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CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background

Translation is the solution in understanding the books or other materials or

even the conferences as the supporting sources for the development of technology

and science which are very important for all the people in the world. Many books

and materials about technology and science are published; therefore it should be

learned and understood by the people. Also, many meetings or conferences held in

order to share the development of technology and science among the countries in

the world. However, many of those books and materials are published in foreign

language, also, many meetings or conference are using foreign language which

cannot be understood by the people who do not use that language as the means of

communication in their daily life. Therefore, it is the role of translation to

translate those books or materials and the conferences into the language which can

be understood by the readers or participants, in this case is the Indonesian people

with Bahasa Indonesia as the national language.

Translation is a target text written as a result of the translator’s

comprehension of source text. However, as Nida states that since no two

languages are identical, either in the meanings given to corresponding symbols or

in the ways in which such symbols are arranged in phrases and sentences, it stands

to reason that there can be no absolute correspondence between languages (in

Venuti, 2000). Besides, Barnwell (1983) also states that a good translation should

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be accurate, clear and natural so it does not sound foreign. Therefore, to get a

good translation, translator should master in both source and target language.

There are competencies should be possessed by translator, they are language

competence, textual competence, subject competence, cultural competence, and

transfer competence.

There are also some factors should be considered by the translator in order

to produce a good translation product. As Nababan (1999) states that there are two

important factors in translation, they are linguistics factor that cover words,

phrases, clauses and sentences; and non-linguistics factor that cover the cultural

knowledge on both source and target language culture.

Every language in the world has its own characteristics. Therefore, when

the source language and the target language are widely different in structure and

cultural background, there cannot be an exact equivalent transfer of the source

language into the target language. To overcome the differences in characteristics

of these languages, translators are required to understand the structure of both the

source and target languages. It can be said that translation is a complicated

process encompassing both linguistic and non-linguistic problems. One aspect of

the linguistic problems to be mastered by a translator is the structure, meaning the

sequence of linguistic units that have relationship to each other. A translator who

translates English text into Indonesian has to be competent in mastering both

English and Indonesian language structure. It will make them capable in grasping

the meaning embedded in the text accurately, and will allow them to transfer the

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same meaning correctly and appropriately using the suitable structure in the target

language.

Both English and Indonesian are different from each other both in their

phonological and grammatical aspects. As Nida (1974) states that each language

possesses certain distinctive characteristics which give it a special character, e.g.

words, building capacities, unique patterns of phrase orders, techniques for

linking clauses into sentences, discourse markers and special discourse types such

as poetry, proverbs and expressions.

This study tries to find out the shifts in form and meaning in the

Indonesian translation of English noun phrases. This is because the core of

equivalence and shifts are in the form and meaning. In equivalence and shift, the

meaning is more important than the form. Besides, equivalence focuses to cases

where languages describe the same situation by different structure. As Vinay and

Dalbernet (cited in Munday, 2001) states that equivalence refers to cases where

languages describe the same situation by the different stylistic or structural means.

Whereas, when the form in source language has a new form or different form

from the target language, it is called shifts. As Catford (1965) states that ‘shifts’ is

departures from formal correspondence in the process of going from the SL to the

TL. The reason why this topic is interesting to be discussed because as we know

that noun phrases exist in every sentence of language, especially in English as the

source language of this research. However, many of us are still confused in

differentiating the word order in head words of the English and Indonesian noun

phrases. It is because the English and Indonesian head words are not the same. In

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Indonesian noun phrases, the head word is head – initial position, while in English

the head word is head – final position. Therefore, the core of the phrase is head

word, which is used to determine the meaning and the word class.

1.2 Problems of Study

From the background above, there are some problems of interest to be

discussed in this study. The problems under concern are as follows:

1. What types of shifts in translation of NP can be found in the novel The

Twilight-New Moon into Indonesian?

2. Why do the shifts in translation of NP occur in the novel The Twilight-New

Moon into Indonesian?

3. Why do the loss and gain of information occur in the translation of English

noun phrase into Indonesian in the novel The Twilight: New Moon?

1. 3 Aims of the study

The aims of the study are divided into general and specific aims.

1.3.1 General Aims

Generally, this study has an aim to improve our knowledge in translation,

to apply the theories and concepts of translation by conducting a research. This

study discusses about the shift in translation which occurs when the English Noun

phrases are translated into Indonesian in which it can also involve loss and gain of

information in the translation. Noun Phrase comes from two of words, noun, and

phrase. A noun phrase is either a pronoun or any group of words that can be

replaced by a pronoun.

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1.3.2 Specific Aims

With regards to the problems of study, specifically, this study is aimed at:

1. To find out the types of shifts occur in the translation of English

Noun Phrases into Indonesian by referring to the x-bar theory.

2. To analyze and describe about the reason why shifts occur in the

translation of English Noun Phrases into Indonesian.

3. To analyze why the loss and gain of information occur in

translation of the English noun phrase into Indonesian.

1. 4 Significance of the Study

Theoretically, the significance of this study is to give contribution to the

development of linguistic studies, especially for the translation study about some

insights of the possible translation of English noun phrase into Indonesian and at

once to see the occurrence of shift and also loss and gain of information in the

translation. Therefore the clearest translation can be done by the translator.

Then, in practical significance, hopefully, the result of this research can

be used as a reference in the process of translating the English noun phrase into

Indonesian. Also, it is hoped that this research can be used as framework for

translating English text into Indonesian, especially the noun phrase.

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1.5 Scope of the study

With regards to the problems and aims of the study, the scope of study can

be specified as follows:

1. Noun phrase is an important component in the text, however the

translation, especially from English into Indonesian sometimes confuse the

readers or translators. Therefore, this study discusses the form varieties of

the English noun phrase when it is translated into Indonesian.

2. The x-bar theory proposed by Radford (1988) is used in analyzing the

English noun phrase and also the Indonesian translation in order to show

the clear diagram about the construction of the English noun phrase and its

translation.

3. This study is concerned with the shift that may occur in the process of

translation. Therefore, the theory of Catford (1965) about shift in

translation is used.

4. The theory of loss and gain of information and skewing proposed by Nida

(1975) is also used to address the process of translation.

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CHAPTER II

LITERATURE REVIEW, CONCEPTS, THEORITICAL FRAMEWORK AND RESEARCH MODEL

2.1 Literature Review

There are some research related to this topic of study which also discussed

about noun phrase and shift which occur in the translation studies. Therefore we

need to do the literature review in order to know how the other researchers

analyze the topic, so that we can avoid the possibility of duplication. There are

some theses and journal related to this topic are reviewed.

Dianasari in her thesis (2008) ’Translation Variation of English Noun

Phrase in Sir Arthur Conan Doyle’s Novel The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes

and its translation Petualangan Sherlock Holmes’ classifies the translation

variation of English noun phrase, finding the most frequently translation variation

meaning of English noun phrase, describing the appropriateness of translation

English Indonesian noun phrase, and the pattern of English noun phrase. The

result shows that there are 8 types of translation variation meaning of English

noun phrase, namely: English noun phrase is translated into noun, noun phrase,

noun clause, adjective, adjective phrase, verb, verb phrase, and adverb phrase.

Andini (2007) in her research entitled “Translation Shift Found in the

Novel No Greater Love by Danielle Steel” discusses about the types of shift and

equivalence occurs from the data collected from the source. She concludes that

there are structural and class shift occur in the translation. However, the shifts do

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not change the meaning. They can be understood by the reader. Andini’s research

is the same with this study in which both discuss about the shifts in the translation.

However, the difference is this study is just focused on the shifts of noun phrase in

the translation.

Kristanto (2007) in his thesis entitled “Frasa Nomina Dalam Bahasa

Inggris dan Bahasa Indonesia” aims at explaining the uniqueness of English noun

phrase. From his analysis, it is known that the phrase is mainly composed of

premodifier, headword, and post modifier. The uniqueness in word order of the

English NP is due to the change in the word order. The thesis is about the form of

English and Indonesian nominal group construction. It is not talking about the

translation of nominal group construction between English into Indonesian or vice

versa, therefore Kristanto’s research is different from this study.

Sukarini (2005) in her thesis entitled “The Structural Shift of Noun Phrase

in the Process of English-Indonesian Translation in the Novel A Perfect Stranger”

concerns about translation field, which especially discusses about the structural

shift of noun phrase and also the principle of loss and gain of information which is

common in transferring meaning from one language to another. This study

concludes that structure shift occurs mostly in the process of transferring the

meaning of noun phrase (NP) from a Source Language (SL) text into a Target

Language (TL) text. It also concludes that the occurrence of the additional

information and loss of information in translation caused by the differences of the

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structure as well as the culture of both source language and target language. Loss

and gain of information are done in order to make the translation natural.

Al-Zoubi and Al-Hassanawi (2001) in the translation journal entitled

“Constructing a Model for Shift Analysis in Translation” explain about the

various types of shifts in translation at various levels of linguistic and

paralinguistic description. They conclude that the phenomenon of shift should be

redefined positively as the consequence of the translator’s effort to establish

translation equivalence (TE) between two different language-systems: that of the

SL and that of the TL. Psychologically, the occurrence of these shifts reflects the

translator's awareness of the linguistic and non-linguistic discrepancies between

the SL and TL. In this sense, shifts can be defined as problem-solving strategies

adopted consciously to minimize the inevitable loss of meaning when rendering a

text from one language into another. Translation proper is concerned with the

transfer of meaning; the analysis of shifts in translation should take into account

the non-linguistic factors—in addition to the linguistic ones—so as to achieve a

comprehensive analysis of these shifts. They also states that the distinction

between various types of shifts at various levels necessitates the distinction

between various types of equivalence in translation and the distinction between

micro-level and macro-level shifts is compatible with the distinction between

various types of translation. The same distinction is also compatible with the

distinction between various units of translation.

