surfaces– the major extensor (triceps brachii)
•mainly on posterior and lateral surfaces of arm
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Muscles that Move the Forearm and Hand
• Biceps brachii:– flexes elbow– stabilizes shoulder joint– originates on scapula– inserts on radial tuberosity
• Triceps brachii:– extends elbow– originates on scapula– inserts on olecranon
• Brachialis and brachioradialis:– flex elbow
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Muscles that Move the Forearm and Hand
• Flexor carpi ulnaris: – superficial– flexes wrist– adducts wrist
• Flexor carpi radialis: – superficial– flexes wrist– abducts wrist
• Extensor carpi radialis:– superficial– extends wrist– abducts wrist
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Muscles that Move the Forearm and Hand
• Extensor carpi ulnaris:– superficial– extends wrist– adducts wrist
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Summary: Muscles that Move the Forearm and Hand
Table 11–13 (1 of 2)
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Summary: Muscles that Move the Forearm and Hand
Table 11–13 (2 of 2)
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Muscles that Move the Hand and Fingers
Figure 11–17a, b
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Muscles that Move the Hand and Fingers
Figure 11–17c, d
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Summary: Muscles that Move the Hand and Fingers
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Muscles of the Pelvis and Lower Limbs
• Pelvic girdle is tightly bound to axial skeleton:– permits little movement– has few muscles
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Muscles that Position the Lower Limbs
1. Muscles that move the thigh2. Muscles that move the leg3. Muscles that move the foot and
toes
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Muscles that Move the Thigh
Figure 11–19a, b
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Muscles that Move the Thigh
Figure 11–19c, d
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Muscles that Move the Thigh
• Gluteal muscles • Lateral rotators • Adductors • Iliopsoas
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Muscles that Move the Thigh
• Gluteal Muscles– Gluteus maximus:
• largest, most posterior gluteal muscle• produces extension and lateral rotation at
hip
• Adductors– Gracilis:
• hip flexion and adduction
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Muscles that Move the Leg
Figure 11–20a
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Muscles that Move the Leg
Figure 11–20b, c
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Muscles that Move the Leg
• Flexors of the knee:– originate on the pelvic girdle
• Extensors of the knee:– originate on the femoral surface– insert on the patella
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Flexors and Extensors of the Knee
• Flexors of the Knee– Biceps femoris– Semimembranosus– Semitendinosus– Sartorius:
• originates superior to the acetabulum
• Extensors of the Knee– 4 muscles of the quadriceps femoris:
• 3 vastus muscles• rectus femoris muscle
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Hamstrings
• Hamstrings are made up of:– biceps femoris– semimembranosus– semitendinosus
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Muscles that Move the Leg
Table 11–17 (1 of 2)
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Muscles that Move the Leg
Table 11–17 (2 of 2)
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You often hear of athletes who suffer a pulled hamstring. To what does this phrase refer?
1. biceps femoris, gracilis, and adductor magnus damage
2. rectus femoris, vastus lateralis and vastis medialis damage
3. semitendinosus, biceps femoris, and semimembranosus muscle damage
4. sartorius, gracilis and rectus femoris damage
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Muscles that Move the Foot and Toes
Figure 11–21a, b
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Muscles that Move the Foot and Toes
Figure 11–21c, d
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Muscles that Move the Foot and Toes
• Extrinsic muscles that move the foot and toes include:– muscles that produce extension at the
ankle– muscles that produce flexion at the ankle– muscles that produce extension at the toes– muscles that produce flexion at the toes
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Muscles that Produce Movement at the Ankle
• Muscles that Produce Extension at the Ankle – Gastrocnemius– Soleus– Fibularis– Tibialis posterior
• Muscles that Produce Flexion at the Ankle – Tibialis anterior:
•opposes the gastrocnemius
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The Achilles Tendon
• The calcaneal tendon (Achilles tendon):– shared by the gastrocnemius and
soleus
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Muscles the Produce Movement of the Toes
• Muscles that Produce Extension at the Toes– Extensor digitorum longum
• Muscles that Produce Flexion at the Toes– Flexor digitorum longum
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SUMMARY
• Effects of muscle structure on function• Organization of skeletal muscle fibers:
– parallel, convergent, pennate, circular• Relationships between levers and
movement• Actions of first, second, and third class
levers• Origins and insertions of skeletal muscles• Actions of skeletal muscles:
– agonist, antagonist, synergist• How skeletal muscles are named
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SUMMARY
• Structures and functions of axial muscles:– muscles of head and neck– muscle of vertebral column– oblique and rectus muscles– muscles of pelvic floor
• Structures and functions of the appendicular muscles:– muscles of shoulders and upper limbs– muscles of pelvis and lower limbs
• Effects of aging on the muscular system