1 chapter 4 human populations principles of environmental science - inquiry and applications, 3rd...
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Chapter 4 Human Populations
Principles of EnvironmentalScience - Inquiry and Applications,
3rd Editionby William and Mary Ann Cunningham
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
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Chapter Four Readings & Objectives Required ReadingsCunningham & Cunningham, Chapter Four
Objectives
At the end of this lesson, you should be able to
• summarize historic factors that have contributed to human population growth;
• calculate doubling times for different annual growth rates;
• describe Malthusian and Marxian theories of limits to population growth, and explain why technological optimists and supporters of social justice oppose these theories;
• explain the process of demographic transition and why it produces a temporary population surge;
• understand how changes in life expectancy, infant mortality, women's literacy, standards of living, and democracy affect population changes;
• evaluate pressures for and against family planning in traditional and modern societies;
• compare modern birth control methods and think about a personal family planning agenda.
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Chapter Four Key Terms McGraw-Hill Course Glossary
birth control
crude birth rate
crude death rates
demographic transition
demography
dependency ratio
family planning
life expectancy
neo-Malthusians
pronatalist pressures
total fertility rate
zero population growth (ZPG)
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Chapter Four - Topics
• Population growth
• Limits to growth: some opposing views
• Human demography
• Population growth: opposing factors
• Demographic transition
• Family planning and fertility control
• The future of human populations
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Part 1: Population Growth
World population now 6.47 billion (Oct 12, 2005)http://www.census.gov/main/www/popclock.htmlClick here for current US and World population estimates ->
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Current Birth and Death Rates
• Every second: about 4 children are born, while about 2 other people die
• Net gain: 2.3 humans added to the world population every second, 72 million added every year
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Human Population Levels Throughout History
ADD FIG. 4.2
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ADD TABLE 4.1
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Part 2: Limits to Growth
Varying Perspectives • Overpopulation causes resource depletion and
environmental degradation• Human ingenuity and technology will allow us to
overcome any problems - more people may be beneficial
• Resources are sufficient to meet everyone's needs - shortages are the result of greed, waste, and oppression
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Decisions on how many children to have are influenced by many factors, including culture, religion, politics, need for old-age security, and immediate family finances.
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Part 3: Human Demography
• Demography - vital statistics about people, such as births and deaths
• Two demographic worlds• Less-developed counties represent 80%
of the world population, but more than 90% of projected growth
• Richer countries tend to have negative growth rates
http://www.thirdworldtraveler.com/Third_World/TW_definition_description.html
What a stupid term…click below for definition of "third", "second", and "first" worlds…
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By 2050, India will probably be the world's most populous country.
(297)
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Fertility and Birth Rates
• Fecundity - physical ability to reproduce• Fertility - the actual production of offspring• Crude birth rate - number of births per year
per thousand people• Total fertility rate - number of children born
to an average woman during her reproductive life
• Zero population growth (ZPG) - occurs when births + immigration just equal deaths + emigration
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Regional Declines in Total Fertility Rates
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China's one-child-per-family policy decreased the country's fertility rate from 6 to 1.8 in twodecades. However, the policy is very controversial.
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As incomes rise, so does life expectancy.
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Living Longer: Demographic Implications
• A population growing by natural increase has more young people than does a stationary population.
• Dependency ratio - the number of nonworking individuals compared to working individuals - declining in countries such as the U.S. and Japan
• If current trends continue, by 2100 the median age in the U.S. will be 60.
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Part 4: Population Growth -Opposing Factors
Pronatalist pressures• Factors that increase people's desires to have
childrenBirth reduction pressures• Factors that tend to reduce fertility
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U.S. Birth Rates: 1910-2001
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Part 5: Demographic Transition
• Optimistic view - world population will stabilize during this century
• Pessimistic view - poorer countries of the world are caught in a "demographic trap" - helping poor countries will only further threaten the earth's resources
• Social justice view - overpopulation due to a lack of justice, not resources
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Demographic Transition AccompanyingEconomic and Social Development
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Fig. 4.13
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Infant Mortality and Women's Rights
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Part 7: The Future of Human Populations