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2.2 Concepts

In conducting this research, there are some concepts that have to be

considered such as premodifications and other notions related to the problem

discussed in this thesis. The concepts are based on several ideas from some

experts in the field of translation and linguistics.

2.2.1 The x-bar theory

There are nominal constituents larger than the Noun but smaller than a full

Noun Phrase, verbal constituents larger than the Verb, but smaller than a full Verb

Phrase, adjectival constituents larger than the Adjective but smaller than a full

Adjectival phrase…and so on (Radford, 1988). With regards to the noun phrase, it

can be recognized that there are only two types of nominal constituent, namely N

and NP; it has no label for a constituent ‘intermediate’ between the two.

Therefore, it is stated that there is an intermediate type of nominal constituent

(namely N-bar) which is larger than N but smaller than NP. Thus, it is posited that

there are three types of nominal constituent in English, namely N, N-bar, and N-

double bar (NP) (Radford, 1988). Or, it can be also recognized the three

categorical levels of nominal constituent: the word level category, Noun as the N;

the phrase level category, NP as the N-double bar ( N” ); and the constituent

between the two as N-bar ( N’ ).

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2.2.2 Translation Shifts

When the form in source language has a new form or different form from

target language, it is called shift. According to Catford (1965),‘Shifts’ departures

from formal correspondence in the process of going from the SL to the TL.

2.2.3 Noun phrase

A phrase is a projection of its head. Radford (1988) defines Noun Phrase

as meaning phrase containing a head Noun. A noun phrase is either a pronoun or

any group of words that can be replaced by a pronoun.

2.2.4 Loss and Gain of Information

There is no exact equivalent in language. Therefore translator can adopt

many ways in order to translate the text in source language text into the target

language text in a very natural way. However, the phenomena of loss and gain of

information in the process of translating is something that very common. As Nida

(1975) states: “Formal equivalent focuses attention on the message itself, in both

form and content. In such a translation, one is concerned with the message in the

receptor language that it should match as closely possible with different elements

in the source language. This means that the message in the receptor culture is

constantly compared with the messages in the source culture to determine the

standard of accuracy and correctness”. Therefore, in the process of translation, the

translator may add some information with the hope that it does not contradict the

message of the sentence.

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2.3 Theoritical Framework

2.3.1 Translation

Hatim and Munday (2004) said that “translation is a phenomenon that has

a huge effect on everyday life.” The first of these two senses relates to translation

as a process, the second to the product. The first sense focuses on the role of the

translator in taking the original or source text (ST) and turning it into a text in

another language (the target text, TT). The second sense centers on the concrete

translation the product produced by the translator. Machali (2000) noted that

“translation as an operation performed on languages: a process of substituting a

text in one language for a text in another”. Larson (1998) stated that “translation is

basically a change of form. In translation, the form of the source language is

replaced by the form of receptor (target) language”. It can be concluded that

translation is a process of transferring the meaning of the source language into the

target language.

2.3.2 Types of Translation

Larson (1998) divided translation into two types, they are:

1. Literal translation is a form-based translation attempting to follow the

form of the source language. For example:

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Source Language Text Target Language Text

Look, little guy, you-all shouldn’t

be doing that.

Lihat, anak kecil, kamu semua

seharusnya tidak berbuat seperti

itu.

2. Idiomatic translation is a meaning-based translation that makes every

effort to communicate the meaning of the source language text in the

natural form of the receptor language. For example:

Source Language Text Target language Text

Tell me, I am not in a cage now. Ayo, berilah aku semangat bahwa

aku orang bebas.

2.3.3 Equivalence

Vinay and Darbelnet (as cited in Munday, 2001) stated that “equivalence

refers to cases where languages describe the same situation by different stylistic or

structural means”. Catford (as cited in Hatim and Munday) wrote texts in different

languages can be equivalent in different degrees (fully or partially equivalent), in

respect of different levels of presentation (equivalent in respect of context, of

semantics, of grammar, of lexis, etc), and at different ranks (word-for-word,

phrase-for-phrase, sentence-for-sentence).Baker (1998) used the notion of

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equivalence for the sake of convenience because most translators use it rather than

because it has any theoretical statements. Thus equivalence is variously regarded

as a necessary condition for translations, an obstacle to a progress in translation

studies, or a useful category for describing translation. She also added that

proponent of equivalence as the relationship between a source text (ST) and a

target text (TT). That’s allowed the TT to be considered as a translation of the ST

in the first place.

2.3.4 Types of Equivalence

Catford’s model of equivalence (1965) said:

1. Formal correspondence is any TL category (unit, class, element of

structure, etc) which can be said to occupy as nearly as possible the

“same” place in the “economy of the TL as the given SL category

occupies in the SL. For example: translating a noun by a noun.

Source Language Text Target language Text

Old man Laki – laki tua

2. Textual Equivalence is any TL text or portion of text which is

observed on a particular occasion to be the equivalent of a given SL

text or portion of text. For example: translating nominal by a verb.

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Source Language Text Target Language Text

We had a very long talk . Kami berbicara lama sekali

.

2.3.5 Shift in translation

Catford (1965) defines ‘shifts’ as departures from formal correspondence

in the process of going from the Source Language to the Target Language

There are two kinds of translation shifts:

2.3.5.1 Level shift

This is a shift of level. By level shift, it is meant that a source language

item at one linguistic level has a target language translation equivalent at a

different level. As pointed by Catford, it may occur because the translation

between these levels of phonology and graphology – or between these levels and

the levels of phonology and graphology – or between these levels and the levels of

grammar and lexis – is impossible. Translation between these levels is absolutely

ruled out by the theory, which posits ‘relationship to the same substance’ as the

necessary condition of translation equivalence. Then, with shifts from grammar to

lexis or vice versa as the only possible level shifts in translation; and such shifts

are, of course, quite common. For example:

Source language Target language

She is eating Dia sedang makan

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In this translation, there is a shift from grammar to lexis in which the patterns to

be +v-ing (grammar) in the source language text is translated into lexicon sedang

in the target language text.

2.3.5.2 Category shift

Catford refers it to the unbounded and rank-bound translation. The first

being approximately ‘normal’ or ‘free’ translation in which SL-TL equivalences

are set up at whatever rank is appropriate. Usually, but not always, there is

sentence – sentence equivalent, but in the course of a text, equivalences may shift

up and down the rank scale, often being established at rank lower than the

sentence. Rank – bound translation is used only to refer to those special cases

where equivalence is deliberately limited to ranks below the sentence, thus

leading to ‘bad translation’ that is translation in which the TL text is either not a

normal TL form at all, or is not relatable to the same situational substance as the

SL text. However, it is clearly meaningless to talk about category shift unless we

assume some degree of formal correspondence between SL and TL.

i. Structure shift

This is amongst the most frequent category shifts at all ranks in translation: they

occur in phonological and graphological translation as well as in total translation.

For example:

Source language Text Target language Text

Old man Laki – laki tua

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Old man in the source language text is constructed of modifier (old) + head (man),

meanwhile in the target language it becomes laki – laki tua which is constructed

of head (laki – laki) + modifier (tua).

ii. Class Shift

For this term, Catford is following Halliday’s definition on class. Class is defined

as that grouping of in the structure of the unit next above. Class shift occurs when

the translation equivalent of a SL item is a member of a different class from the

original item. Because of the logical dependence of class on structure, it is clear

that structure shifts usually entails class shifts, though this may be demonstratable

only at a secondary degree of delicacy. For example:

Source Language Text Target Language Text

Medical student Mahasiswa kedokteran

In this example, medical in the source language text is an adjective, meanwhile

kedokteran in the target language text is a noun.

iii. Unit Shift

This kind of shift involves change in rank. It departs from formal correspondence

in which the translation equivalent of a unit at one rank in the SL is the unit at a

different rank in the TL. For example: a phrase into a clause.

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Source language Text Target language Text

The girl buying ice cream Gadis yang membeli es krim

iv. Intra system shift

The terms intra-system shift is used for those case where the shift occurs

internally, within a system; that is, for those cases where SL and TL posses

systems which approximately correspond formally as to their constitution, but

when translation involves selection of a non-corresponding term in the TL system.

For example:

Source language text Target language text

Trousers Celana

Trousers in the source language text is a plural form. It is translated into celana in

the target language text in a singular form.

2.3.6 Noun Phrase

Part of speech in English grammar consists of noun, adjective, verb, and

adverb. The noun phrase is a quintessential part of every sentence, it is potentially

infinite in length, and it can include any number of other phrases (e.g. noun,

adjective, and adverb) within its structure. Noun Phrase comes from two of words,

noun, and phrase. Some of experts give the similar definition of noun. Sanford

(1997) stated that noun is a word or group of words used to name someone or

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something. According to Gleason (1965), a noun is a name of a person, place, or

thing. Some recently proposed definitions have been in terms of inflection: a noun

is a word, which forms a plural by adding –s or the equivalent. Whereas a phrase

is a group of related words used as a single part of speech. In different definition

phrase is an expression forming a grammatical constituent of a sentence but not

containing a finite verb (WordReference.com). Nominal group and noun phrase

are synonymous term found in different Grammars: systematic grammars favoring

the former, for instance and traditionally native grammar the latter. They refer to a

structure, which has a noun (nominal), or pronoun as a head, with or without

modifier. According to Cook and Sutter (1980: 35), a noun is a grammatical class

consisting of a noun or pronoun and any immediate modifiers (the term modifiers

refer to any grammatical element, which limits the meaning of some others,

elements).

Noun phrases are any group of words, which consist of head and modifier.

Head here consists of noun itself, pronoun, and sometime adjective. Whereas

modifiers consist of two modifiers, they are premodifier and post-modifier. Pre-

modifier includes noun, adjective, adjective phrase, participle –ed and –ing. Post-

modifier includes prepositional phrase, relative clause non-finite clause (-ing

clause, -ed clause and infinitive clause) and complementation. Noun phrases are

traditionally thought of as consisting minimally of a head noun, together with any

number of noun phrases modifier, they are determiners, quantifiers and quantifiers

phrases, adjective and adjectives phrases, noun and noun phrases, ad position and

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ad position phrases and clause (Brown & Miller, 1999). There are not only pre-

modifier and post-modifier but also there is determiner in forming noun phrase.

According to Howard Jackson in Grammar and Meaning (1990), Nouns

can be defined as participants which are explained as the person, other animate

beings and the things (both concrete and abstract) that are involved in the state,

event or action. There are two broad types of specification that participants may

have:

1. Identification which provides a means of identifying which and what

general type of participant is being referred to and of keeping track of

a participant through text.

2. Classification and description which provide means of making specific

the type of participant being talked and of giving information about a

participant’s characteristics or features.

The identification of participants in terms of reference, possession and

quantity is realized grammatically by a set of items, called determinatives, which

accompany nouns. The class of determinatives is quite restricted, and is made up

of 4 subclasses. They are: articles (a, an, the), demonstratives (this, these, that,

those), possessives (my, our, your, etc.), and quantifiers (one, first, all, any, no,

etc.). Meanwhile, the class of items which realize meaning associated with the

classification and description of participants are called modifiers. Modifier relates

to nouns. There are some types of modifier: adjectives (long, warmer, extremely,

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quite, etc.), participles (as in retreating legs), noun modifiers (as in metal box),

and relative clauses.

This study will be focus on the classification by Howard Jackson above

and will also be supported by the theory of Radford (1988) in Transformational

Grammar. Radford (1988) states that there are two levels of categories in natural

language, namely:

1. Word-level categories

(N=noun, V=Verb, A=adjective, P=preposition, ADV=adverb, M=modal,

D=determiner, etc.)

2. Phrase-level categories

(NP=noun phrase, VP=verb phrase, AP= Adjectival phrase,

PP=prepositional phrase, ADVP=adverbial phrase, etc.)

Based on the levels stated above, it can be recognized that there are only

two types of nominal constituent, namely N and NP; it has no label for a

constituent ‘intermediate’ between the two. However, there are some systems

label successively larger phrasal expansions of a given head constituent. One of

them is called the bar notation (X-bar theory) which has been introduced in

Chomsky’s (1970) ‘Remarks on Nominalisation’ paper (Radford, 1988). By the

system, it can be understood that there is an intermediate type of nominal

constituent (namely N-bar) which is larger than N but smaller than NP. Thus, it is

posited that there are three types of nominal constituent in English, namely N, N-

bar, and N-double bar (NP) (Radford, 1988). Or, it can be also recognized the

three categorical levels of nominal constituent: the word level category, Noun as

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the N; the phrase level category, NP as the N-double bar ( N” ); and the

constituent between the two as N-bar ( N’ ). As the example: the student of

university. In this example, the notation would have the structure:

N”

D N’

N PP

The students of university

From the example, we can see that the noun students is an N, the nominal phrase

students of university is a single phrasal expansion of students, therefore is an N’

(N-bar) and the full NP (the students of university) is a double phrasal expansion

of the head noun students, therefore it is an N” (N-double bar).

2.3.7 Loss and Gain of Information

The concept of loss and gain is proposed by Nida (1975) who states that a

translator should have good knowledge of the languages and of the cultures of

both languages. The linguistic knowledge that should be mastered includes

morphology, lexis, syntax and semantics, while cultural knowledge should be

sufficiently possessed as the background of the user of these languages. As a

matter of fact, it is very difficult to find the lexical equivalent between TL culture

and SL culture since they are very different from one another. The lexical

meaning of the two languages will not exactly be the same. There tends to be loss,

gain and skewing of information.

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1. Loss of information

The translation of items in the SL does not explain the whole information

in the TL or is not translated or transferred into the TL. For example:

Source language Text Target language Taxt

He is six foot four and weights over

200 pounds Dia bertubuh jangkung dan tegap

2. Gain or addition of information

The translation of items in the source language into target language is with

addition of extra information. For example:

Source Language Text Target language Text

I am utterly crushed, like an ant

Aku dipermalukan dan dilumatkan

hingga hancur lebur tak berbentuk,

seperti semut yang gepeng terinjak

– injak

3. Skewing of information

The translation of items from the source language is not the exact

equivalence in the target language.

Source language Text Target language Text

Take a bath Mandi

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2.3.8 Research Model

The research model will give the model of research in chart shape to show

the relation of topic, problems, theoretical framework and also the result of the

analysis.

The x-bar theory used in analyzing the translation shift of the English noun phrases into Indonesian with reference to The Twilight: New moon

Close Reading Note Taking Comparing

Indonesian translation

X-bar diagram (Radford, 1988)

Analysis

Noun Phrase Non-Noun Phrase

Shift Loss & Gain of Information (Catford, 1965) (Nida, 1975)

Result

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This study is a library research, therefore the process of this study begins from

finding out the English Noun phrase in the novel The Twilight Saga: New Moon

written by Stephanie Meyer by the method of close reading . After the noun

phrases founded there, the process will be moved into the note taking method in

order to make the lists of English noun phrase founded. And then, the Indonesian

translation of those English noun phrases are listed and the process continue to the

specification of the components of the English noun phrases compared to the

Indonesian translation by using the x-bar diagram proposed by Andrew Radford

(1988). After that, the analysis begins from dividing the data if the translation

becomes noun phrase or non-noun phrase in the target language text. Next step is

by finding the occurrence of shifts in those translations of English noun phrase

regarding to the x-bar diagram. Then the types of shifts occur can be explained by

using the theory proposed by Catford (1965). Also, the loss and gain of

information can be shown and analyzed. The analysis of loss and gain of

information uses the theory proposed by Nida (1975). And finally, from those all

analysis, the result of the study can be founded and formulated.

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CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHOD

Research method signifies the method which is applied by the researcher

in implementing the research (Sudaryanto, 1993). The research method in this

study will be focused on some aspects, namely: research approach, data source,

method and technique of collecting data, method and technique of analyzing data,

and method and technique of presenting the analysis.

3.1 Research Approach

This study applies the qualitative approach in which the data was analyzed

by explaining descriptively. The analysis firstly shows the x-bar diagram in order

to specify the phrase constitution and then explain if there was any shift in

translation occurred or even the loss and gain of information occurred in the

translation of the data. Bodgan and Biklen (1992) states that this kind of research

belongs to qualitative research which is characterized by observation and

description in forms of words or sentences.

3.2 Data Source

The data of this study were collected from the sentences or clauses which

contain the noun phrases in the novel The Twilight Saga: New Moon by Stephanie

Meyer and its translation into Indonesian which entitled Dua Cinta by Monica

Dwi Chresnayani. The reason why this novel is chosen to be analyzed was that

27

this novel are a new best seller book and has just made as a movie and it was a

successful movie in many countries. In this translation, can be found how the

theory of translations such as shift in translation, loss and gain of information

influence the transfer of meaning from the English noun phrase into Indonesian as

the target language.

3.3 Method and Technique of Collecting Data

The data was collected through some steps:

a. close reading, because this study is a library research. This was done in

order to find out the occurrence of the English noun phrase occur in the

novel The Twilight Saga:New Moon by Stephanie Meyer.

b. note taking the occurrence of Noun Phrases in the source language text.

c. finding out the translation of the English noun phrase in the Dua Cinta by

Monica Dwi Chresnayani as the Indonesian translation which was used as

the target language.

d. comparing the source language and the target language.

3.4 Method and Technique of Analyzing Data

The data was focused on the noun phrase in the novel. The sentences or

clauses which contain the noun phrases were underlined such a way to identify it.

After that, the noun phrases found in the source text will be compared with the

translation in the target text and analyzed if the shifts occur. If it was so, then it

was described why the shifts in translation occurred. The analysis about shifts in

28

this study used Catford’s theory in his book entitled A Linguistic Theory of

Translation (1965). In order to make the description of noun phrase and the shift

occur in the translation were clear enough; this study used the tree diagram of

syntactic structure proposed by Andrew Radford (1988) which provided a visual

representation of the categorical constituent structure of the phrase structure of

sentence. The analysis was analyzed more clearly by the theory of X-bar in

Radford’s book Transformational Grammar (1988).

3.5 Method of Presenting the Analysis

This study belongs to the qualitative research, therefore it was presented in

the form of description in both English as the source language and Indonesian as

the target language. The data of noun phrases in English was presented by using

the tree diagram of syntactic structure proposed by Andrew Radford in his book

entitled Transformational Grammar (1988), in order to analyze the noun phrase

occur in the source text. Then, it was also compared with syntactic structure of

noun phrases in Indonesian as their translation. From the syntactic structure, it

was known whether the shifts in translation occur or not. The analysis was

presented in descriptive form.

29

CHAPTER IV

THE X-BAR THEORY USED IN ANALYSING THE TRANSLATION SHIFT OF THE ENGLISH NOUN PHRASES INTO INDONESIAN WITH

REFERENCE TO THE TWILIGHT: NEW MOON

As has been stated in the previous chapter that ‘shifts’ is departures from

formal correspondence in the process of going from the SL to the TL (Catford,

1965). Shifts occur when the source language text is translated into different

grammatical or phonological form in the target language text. Catford (1965)

states that there are two major types of ‘shift’: level shifts and category shifts.

Category shift itself consists of structure shift, class shift, unit shift and intra-

system shift. This study is concerned with the translation shift analysis of the

English noun phrase into Indonesian. And also analyze the concept of loss and

gain proposed by Nida (1975) who states that a translator should have a good

knowledge of the languages and of the cultures of both languages, the source

language and the target language.

The data are presented both in source language text and the target

language text. To make the clear analysis, this study uses the x-bar theory

proposed by Radford (1988) about x-bar diagram. Then the data is analyzed

based on the theory of Catford (1965) about shift and also Nida (1975) about the

loss and gain of information.

30

4.1 NP translated into NP

Data 1

SLT: Get some fresh air(page 32)

TLT: Pergilah dan hirup udara segar (page 46)

The x-bar diagram:

SLT: N” TLT: N”

D N’ N A

A N

Some fresh air udara segar

From the x-bar diagram above, we know that the noun phrase in the source

language text some fresh air has the constitution of determiner (some) + noun

phrase/N’ (fresh air). The noun phrase/N’ is then constituted out of adjective

(fresh) + noun/N (air). In the target language text, it is also in the form of noun

phrase which has the constitution of noun (udara) + adjective (segar). Therefore

we know that loss of information occurs in this translation in which the

determiner some in the source language text is not translated. The loss of

information here is happened because though some in the source language can

have the meaning of beberapa or sedikit in the target language, in this translation

31

it does not needed to be translated. Udara in the target language is an uncountable

noun which does not need to be completed by any determiner to make it clear and

understood by the reader. And, though the noun phrase in the source language text

is also translated into noun phrase, the shift in translation also occurs in this data.

This is shown by the translation of fresh air into udara segar. The phrase is

shifted from modifier (adjective, fresh) + head (noun, air) in source language text

into head (noun, udara) + modifier (adjective, segar). According to the theory of

Catford, this type of translation shift is called a structure shift. It occurs due to the

linguistic differences between Indonesian and English. The structure of noun

phrase in English is usually constructed in the form of modifier + head,

meanwhile in Indonesian, it is constructed in the form of head + modifier.

Data 2

SLT: Carlisle put all the dirty gauze into an empty crystal bowl (page 36)

TLT: Charlie meletakkan semua kasa kotor ke dalam mangkuk kristal kosong

(page 50)

This data has two noun phrases which can be analyzed. They are:

a. all the dirty gauze translated into semua kasa kotor

b. an empty crystal bowl translated into mangkuk kristal kosong

32

a. All the dirty gauze translated into semua kasa kotor

The x-bar diagram:

SLT: N” TLT: N”

D N’ D N’

D N’ N A

A N

All the dirty gauze Semua kasa kotor

According to the x-bar diagram above, the noun phrase all the dirty gauze in the

source language text has the constitution of determiner (all) + noun phrase/N’ (the

dirty gauze) which then constituted out of determiner (the) and noun phrase (dirty

gauze). The noun phrase dirty gauze is then constituted out of adjective (dirty) +

noun (gauze). This noun phrase in the source language text is then also translated

into noun phrase in the target language text which has the constitution of

determiner (semua) + noun phrase/N’ (kasa kotor). The noun phrase/N’ then is

constituted out of the noun (kasa) + adjective (kotor). Therefore we can conclude

that a loss of information occurs in this translation in which the determiner (the) is

not translated in the target language. This is happened because though the in the

33

source language can be translated into itu or ini in the target language, in this data,

the determiner the does not needed to be added. It is already understood enough

by the reader. Also, from the x-bar diagram above, it can be seen that the shift in

translation namely the structure shift occurs in this data. Although the noun phrase

in the source language text is also translated into noun phrase, shift in translation

can be shown by the translation of dirty gauze into kasa kotor. The phrase is

shifted from modifier (adjective, dirty) + head (noun, gauze) into head (noun,

kasa) + modifier (adjective, kotor). This structure shift occurs due to the different

linguistic system between English and Indonesian, in which English uses the form

of modifier + head, meanwhile Indonesian uses the form of head + modifier.

b. An empty crystal bowl translated into mangkuk kristal kosong

The x-bar diagram:

SLT: N” TLT: N”

D N’ N’ A

A N’ N A

A N

An empty crystal bowl mangkuk kristal kosong

34

As can be seen in the x-bar diagram above, the noun phrase an empty crystal bowl

in the source language text has the constitution of determiner (a) + noun

phrase/N’ (empty crystal bowl) in which the N’ is then constituted out of the

adjective (empty) + noun phrase/N’ (crystal bowl). And finally, the N’ crystal

bowl is constituted out of the adjective (crystal) + noun (bowl). Meanwhile in the

target language text which is also a noun phrase, it has the constitution of noun

phrase/N’ (mangkuk kristal) + adjective (kosong). Then, the noun phrase/N’ is

constituted out of the noun/N (mangkuk) + adjective (kristal). The determiner an

in the source language text is not translated in the target language text. Therefore,

we can conclude that the loss of information occurs in this data. Although the

determiner an has the meaning of satu or sebuah or etc (depends on the noun

follows it), the translator chose not to translate it, because the translation is

already clear and understood enough by the reader without any translation of the

determiner an. Also, the shift in translation occurs in this data. It can be seen from

the translation of crystal bowl which is constructed by modifier (adjective,

crystal) + head (noun, bowl) into head (noun, mangkuk) + modifier (adjective,

crystal). According to the theory of Catford, this type of shift is called the

structure shift which occurs due to the different linguistic system between English

and Indonesian, in which the English noun phrase is usually constructed by

modifier + head, meanwhile the Indonesian noun phrase is constructed by head +

modifier.

35

Data 3

SLT: The long white bandage on my arm didn’t look nearly as serious when I

was no longer spattered in gore (page 42)

TLT: Perban putih panjang di lenganku tidak tampak terlalu serius setelah aku

tidak lagi memakai baju yang belepotan bercak darah (page 57)

The x-bar diagram:

SLT: N” TLT: N”

D N’ N’ A

A N’ N A

A N

The long white bandage Perban putih panjang

From the x-bar diagram above, we know that the NP in the source language text is

translated into NP in the target language text. NP the long white bandage has the

constitution of determiner (the) + noun phrase/N’ (long white bandage). The

NP/N’ is then constituted out of the adjective (long) + NP/N’ (white bandage).

And finally, the NP/N’ white bandage is constituted out of the adjective (white) +

N (bandage). Meanwhile in the target language text, the NP perban putih panjang

36

has the constitution of NP/N’ (perban putih) + adjective (panjang). And the

NP/N’ is then constituted out of the N (perban) + adjective (putih). Therefore, we

know that a loss of information occurs in this data. The determiner the in the

source language text is not translated. It is actually can be translated into ini / itu

in the target language. However, the translator prefers not to translate it maybe

because the translation is already clear enough. The translation shift also occurs

here, in which the phrase is shifted from modifier (long, white) + head (bandage)

into head (perban) + modifier (putih, panjang). According to the theory of

Catford, this belongs to the type of structure shift in translation. Again, this shift

in translation occurs because of the linguistic differences between English and

Indonesia. English noun phrase is usually constructed of modifier + head,

meanwhile in Indonesian it is constructed of head +modifier.

Data 4

SLT: It was a silly premonition—what could be worse than today? (page 52)

TLT: Firasat konyol—kejadian apa yang lebih buruk daripada hari ini tadi?

(page 67)

37

The x-bar diagram:

SLT: N” TLT: N”

D N’ N A

A N

A silly premonition firasat konyol

As can be seen from the x-bar diagram above, the noun phrase/N” a silly

premonition in the source language text has the constitution of determiner (a) +

noun phrase/N’ (silly premonition). The noun phrase/N’ is then constituted out of

the adjective (silly) + noun (premonition). Meanwhile in the target language text,

the noun phrase has the constitution of noun (firasat) + adjective (konyol).

Therefore we know that a loss of information is happened in this translation in

which the determiner (a) in the source language text is not translated. The

determiner a can have the meaning of satu/ sebuah/ seorang, etc in the target

language. However, the translator does not translate this determiner because

without it, the translation has already clear. The translation shift also occurs in the

process of translating in which the phrase silly premonition into firasat konyol is

shifted from modifier (adjective, silly) + head (noun, premonition) into head

(noun, firasat) + modifier (adjective, konyol). Referring to the theory of Catford,

38

this type of shift is called structure shift. This is happened because the linguistic

system of the source language and the target language is different.

Data 5

SLT: I touched the scrapbook again, flipping the front cover over. (page 59)

TLT: Aku menyentuh album itu lagi, membalikkan sampul depannya. (page 75)

The x-bar diagram:

SLT: N” TLT: N”

D N N D

The scrapbook album itu

The x-bar diagram above shows that the noun phrase in the source language text is

translated into noun phrase in the target language text. However, in source

language text, the noun phrase has the constitution of determiner (the) + noun

(scrapbook). Meanwhile the noun phrase in the target language text has the

constitution of noun (album) + determiner (itu). Therefore, it can be concluded

that no loss or gain of information occurs in the translation of noun phrase the

scrapbook into album itu, because all the elements of the source language text is

translated into the target language text. However, referring to the theory of

Catford, there is the occurrence of shift in the process of translating the source

39

language text into the target language text which is called the structure shift. It can

be seen from the translation of the scrapbook into album itu which is shifted from

modifier (determiner, the) + head (noun, scrapbook) into head (noun, album) +

modifier (determiner, itu). This type of shift occurs due to the different linguistic

system between English as the source language text and Indonesia as the target

language text. English noun phrases use the system of modifier + head,

meanwhile Indonesian noun phrases use the system of head + modifier.

Data 6

SLT: The tall dark man named Sam was holding the door for Charlie, one arm

extended toward us, as he was preparing to catch me when Charlie’s arms

failed (page 77)

TLT: Lelaki gelap jangkung bernama Sam memegangi pintu untuk Charlie,

sebelah tangan terulur kea arah kami, seolah – olah bersiap –siap

menangkapku bila lengan Charlie tak kuat lagi membopongku. (page 94)

40

SLT: N” TLT: N”

D N’ N’ A

A N’ N A

A N

The tall dark man Lelaki gelap jangkung

It can be seen above that the noun phrase in the souce language text is also

translated into noun phrase in the target language text. The noun phrase of the

source language text has the constitution of determiner (the) + noun phrase/N’

(tall dark man). Then, the noun phrase/N’ is constituted out of the adjective (tall)

+ noun phrase /N’ (dark man). The noun phrase/N’ is then constituted out of the

adjective (dark) + noun (man). Meanwhile in the target language text, the noun

phrase has the constitution of noun phrase/N’ (lelaki gelap) + adjective

(jangkung) in which the noun phrase/N’ is then constituted of the noun (lelaki) +

(gelap). Therefore we know that loss of information occurs in this translation in

which the determiner the that actually can be translated into itu/ini in the target

language, is not translated. This loss of information occurs because in Indonesian

as the target language, the translation of this determiner does not needed

Translation shift also occurs in this translation in which the phrase is shifted from

41

modifier (adjective, tall dark) + head (noun, man) into head (noun, lelaki) +

modifier (adjective, gelap jangkung). According to the theory proposed by

Catford, this type of translation is called structure shift which occurs because of

the different linguistic system of noun phrase construction between Indonesian

and English.

Data 7

SLT: I felt the smooth wooden floor beneath my knees (page 84)

TLT: Aku merasakan lantai kayu halus di bawah lututku (page 101)

The x-bar diagram:

SLT: N” TLT: N”

D N’ N’ A

A N’ N N

A N

The smooth wooden floor Lantai kayu halus

The x-bar diagram above shows that the noun phrase in the source language text

has the constitution of determiner (the)+ noun phrase (smooth wooden floor) in

42

which the noun phrase then is constituted out of the adjective (smooth) + other

noun phrase (wooden floor). The noun phrase wooden floor is constituted out of

the adjective (wooden) + noun (floor). Also, it can be seen that the noun phrase in

the source language text is translated into noun phrase in the target language text.

In the target language text, the noun phrase/N” has the constitution of noun

phrase/N’ (lantai kayu) + adjective (halus). And the noun phrase/N’ is constituted

out of the noun (lantai) + noun (kayu). Therefore, we know that there is loss of

information in the translation from the source language text into the target

language text in which the determiner the is not translated. There is also an

occurrence of shift which can be seen from the translation of smooth wooden floor

into lantai kayu halus. The phrase is shifted from modifier (adjective, smooth) +

head (noun, wooden floor) into head (noun, lantai kayu) + modifier (adjective,

halus). According to the theory proposed by Catford, this type of shift namely

structure shift. This shift in translation occurs due to the different linguistic

system between English and Indonesian.

Data 8

SLT: I trudged off to Calculus with a grim expression (page 99)

TLT: Aku tersaruk –saruk menuju kelas Kalkulus dengan ekspresi muram (page

113)

43

The x-bar diagram:

SLT: N” TLT: N”

D N’ N A

A N

A grim expression Ekspresi muram

As can be seen in the x-bar diagram above, the English noun phrase a grim

expression has the constitution of determiner (a) + noun phrase/N’ (grim

expression). Then the noun phrase/N’ grim expression is constituted out of the

adjective (grim) + noun (expression). Meanwhile the Indonesian translation

becomes the noun phrase ekspresi muram which has the constitution of noun

(ekspresi) + adjective (muram). This shows that there is loss of information occurs

in this translation in which the determiner A of the English noun phrase is not

translated into the target language. Also, there is shift in translation occurs. The

phrase is shifted from modifier (adjective, grim) + head (noun, expression) into

head (noun, ekspresi) + modifier (adjective, muram). According to the theory

proposed by catford, this type of shift is called structure shift.

44

Data 9

SLT: At the moment there were only two patrons in the store (pg 120)

TLT: Saat itu hanya ada dua pengunjung (page 134)

The x-bar diagram:

SLT: N” TLT: N”

D N D N

Two patrons dua pengunjung

From the x-bar diagram above, we know that the NP in the source language text

has the constitution of determiner (two) + noun (patrons). The NP is also

translated into NP in the target language which is constituted out of the determiner

(dua) + noun (pengunjung). This translation shows that there is the occurrence of

translation shift in this data in which patrons in the source language text which is

in plural form is translated into pengunjung in the target language text which is in

singular form. Such kind of shift is namely intra – systems shift according to the

theory of Catford (1965). This shift in translation occurs because in Indonesian as

the target language, we cannot put the translation into dua pengunjung –

pengunjung since the linguistic system of Indonesian noun phrases does not use

the same system as in English. There is no loss or gain of information in this data,

45

because all the part of the English noun phrase is translated into Indonesian and

has already made the translation result is understood clearly.

Data 10

SLT: “Hey,uh, Mike right?” the bearded man called, looking toward us (page

121)

TLT: “Hei, eh, namamu Mike kan?” seru cowok berjenggot itu, menoleh pada

kami (page 135)

The x-bar diagram:

SLT: N” TLT: N”

D N’ N’ D

Adv N N V

The bearded man cowok berjenggot itu

As can be seen from the x-bar diagram above, we know that the English noun

phrase the bearded man has the constitution of determiner (the) + noun phrase/N’

(bearded man). And then the noun phrase/N’ is constituted out of the adjective

(bearded) + noun/N (man). Meanwhile in the target language text, it is translated

into a noun phrase which has the constitution of noun phrase/N’ (cowok

46

berjenggot) + Determiner (itu). Then, the noun phrase/N’ is constituted out of the

noun/N (cowok) + verb/V (berjenggot). This diagram shows that there is o loss or

gain or skewing of information occurs in this data. However, the shift in

translation occurs in this data in which the English noun phrase which constructed

of modifier (adverb, bearded) + head (noun, man) is translated into head (noun,

cowok) + modifier (verb, berjenggot) in the target language. This shift in

translation is called structure shift according to the theory proposed by Catford. It

occurs since the linguistic system between English and Indonesian are different in

which English noun phrase is usually constructed by modifier + head, meanwhile

Indonesian noun phrases is usually constructed by head + modifier.

Data 11

SLT: The Black’s house was vaguely familiar, a small wooden place with narrow

windows. (page 130)

TLT: Rumah keluarga Black samar – samar masih familier, rumah kayu kecil

dengan jendela – jendela sempit (page 145)

47

The x-bar diagram:

SLT: N” TLT: N”

D N’ N’ A

A N’ N N

A N

A small wooden place Rumah kayu kecil

We can see that the English noun phrase a small wooden place in the source

language text has the constitution of determiner (the) + noun phrase/N’ (small

wooden place). Then the N’ (small wooden place) has the constitution of adjective

(small) + NP/N’ (wooden place). And finally the N’ (wooden place) is constituted

out of the adjective (wooden) + noun/N (place). This English noun phrase is

translated into noun phrase (rumah kayu kecil) which has the constitution of noun

phrase/N’ (rumah kayu) + adjective (kecil). Then the noun phrase/N’ (rumah

kayu) is constituted out of the noun (rumah) + noun (kayu). From this x-bar

diagram, we know that there is no translation shift occurs. However, according to

the theory proposed by Nida (1975), there is loss of information happened in this

data in which the determiner (A) in the English noun phrase is not translated into

the target language text..

48

Data 12

SLT: Under this shelter, raised on cinder blocks, what was looked to me like a

completed automobile (pg 133)

TLT: Di dalamnya, di atas blok sinder, bertengger sesuatu yang dalam

pandanganku menyerupai mobil utuh (page 148)

The x-bar diagram:

SLT: N” TLT: N”

D N’ N A

A N

A completed automobile mobil utuh

The noun phrase a completed automobile in the source language text has the

constitution of determiner (a) + noun phrase/N’ (completed automobile). Then the

noun phrase/N’ is constituted out of adjective (completed) + noun (automobile).

This English noun phrase is translated into mobil utuh in the target language text

which has the constitution of noun (mobil) + adjective (utuh). Therefore , we

know that loss of information occurs in this translation in which the determiner a

is not translated into the target language. Meanwhile, according to the theory of

49

Catford, structure shift occurs in this translation. It can be seen from the phrase

which is shifted from modifier (completed) + head (automobile) into head (mobil)

+ modifier (utuh).

Data 13

SLT: I’d wished that I could turn gray, fade into the wet concrete of the sidewalk

like an oversized chameleon (pg 152)

TLT: Betapa aku sangat berharap bisa berubah warna menjadi abu – abu dan

menghilang di balik beton trotoar yang basah seperti bunglon raksasa

(page 168)

The x-bar diagram:

SL: N” TL: N”

D N’ N A

A N

An oversized chameleon Bunglon raksasa

As showed by the x-bar diagram above, the English noun phrase an oversized

chameleon has the constitution of determiner (an) + noun phrase/N’ (oversized

chameleon). Then the noun phrase/N’ is constituted out of the adjective

50

(oversized) + noun/N (chameleon). This data is also translated into noun phrase

bunglon raksasa in the target language text which has the constitution of noun

(bunglon) + adjective (raksasa). From this x-bar diagram, it can be concluded that

the loss of information occurs in this translation in which the determiner (A) in the

source language text is not translated. Also, according to the theory proposed by

Catford, this translation shows that there is the occurrence of structure shift in

which the English noun phrase is shifted from the modifier (oversized) + head

(chameleon) into head (bunglon) + modifier (raksasa).

Data 14

SLT: I could feel the warm air blowing from the floor vents, but I was still too

cold (page 153)

TLT: Aku bisa merasakan udara hangat berembus dari kisi – kisi di lantai, tapi

tetap saja aku kedinginan (page 168)

The x-bar diagram:

SL: N” TL: N”

D N’ N A

A N

The warm air Udara panas

51

It can be seen from the x-bar diagram above that the NP in the source language

text has the constitution of determiner (the) + noun phrase/N’ (warm air) in which

it is then constituted out of adjective (warm) + noun (air). This noun phrase in the

source language text is also translated into noun phrase in the target language text.

The noun phrase in the target language text has the constitution of noun (udara) +

adjective (panas). Therefore, we know that there is loss of information in the

translation from the source language text into the target language text in which the

determiner the is not translated. There is also an occurrence of shift which can be

seen from the translation of warm air into udara panas in which according to the

theory proposed by Catford this type of shift is called structure shift. It can be

shown by the phrase which is shifted from modifier (adjective, warm) + head

(noun, air) into head (noun, udara) + modifier (adjective, panas).

Data 15

SLT: Two tourists have gone missing off a trail outside a crescent lake (page 257)

TLT: Dua turis hilang dari jalan setapak di luar danau sabit (pg 275)

The x-bar diagram:

SLT: N” TLT: N”

D N D N

Two tourists Dua turis

52

From the x-bar diagram above, we know that the noun phrase in the source

language text has the constitution of determiner (two) + noun (tourists).

Meanwhile in the target language, it is translated into noun phrase which has the

constitution of determiner (dua) + noun (turis). Therefore, it is known that there is

no loss and gain of information occurs in the translation of English noun phrase

into Indonesian. However, the shift occurs in this translation, in which the noun

tourists which is plural form in the source language text is translated into turis

which is singular. This type of shift is called intra-system shift according to the

theory proposed by Catford.

4.2 NP translated into non NP

Data 16

SLT: Instead of looking horrible, she was staring at me sheepishly, as if waiting

for a scolding.(page 5)

TLT: Alih – alih tampak ngeri, ia malah menatapku takut –takut, seperti

menunggu disemprot. (page 17)

The x- bar diagram:

SLT: N” TLT: V”

D N V

A scolding disemprot

53

From the x-bar diagram above, we know that the noun phrase in the source

language text has the constitution of determiner (a) + noun (scolding).

Meanwhile, in the target language text, it is translated into a verb (disemprot).

Therefore we know that the translation shift occurs here in which the noun phrase

in the source language text is translated into a verb in the target language text.

According to the theory proposed by Catford, it is called class shift. However, the

unit shift also occurs here in which the rank is changed here. The phrase in the

source language text is translated into a word in the target language text.

Data 17

SLT: His voice was stern, but not as serious as before. I breathed a silent sigh of

relief (page 46)

TLT: Nadanya kaku, tapi tidak seserius sebelumnya. Diam – diam aku bernafas

lega (page 60)

54

The x-bar diagram:

SLT: N” TLT: V”

D N’ V Adv

A N’

N P”

A silent sigh of relief bernafas lega

The x-bar diagram above shows that the noun phrase a silent sigh of relief in the

source language text has the constitution of determiner (a) + noun phrase/N’

(silent sigh of relief) which is then constituted out of adjective (silent) + noun

phrase (sigh of relief). The noun phrase/N’ sigh of relief is constituted out of noun

(sigh) + prepositional phrase (of relief). Meanwhile the target language which is a

verb phrase has the constitution of verb (bernafas) + adverb (lega).. Therefore, it

can be said that there is an occurrence of translation shift in this data in which the

noun phrase in the source language text is translated into verb phrase in the target

language text. This type of shift is namely class shift according to the theory

proposed by Catford.

55

Data 18

SLT: I felt a chill tingle along my spine (page 51)

TLT: Aku merasakan sekujur tubuhku bergidik (page 65)

The x-bar diagram:

SLT: N” TLT: V”

D N’ V

A N

A chill tingle bergidik

As can be seen from the x-bar diagram above, the noun phrase in the source

language text has the constitution of determiner (a) + noun phrase/N’ (chill

tingle). The noun phrase/N’ chill tingle is then constituted out of adjective (chill)

+ noun (tingle). Meanwhile the verb phrase in the target langusge text has the

constitution of only verb (bergidik). Therefore, a shift of translation occurs in this

data which can be seen that the noun phrase in the source language text is

translated into a verb phrase in the target language text. Referring to the theory

proposed by Catford, this type of shift is called class shift.

56

Data 19

SLT: Finally, Edward looked over at me with a polite smile (page 58)

TLT: Akhirnya Edward menoleh sambil tersenyum sopan (page 73)

The x-bar diagram:

SLT: N” TLT: V”

D N’ V Adv

A N

A polite smile tersenyum sopan

From the x-bar diagram, we can see that the noun phrase in the source language

text has the constitution of determiner (a) + noun phrase/N’ (polite smile), and the

noun phrase/N’ is constituted out of the adjective (polite) + noun (smile). The

noun phrase of the source language text is translated into verb phrase tersenyum

sopan in the target language text which has the constitution of verb (tersenyum) +

adverbial (sopan). Therefore, we can conclude that there is an occurrence of

translation shift in this translation in which the noun phrase in the source language

text is translated into the verb phrase in the target language text. Referring to the

theory of Catford, this type of shift namely class shift. Actually if the translator

wants to avoid shift in the translation, he can translate the noun phrase a polite

57

smile into sebuah/seulas senyum sopan. There will be no translation shift and even

loss of information. However, both translation are understood enough by the

readers. It just depends to the translator preference..

Data 20

SLT: There was a faint light outside my window (page 63)

TLT: Matahari membiaskan cahaya pertamanya di luar jendela kamarku (page

78)

The x-bar diagram:

SLT: N” TLT: Sentence

D N’ N” V”

A N N V N”

N’

A faint light matahari membiaskan cahaya pertamanya

In this data, the noun phrase in the source language text is translated into a

sentence in the target language text. It can be seen from the x-bar diagram above

that the NP/N” a faint light in the source language text has the constitution of

determiner (a) + NP/N’(faint light). And then the NP/N’ is constituted out of

58

adjective (faint) + noun (light). Meanwhile in the target language text, it becomes

a sentence which has the constitution of NP/N” (matahari) + V” (membiaskan

cahaya pertamanya). Then the VP/V” is constituted out of the verb (membiaskan)

+ noun phrase (cahaya pertamanya). According to the theory of Catford, the unit

shift occurs in this translation because the phrase in the source language text is

translated into a sentence in the target language text.

Data 21

SLT: He took a deep breath (page 97)

TLT: Ia menghela nafas dalam – dalam (page 110)

The x-bar diagram:

SLT: N” TLT: V”

D N’ V’ Adv

A N V N

A deep breath menghela nafas dalam-dalam

We can see in the x-bar diagram above that in Source language text, the Noun

phrase ‘a deep breath’ has the constitution of determiner (a) and noun phrase

(deep breath). Then the noun phrase/N’ is constituted out of adjectival (deep) and

noun (breath). The noun phrase in the source language text is translated into verb

59

phrase in the target language text (menghela nafas dalam – dalam) which has the

constitution of verb phrase (menghela nafas) and adverbial (dalam-dalam). Then

the verb phrase/V’ is constituted out of verb (menghela) and noun (nafas).

Therefore it can be identified that there is the occurrence of shift in translation in

this data in which the source language text has the different structure with the

target language text. The shift occurs from noun phrase in the source language

text into verb phrase in the target language text. Referring to the theory of

Catford, this type of shift is called class shift. Besides a loss of information

happened in this translation as we know that a in the source language text is not

translated. It is because in the target language, the noun nafas is an uncountable

noun. Actually, if we translate the noun phrase of the source language text in the

sentence He took a deep breath, the translation can be Dia mengambil sebuah

nafas dalam. However, though this translation can be understood by the readers,

the translator chooses to translate it into Ia menghela nafas dalam-dalam, because

it sounds more natural than if he translate it literally.

Data 22

SLT: I would be able to get away with a few mumbled responses. (page 102)

TLT: Aku hanya perlu bergumam pelan sebagai balasan (page 115)

60

The x-bar diagram

SLT: N” TLT: Clause

D N’ V” Adv

A N V A

A few mumbled responses bergumam pelan sebagai balasan

According to the theory of Catford, unit shift occurs in the translation of a few

mumbled responses into bergumam pelan sebagai balasan. This is because, as can

be seen above that the Noun phrase/N” in the source language text is translated

into a clause in the target language text. The noun phrase/N” in the source

language text as the constitution of determiner (a few) + noun phrase/N’

(mumbled responses). Then the noun phrase/N’ is constituted out of the adjective

(mumbled) + Noun (responses). Meanwhile, the clause in the target language text

has the constitution of Verb Phrase/V” (bergumam pelan) + adverb (sebagai

balasan). The Verb Phrase/V” then is constituted out of the verb (bergumam) +

adjective (pelan).

61

Data 23

SLT: If I were an oath breaker too (page 125)

TLT: Seandainya saja aku juga bisa melanggar sumpahku (page 140)

The x-bar diagram:

SLT: N” TLT: V”

D N’ V N

N N

An oath breaker melanggar sumpahku

The noun phrase an oath breaker in the source language text has the constitution

of determiner (an) + noun phrase (oath breaker). The noun phrase oath breaker is

then constituted out of noun (oath) + noun (breaker). Meanwhile in the target

language text, it becomes a verb phrase melanggar sumpahku which has the

constitution of verb melanggar + noun (sumpahku). It can be conclude that the

shift in translation occurs here in which the noun phrase in the source language

text is translated into a verb phrase in the target language text. There is a change

of class here. Therefore, referring to the theory of Catford, the translation which

change the class of word is namely a class shift. The translator can avoid the

occurrence of this shift actually, if he just translates the noun phrase an oath

62

breaker in the source language text into a noun phrase seorang pelanggar sumpah

which exactly equivalent. However, this is about the preference of the translator.

It does not matter as long as the translation is understood enough by the readers.

Data 24

SLT: They were planning a second honeymoon trip to Disney World (page 151)

TLT: Mereka berencana berbulan madu kedua ke Disney World (page 166)

The x-bar diagram:

SLT: N” TLT: V”

Adv N’ V Adv

N N

Second honeymoon trip berbulan madu kedua

As can be seen in the x-bar diagram that the noun phrase in the source language

text is translated into verb phrase in the target language text. Therefore the shift

occurs in this translation And according to the theory of Ctaford, this type of shift

is called the class shift. The English noun phrase second honeymoon trip has the

constitution of adverb (second) + noun phrase/N’ (honeymoon trip). Then the

noun phrase/ N’ is constituted out of the noun (honeymoon) + noun (trip).

63

Meanwhile in the target language, it becomes a verb phrase/V” which has the

constitution of verb (berbulan madu) + adverb (kedua). According to Nida (1975),

the loss of information occurs in this translation, in which the noun (trip) is not

translated into the target language. It is because trip which actually has the

meaning of perjalanan in the target language is clear enough. The translator uses

the word berbulan madu which already understood that berbulan madu in the

target language means to go somewhere and having holiday after the marriage.

Data 25

SLT: The boys burst into loud hoots of amusement (page 337)

TLT: Cowok – cowok terpekik karena geli (page 359)

The x-bar diagram:

SLT: N” TLT: Clause

A N’ V” Adv

N P” V

P N

Loud hoots of amusement terpekik karena geli

64

It can be seen above that the English noun phrase is translated into a clause

in the target language. The noun phrase loud hoots of amusement has the

constitution of adjective (loud) + noun phrase/N’ (hoots of amusement). And the

noun phrase/N’ is then constituted out of the noun (hoots) + prepositional

phrase/P” (of amusement). Meanwhile in the target language text, it becomes a

clause which has the constitution of verb (terpekik) + adverb (karena geli).

Therefore we know that the translation shift occurs in this data, because the noun

phrase in the source language text is translated into a clause in the target language

text. And based on the theory proposed by Larson, this type of shift is called a unit

shift. There is no loss or gain of information in this translation.

65

CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTIONS

5.1 Conclusion

After analyzing the data related to the translation of English noun phrase

into Indonesian as found in the novel The Twilight: New Moon as the source

language into Dua Cinta as the target language, there are some conclusions can be

formulated and presented as follows:

The English noun phrase can be translated into Indonesian in two forms,

they are: translated into NP and translated into non-NP. By using the the x-bar

diagram proposed by Radford, it can be seen clearly that shifts occur in the

translation of English Noun Phrase into Indonesian. There are some shift in

translation occurs in the English noun phrases which are also translated into noun

phrases in Indonesian as the target language. They are: structure shift and intra-

system shift. Meanwhile there are also shift occur in the translation of English

noun phrase which are translated into non NP in the target language. According to

the theory proposed by Catford about shift in translation, the shifts occur here are

called class shift and unit shift.

The shift in the translation of English noun phrase into Indonesian as the

target language is happened because of some factors, such as: the different

structure system of English as the source language text and Indonesian as the

target language text. For example, the modifier-head system in English always be

head-modifier in the Indonesian, because Indonesian always uses the head –

66

modifier system in its language. The other factor is based on the translator

preference. Though without changing the structure of the English noun phrase in

the target language is already understood enough by the readers, if the translator

feels by doing the shift in translation, he will make a better translation, it s also

can be done and caused the shift in translation is happened.

Loss and gain of information occurs in the translation of English Noun

Phrases into Indonesian. Most of them occur based on the preference of the

translator who wants to make the translation clearer and sounds natural.

5.2 Suggestions

A translator should be aware of the complexity and faithfulness in

translating and perpetuating the meaning of the message in the source language

which is translated into the target language. In another word, a translator needs to

master both the SL culture and the TL culture. In this case, it is also advised for

the translator to understand the meaning of the noun phrase in the source language

and able to translate it into the target language in the proper translation.

A translator also needs to widen the knowledge about every term in the source

language and target language.

67

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Al-Zoubi, & Al-Hassnawi. 2001. Constructing a Model for Shift Analysis in Translation. Translation journal. Jordan: Irbid National University.

Andini, T. M. 2007. ‘Translation Shift Found in the Novel No Greater Love by Danielle Steel. Thesis. Malang: Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang

Baker, M. 1997. In other words: a Coursebook on Translation. London:

Routledge Bassnett, S. 1998. Translation Studies: revisited edition. London: Routledge Bell, R. T. 1991. Translation and Translating : Theory and Practice. New York:

Longman Bogdan, R & Biklen SK. 1992. Qualitative Research for Education: An

Introduction to Theory and Methods. Allyn and Bacon: Boston Catford, J.C. 1965. A Linguistics Theory of Translation. London: Oxford

University Press. Chresnayani, M. D. 2008. Dua cinta. Jakarta: PT Gramedia Pustaka Utama Cook, S. and R.W Sutter. 1980. The Scope of Grammar: a Study of Modern

English. New York: Mc. Graw-Hill Book Company. Dianasari, D. 2008. ‘Translation Variation of English Noun Phrase in Sir Arthur

Conan Doyle’s Novel The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes and its translation Petualangan Sherlock Holmes’. Thesis. Surakarta: Universitas Muhammadiyah. < http://etd.eprints.ums.ac.id/3868/

Gleason. H.A.Jr.1965. Linguistic and English Grammar. United State of America:

Rinehert and Winston. Hatim, B and Munday, J. 2004. Translation: An advance resource book. London

and New York: Routledge Hornby. AS. 1987. Oxford Advaced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English.

London: Oxford University Press. Jackson, H. 1990. Grammar and Meaning: A Semantic Approach to English

Grammar. United States of America: Longman

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Kristanto, TMA. ’Frasa Nomina Dalam Bahasa Inggris dan Bahasa Indonesia’.

Thesis. Yogyakarta: Universitas Gajah Mada. Meyer, S. 2006. The Twilight Saga: New Moon. New York: Hachette Book Group Mildred, L.1984. MeaningBased Translation. Boston: University Press of

America Munday, J. 2001. Introducing Translation Studies: Theories and Application.

London and New York: Routledge Nababan, M.R. 1999. Teori Menerjemahkan Bahasa Inggris. Jogyakarta: Pustaka

Pelajar Newmark, P. 1991. Approaches to Translation. Oxford: Pergamon Press. Ltd Nida, E. A.1975. Language Structure and Translation. California. Standford

University Press Radford, A. 1988. Transformational Grammar. Great Britain: Cambridge

University Press Sanford. A. 1997. Using English Grammar and Writing Skill. New York:

Harcourt Brace Java Novich. Sukarini, N. M: 2005. The Structural Shift of Noun Phrase in the Process of

English-Indonesian Translation in the Novel “A Prefect Stranger”. Thesis. Denpasar: Universitas Udayana.

Venuti, L. 2000. The Translation Studies Reader. London & New York:

Routledge Vinay, J.P. and J. Darbelnet (1995) Comparative Stylistics of French and English:

a Methodology for Translation. Philadelphia: John Benjamins.

69

APPENDICES

70

No Source Language Text Target Language Text

1. “You don’t need to be a hero,” I

said. “Carlisle can fix me up

without your help. Get some

fresh air.” (Meyer, 2006:32)

“Kau tidak perlu sok jadi

pahlawan,” tukasku. “Carlisle bisa

mengobatiku tanpa bantuanmu.

Pergilah dan hirup udara segar.”

(Chresnayani, 2008:46)

2. Carlisle put all the dirty gauze

into an empty crystal bowl.

(Meyer, 2006:36)

Carlisle meletakkan semua kasa

kotor dan serpihan kaca ke

dalam mangkuk kristal kosong.

(Chresnayani, 2008: 50)

3. Charlie wouldn’t notice, I was

sure. The long white bandage on

my arm didn’t look nearly as

serious when I was no longer

spattered in gore. Charlie was

never surprised to see me

bandaged. (Meyer, 2006:42)

Charlie tak bakal memerhatikan,

aku yakin. Perban putih panjang

di lenganku tidah tampak terlalu

serius setelah aku tidak lagi

memakai baju yang belepotan

bercak darah. Charlie toh tidak

pernah terkejut melihatku di

perban. (Chresnayani, 2008: 57)

4. It had been a long day in so many

ways, yet I felt no sense of relief

Ini hari yang panjang dalam

banyak hal, namun aku tidak

71

at its end. Almost as if something

worse was coming tomorrow. It

was a silly premonition-what

could be worse than today? Just

the shock catching up with me,

no doubt. (Meyer, 2006:52)

merasa lega saat hari ini berakhir.

Seakan – akan nada hal lain yang

lebih buruk bakal terjadi besok.

Firasat konyol-kejadian apa yang

lebih buruk daripada hari ini tadi?

(Chresnayani, 2008:67)

5. I touched the scrapbook again,

flipping the front cover over.

(Meyer, 2006:59)

Aku menyentuh album itu lagi,

membalikkan sampul depannya.

(Chresnayani, 2008:75)

6. We were on the porch of our

house and the tall dark man

named Sam was holding the door

for Charlie, one arm extended

toward us, as he preparing to

catch me when Charlie’s arm

failed. (Meyer, 2006:

Kami di teras rumah, dan lelaki

gelap jangkung bernama Sam

memegangi pintu untuk Charlie,

sebelah tangan terulur kea rah

kami, seolah bersiap – siap

menangkapku bila lengan Charlie

tak kuat lagi membopongku.

(Chresnayani, 2008: 94)

7. I felt the smooth wooden floor

beneath my knees and then the

palms of my hands, then it was

Aku merasakan lantai kayu halus

di bawah lututku, lalu di telapak

tanganku, kemudian menempel di

72

pressed against the skin of my

cheek (Meyer, 2006:84)

kulit pipiku. (Chresnayani,

2008:101)

8. I trudged off to Calculus with a

grim expression. This was the

class where I sat next to Jessica.

(Meyer, 2006:99)

Aku tersaruk – saruk menuju kelas

Kalkulus dengan ekspresi

muram. Di kelas ini aku duduk di

sebelah Jessica. (Chresnayani,

2008:113)

9. At the moment, there were only

two patrons in the store,

dedicated back-packers from the

sound of their conversation.

(Meyer, 2006:120)

Saat itu hanya ada dua

pengunjung, backpacker sejati

kalau menilik dari obrolannya.

(Chresnayani, 2008:134)

10. “Hey,uh, Mike right?” the

bearded man called, looking

toward us (Meyer, 2006: 121)

“Hei, eh, namamu Mike kan?”

seru cowok berjenggot itu,

menoleh pada kami (Chresnayani,

2008:135)

11. The Black’s house was vaguely

familiar, a small wooden place

with narrow windows, the dull

Rumah keluarga Black samar –

samar masih familier, rumah

kayu kecil dengan jendela –

73

red paint making it resemble a

tiny barn. (Meyer, 2006: 130)

jendela sempit dan cat merah

kusam yang membuatnya mirip

lumbung kecil. (Chresnayani,

2006:145)

12. The garage was no more than a

couple of big preformed sheds

that had been bolted together with

their interior walls knocked out.

Under this shelter raised on

cinder blocks, what was looked to

me like a completed automobile.

(Meyer, 2006:133)

Garasi itu sebenarnya tak lebih

dari dua pondok besar yang

disatukan. Di dalamnya, diatas

blok sinder, bertengger sesuatu

yang dalam pandanganku

meneyerupai mobil utuh.

(Chresnayani, 2008: 148)

13. I rememberred the first day I’d

come to Forks High School –

how desperately I’d wished that I

could turn gray, fade into the wet

concrete of the sidewalk like an

oversized chameleon. (Meyer,

2006: 152)

Aku ingat hari pertama aku dating

ke Forks High School – betapa

aku sngat berharap bisa berubah

warna menjadi abu – abu dan

menghilang ke balik beton trotoar

yang basah seperti bunglon

raksasa. (Chresnayani, 2008:168)

14. The figure of speech cold Istilah menganggap sepi sangat

74

shoulder seemed to have some

literal truth to it. I could feel the

warm air blowing from the floor

vents, but I was still too cold.

(Meyer, 2006:153)

tepat untuk menggambarkan sikap

Jessica saat itu. Aku bisa

merasakan udara hangat

berhembus dari kisi – kisi di

lantai, tapi tetap saja aku

kedinginan. (Chresnayani,

2008:168)

15. Two tourists have gone missing

off a trail outside crescent lake.

(Meyer, 2006:257)

Dua turis hilang dari jalan

setapak di luar danau sabit.

(Chresnayani. 2008:175)

16. Gran’s expression suprised me.

Istead of looking horrified, she

was starring at me sheepishly, as

if waiting for a scolding. (Meyer,

2006:5)

Ekspresi Gran membuatku

terkejut. Alih – alih tampak ngeri,

ia malah menatapku takut – takut,

seperti menunggu disemprot.

(Chresnayani, 2008:17)

17. His voice was stern, but not as

serious as before. I breathed a

silent sigh of relief. (Meyer,

2006:46)

Nadanya kaku tapi tidak seserius

sebelumnya. Diam – diam aku

bernafas lega. (chresnayani,

2008:60)

75

18. He hesitated for a second before

he told me. “I was thinking about

right and wrong, actually.” I felt

a chill tingle along my spine.

(Meyer, 2006: 51)

Edward ragu – ragu sejenak

sebelum menjawab. “Sebenarnya

aku sedang berpikir tentang apa

yang benar dan yang salah.” Aku

merasakan sekujur tubuhku

bergidik. (Cresnayani, 2008:65)

19. I waited in the doorway. Finally,

Edward looked over at me with a

polite smile. “I’ll be right behind

you,” he promised. (Meyer, 2006:

58)

Aku menunggu di ambang pintu.

Akhirnya, Edward menoleh sambil

tersenyum sopan. “Sebentar lagi

aku menyusul,” janjinya.

(Chresnayani, 2008:73)

20. I got up as soon as there was a

faint light outside my windows. I

dresssed for school mechanically,

waiting for the clouds to brighten.

(Meyer, 2006:63)

Aku bangun segera setelah

matahari membiaskan cahaya

pertamanya di luar jendela

kamarku. Seperti robot, aku

bersiap – siap sekolah, menunggu

langit terang. (Chresnayani, 2008:

78)

21. He took a deep breath. ‘It’s been

months. No calls, no letters, no

Ia menghela nafas dalam –

dalam. “Ini sudah berlalu

76

contact. You can’t keep waiting

for him.” (Meyer, 2006:97)

beberapa bulan. Tidak ada telepon,

tidak ada surat, tidak ada kontak.

Kau tak bisa terus – terusan

menunggunya.” (Chresnayani,

2008:110)

22. I knew from experience that since

I got Jessica talking, I would be

able to get away with a few

mumbled responses. (Meyer,

2006:102)

Dari pengalaman sebelumnya aku

tahu, begitu berhasil membuat

Jessica ngobrol, aku hanya perlu

bergumam pelan sebagai

balasan. (Chresnayani, 2008:115)

23. I might feel better if I weren’t

holding fast, all alone, to a

broken pact. If I were an oath –

breaker too. But how could I

cheat on my side of the deal, here

in this harmless little town?

(Meyer, 2006:125)

Perasaanku bakal lebih enak jika

aku tidak berpegangan erat – erat,

sendirian, pada kesepakatan yang

sudah dilanggar. Seandainya saja

aku juga bisa melanggar

sumpahku sendiri. Tapi

bagaimana aku bisa berbuat

curang , di kota kecil yang aman

tentram ini? (Chresnayani,

2008:140)

24. She wrote that Phil was enjoying Ia juga menulis tentang Phil yang

77

his new coaching job, and that

they were planning a second

honeymoon trip to Disney

World. (Meyer, 2006:151)

yang menikmati pekerjaan

barunya sebagai pelatih, dan

bahwa mereka berencana

berbulan madu kedua ke Disney

World. (Chresnayani, 2008:166)

25. “You’ll be careful, right?” I

asked, an audible lump in my

throat. The boys burst into loud

hoots of amusement. (Meyer,

2006:337)

“Kau akan berhati – hati kan?”

tanyaku, menelan ludah dengan

suara keras. Cowok – cowok

langsung terpekik karena geli.

(Chresnayani, 2008:359)